四肢主要动脉损伤诊治体会

目的 探讨四肢主要动脉损伤的早期诊断方法和治疗效果。方法 对1991年1月～2003年10月36例四肢主要动脉损伤患者，分别采用端端吻合、血管修补、自体大隐静脉移植、残端结扎等方式修复损伤血管。结果1例血管吻合重建血循环后因肢体损伤严重，广泛坏死而截肢，其余35例全部存活。结论 ①早期诊断是肢体抢救成活的关键，诊断明确或疑有血管损伤者应尽早手术探查；②血管修补缝合术，血管端端吻合术是主要修复方法，血管缺损2cm以上者应行自体静脉移植术；③动脉血管修复的时限可根据伤情及全身情况适当延长。     

四肢主要动脉损伤的诊治(附26例报告)

本文报告了1989年3月至1997年3月收治的26例四肢主要动脉损伤,对早期诊断、治疗及漏诊问题进行讨论,认为全面体检,常规触摸肢体远端动脉搏动,针刺肢端观察出血情况是早期诊断及避免漏诊的关键,显微外科无创技术修复血管是挽救肢体恢复功能的重要保证。     

四肢主干血管损伤的处理(附39例报告)

目的　对 39例主干血管损伤进行回顾分析。　方法　本组共 39例 ,急诊病人 31例 (开放损伤 2 7例占87% ) ,晚期损伤 8例 ,采用血管移植、直接吻合等方式处理。　结果　平均随访 2 0 4个月 ,修复血管通畅率为 92 3 % ,2例因术后血运障碍二次手术无效而二期截肢 ,1例因术中过度失血死亡。　结论　强调早期诊断和早期治疗此类损伤是成功的关键 ,对诊断明确或高度怀疑有血管损伤者应立即手术探查 ,血管端端吻合、血管移植是首选的手术方法。对晚期血管损伤应争取修复血管以改善肢体循环     

四肢主干动脉损伤的诊治

目的 探讨四肢主干动脉损伤的诊断与治疗。方法 1999年9月～2002年6月，收治129例176条动脉损伤，应用显微外科方法修复122例162条动脉。结果 患肢成活116例154条血管，总成活率89．9％；血管再通率95．06％。结论 认真细致的体格检查和血管多普勒探测仪检测可避免漏诊；早期应用显微外科技术进行血管修复，可成功地挽救肢体。     

闭合性腘动脉损伤的诊断与治疗

目的探讨闭合性腘动脉损伤的诊断与治疗。方法收治26例闭合性腘动脉损伤患者,13例采用彩色多普勒超声检查明确血管损伤部位,8例DSA检查明确损伤部位,5例直接手术探查。11例行断端吻合,14例大隐静脉移植,25例均行预防性小腿切开减张。术后应用激素、甘露醇等治疗。结果 22例15h内手术者均成功保肢,并且功能良好,3例24～36h内手术者2例保肢成功,1例截肢,72h明确诊断者肢体坏死直接行截肢手术。结论闭合性腘动脉损伤只要肢体不出现坏死,一旦确诊均应尽早修复血管以求保肢可能。     

四肢动脉损伤的早期临床表现与诊断(附69例分析)

目的：探讨四肢主干动脉损伤的早期临床表现与诊断。方法：回顾性分析五年间69例四肢主干动脉损伤的早期临床表现、诊断与治疗结果。结果：69例中开放性损伤55例，闭合性损伤14例。开放性损伤有大出血史占94．5％，活动性出血54．5％，远端动脉搏动消失84．1％，仍有15．9％触及动脉搏动；肢端苍白、冰冷72．5％；有低血压及失血性休克表现62．3％；较少表现肢端疼痛、麻痹与感觉障碍。根据临床表现早期诊断58例，手术探查确诊3例，早期漏诊8例；治疗后肢体成活68例，截肢1例。平均随访2．5年，优良率77．1％。结论：重视四肢主干动脉损伤，综合分析各项临床表现，可早期诊断、早期治疗，恢复患良好功能。     

膝关节脱位合并腘动脉损伤的漏诊及误诊分析

[目的]分析腘动脉漏诊及误诊的原因，尽早诊断，尽早手术，保存肢体，减少病废及病残。[方法]分析本院1998～2003年收治的12例漏诊及误诊的病人，误诊时间8～50h，平均22．6h。栓塞5例，破裂7例。其中多发伤5例。术前介入科血管造影5例，1例病人行血管再通。其余病人均手术探查，端端吻合2例，大隐静脉翻转移植吻合6例。血管探查同时行小腿骨筋膜室综合征切开减压术。3例病人因肢体坏死直接截肢。[结果]3例病人术后完全无肢体缺血挛缩并发症；2例病人遗留不同程度的肢体缺血挛缩表现；4例病人保肢失败，再次手术截肢。[结论]腘动脉损伤漏诊及误诊的原因：（1）对腘动脉的解剖不熟悉；（2）因膝关节搬运过程中自动复位畸形消失而被忽视；（3）合并其它更严重的损伤，抢救生命而忽略腘动脉损伤；（4）没有重视下肢体格检查，漏掉腘动脉损伤体征。     

四肢主要血管损伤的显微外科治疗

目的 探讨四肢血管损伤的显微外科治疗的临床效果。 方法 回顾分析四肢血管损伤治疗52例的临床资料,其中行血管端端吻合38例45条血管,血管修补7例12条血管,静脉移植修复7例7条血管,同时处理合并伤。 结果 术后肢体存活51例,患肢血运及感觉和功能恢复良好,因缺血时间过长肢体远端坏死截肢1例。 结论 早期正确诊断,及时采用显微外科技术修复损伤血管可获得良好的临床效果。     

上肢主要动脉损伤的诊治

目的 总结上肢主要动脉损伤202例治疗的临床经验。方法 血管损伤后主要修复方法为：单纯修补缝合受损的血管、血管端端吻合术和血管移植。结果 本组202例,有4例术后吻合口血栓形成,其中2例发现及时,经再次手术,肢体存活;2例术后因发现较晚而截肢,其余198例全部存活。结论 （1）诊断明确后或高度怀疑有血管损伤者,应尽早行手术探查。（2）肢体血循环重建的时限,可根据伤情、技术能力等延长;（3）血管端端吻合及血管移植是首选的手术方法;（4）尺、桡动脉同时损伤者,强调两条动脉均应修复。     

四肢主要血管损伤的显微外科修复

目的 通过对四肢主要血管损伤158例的诊治分析，探讨四肢主要血管损伤的早期诊断，提高疗效，降低截肢率。方法 应用显微外科技术修复四肢主要血管损伤158例，其中直接血管吻合88例，自体静脉移植修复32例，单纯修复38例。术后按显微外科方法监测治疗。结果 治愈145例，截肢13例，死亡1例。结论 严密观察伤肢缺血现象和综合分析临床表现对血管损伤的早期诊断至关重要，应用显微外科技术早期修复损伤血管有助于降低截肢率；缺损大于3cm应作静脉移植；术后注意骨筋膜室综合征的发生并及早切开减压是提高治愈率和功能恢复的关键。     

创伤骨科疾病的漏诊原因分析与对策

目的探讨创伤骨科疾病病人漏诊的原因及防止漏诊的举措。方法根据2004年8月至2006年8月我们统计的门、急诊及住院漏诊病人的病历资料,对48例55处损伤初诊被漏诊者进行分析,探寻与漏诊发生的相关因素。结果经统计发现车祸伤、坠落伤及多发伤昏迷患者漏诊的发生率较高。48例55处损伤初诊被漏诊者中83.6%是由于医师的粗心马虎造成的,10.9%是由于医师对疾病的认识不足,缺乏临床经验导致,5.5%的损伤以我院现有的常规检查难以发现。结论高能量损伤、多发伤及合并有头胸腹部的骨与关节损伤最容易被漏诊,接诊医师宜按临床诊疗操作规范对病人进行全面系统的检查,结合必要的辅助检查防范漏诊,必要时宜采用更先进的检查技术,如CT、MRI、骨扫描等。     

腰椎间盘突出症术后再手术原因分析与对策

目的分析腰椎间盘突出症术后再手术原因并探讨诊疗策略。方法回顾分析39例腰椎间盘突出症再手术患者的病史、体格检查、影像学表现、初次手术方案、再次手术探查结果及相应的再次手术方案。结果腰椎间盘突出症术后再手术的主要原因有：①椎间盘突出。②腰椎不稳。③椎管狭窄。④椎管内瘢痕形成。⑤漏诊和（或）误诊。39例均获随访,时间3-36个月,腰椎术后临床疗效评定参考侯树勋等制定的评价标准：优23例,良8例,可5例,差1例。颈椎手术1例术后JOA评分17分,疗效为优;胸椎手术1例,参考脊柱手术后Beau jon-Lassale功能评分标准评分：20分,疗效为优。结论腰椎间盘突出症初次术后,腰腿痛复发或症状无缓解甚至加重,原因大部分为医源性。应严格把握手术指征,针对不同病因对患者制定个性化再手术方案。     

外伤性十二指肠损伤漏诊的临床分析

目的：探讨如何避免十二指肠损伤的漏诊。方法：回顾性分析我院450例腹部外伤中漏诊的8例十二指肠损伤病人处理和临床特点。结果：致伤原因以车祸伤为主(6例)，复合伤6例，术前无一例正确诊断为十二指肠伤，所有病例均行手术治疗，6例治愈，死亡2例，死亡原因为严重感染及多器官功能衰竭。漏诊的主要原因为认识不足并缺乏相应的特殊检查。结论：对有严重上腹外伤史者，应高度警惕十二指肠损伤，反复的物理检查，动态的辅助检查尤其是CT检查，及时剖腹探查等可减少十二指肠损伤的漏、误诊率。     

隐匿性血管损伤的临床特点与诊疗策略

目的 探讨临床骨科中隐匿性血管损伤的临床特点、诊断与治疗,以期提高对此类损伤的认识和临床诊治效率.方法 2003年3月至2010年10月共收治649例血管损伤患者,其中隐匿性血管损伤50例(7.7%),男42例,女8例;年龄13～66岁,平均34.0岁.血管损伤类型:静脉损伤1例,动脉损伤42例,动、静脉同时损伤7例.根据张英泽等提出的肢体动脉编码和损伤分型:A型14例,B型20例,C型16例.初始损伤至诊断时间平均为43.4 d(2～337 d),表现为肢体缺血、骨筋膜室综合征、血肿或假性动脉瘤、出血、神绛受压等征象.辅助检查包括:彩色多普勒超声17例,CT血管造影7例,X线血管造影25例.手术治疗43例,包括血管修补、直接吻合、自体静脉移植、结扎及截肢,其中2例术后行血液滤过治疗;内科治疗3例;介入栓塞治疗4例.结果 4例患者截肢后伤口愈合良好,无并发症发生;其余46例患者出院时患肢皮肤温度、颜色均恢复正常,远端动脉搏动存在,平均随访6.7个月(1～42个月),患肢血运良好.结论临床工作中的隐匿性血管损伤并非少见,其临床表现具有延迟出现、多种多样及不典型的特点.诊断方法应优先选择血管造影.治疗以手术为主,酌情采用血管内介入治疗和血液滤过治疗.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of insidious vascular injuries in orthopaedic cases. Methods Between March 2003 and October 2010, we treated 649 cases of orthopedic and vascular injuries, 50 (7. 7% ) of which were identified as insidious injuries. They were 42 men and 8 women, aged from 13 to 66 years (average, 34. 0 years). The insidious injury affected the vein in one case, the artery in 42 cases and both in 7 cases. The vascular injuries were categorized as type A (14 cases), type B (20 cases) and type C (16 cases) according to the classification system proposed by Zhang Ying-ze. The diagnoses were made after an average of 43. 4 days from primary injuries, with the assistance of color Doppler ultrasound in 17 cases, CT angiography in 7 and X-ray angiography in 25. Clinical manifestations included limb ischemia, compartment syndrome, hematoma or pseudoaneurysm, hemorrhage and nerve entrapment. Forty-three patients were treated by a variety of surgical options, such as angiorrhaphy, anastomosis, transplantation of autogenous venous graft, ligation and amputation. Among them, hemofiltration was performed in 2 cases as adjuvant therapy. Endovascular embolization was performed in 4 cases and conservative treatment in the other 3. Results Forty-six patients had their limbs salvaged, with normal temperature and color of the skin and existence of distal arterial pulses at discharge from hospital. The other 4 patients had to sustain amputation. An average follow-up of 6. 7 months (from one to 42 months) revealed that all the affected limbs regained normal blood circulation. Conclusions The insidious presentations and atypical clinical manifestations make diagnosis of insidious vascular injury very difficult. We recommend angiography as the first step in diagnosis. Surgical approaches should be considered as the main treatment choice, and hemopurification can be used as adjuvant therapy if necessary. In some cases, endovascular intervention may be faster and safer.     

无骨折闭合性四肢主干动脉损伤的早期诊断及治疗

目的研究无骨折闭合性四肢主干动脉损伤的早期诊断和治疗。方法1998年5月一2008年7月,对24例无骨折闭合性四肢主干动脉损伤的患者,在入院后,进行体格检查,结合脉搏血氧饱和度监测仪监测,做出早期诊断,并急诊手术探查,修复损伤动脉。结果23例均一次修复成功,1例术后发生栓塞,术后4h再次探查修复后,动脉获得通畅。术后随访6个月～2年。22例患肢血液循环恢复良好,肢体功能恢复满意。1例经2次手术后,出现中度缺血性肌挛缩,1例合并肘关节半脱位的患者出现轻度肘关节伸直障碍。结论体格检查结合脉搏血氧饱和度监测仪监测,可对无骨折闭合性四肢主干动脉损伤做出早期诊断,及时修复损伤动脉,是挽救受伤肢体,减轻伤残的有效手段。     

胰腺损伤诊治的反思

目的胰腺损伤较少见,诊治较难,反思24例的经验,以期改进。方法总结19例闭合伤、2例开放伤、3例医源性伤的诊治情况,评估对不同损伤用各种手术(引流、修补、切除病变、胃或十二指肠转流等)治疗的结果。结果21例外伤性胰伤中,12例(57.1)和9例(42.9)分别伴腹内和腹外损伤。19例闭合性伤中仅4例(21.1%)籍CT临床确诊、外伤性伤17例(闭合性15、开放性2)中16例(94.1%)术中诊出,1例(5.9%)手术漏诊而需再手术;医源性损伤3例估计可能发生于原手术中。7例(70.8%)术中并发症,包括休克、腹腔感染、MOF、胰瘘、假性囊肿等,其中3例需再手术治疗。治愈21例(87.5%),3例(12.5%)死亡,与诊断延误,术式不当有关,术后并发症为直接原因。结论本病损伤伴发伤多,误漏诊较多,手术治疗方式繁多,应按多因素合理选择,术后并发症率和病死率较高。诊治水平的提高,尚需从多方面努力。     

The utility of physical examination in proximity penetrating extremity trauma.

This study assessed the efficacy of physical examination as a screening modality for the diagnosis of surgically significant arterial injury in proximity penetrating extremity trauma (PPET). All cases of PPET were assessed and admitted per established protocol over a 30-month period from January 1, 1993, to June 30, 1995. No patients were excluded if other body regions were also injured. Landmarks defining upper extremity injuries were the deltopectoral groove to the wrist and for lower extremities from the inguinal ligament to the ankle. Patients admitted with PPET fell into one of three categories: 1) no hard signs of vascular injury present-admitted for 24-hour observation; 2) presence of at least one hard sign of vascular injury-taken immediately to the operating room; 3) positive sign of arterial injury that requires angiography (i.e., diminished but appreciable pulse by physical examination or doppler, large nonexpanding hematoma, bilateral pulse deficit, no appreciable pulse with unreconstructable trajectory). Four hundred six patients with 489 injured extremities secondary to PPET were admitted over a 30-month period. Sixty-two extremities suffered multiple injuries. Of the extremities injured, 83 per cent were secondary to gunshot wounds, 12 per cent were attributed to stabs/lacerations, and 5 per cent were due to shotgun injuries. Four hundred twenty-one extremities with PPET fell into Group 1. There were four missed injuries (specificity, 99%) in this group (one ulnar artery, one radial artery, one posterior tibial artery, and one anterior tibial artery). Two of these injuries were considered surgically significant. None of the patients suffered limb or functional loss as a consequence of their missed arterial injury. Thirty-nine extremities were entered into Group 2, with two patients found to have no arterial injury. Twenty-nine extremities were placed into Group 3 with 10 (35%) found to have surgically significant injury on angiogram. The overall sensitivity and specificity for physical examination was 92 per cent and 95 per cent, respectively, for surgically significant injury. Physical examination is a highly sensitive and specific screening modality for the identification of surgically significant arterial injury in PPET. Patients who present with diminished, but appreciable, pulses by physical examination or doppler, large nonexpanding hematomas as the only sign, bilateral pulse deficits and nonappreciable pulses with unreconstructable trajectory benefit from further investigation with angiography.     

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目的 探讨腹部创伤再手术的原因和预防。方法 回顾分析14年间43例腹部创伤早期再手术病人的资料。结果 再手术病例占同期1126例创伤剖腹术病人的3.8%。钝性伤31例，穿透性伤12例。再手术原因主要为首次手术漏诊（13例）、处置失误（12例）、并发症（15例）、阴性再手术（3例）。43例病人共行再手术50例次，其中2例经受4次手术。病死率为11.6%(5/43），主要死因为再手术后消耗性凝血病或（和）严重感染并发症诱发多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）。结论 剖腹术时坚持全面探查，正确掌握手术操作技术和重视腹部创伤的充分引流，是减少再手术的关键。     

Blunt trauma to the abdominal aorta

This review of blunt trauma to the abdominal aorta is based on one case summary and 32 cases from the literature. Motor vehicle accidents caused about half of the reported cases. In 69% of the cases the diagnosis was made in the immediate or early period. Associated injuries were present in 71% of the cases. Most injuries occurred at the inferior mesenteric artery (33%) or the renal arteries (24%). Overall mortality was 27%. Lower extremity ischemia evident on physical examination may suggest the diagnosis. When blunt abdominal aortic injury is suspected without distal ischemia, aortography may be used to define or exclude the injury and further therapy. Only minimal intimal disruptions should be managed nonoperatively.     

肱动脉穿刺术并发症的预防与处理

目的 总结经皮肱动脉穿刺术的临床经验,探讨相关并发症发生的原因及其预防及处理对策.方法 回顾性分析2001年6月至2009年6月因行血管腔内诊疗而接受超声引导下肱动脉穿刺术87例患者的临床资料,总结发生并发症情况及其发生原因.结果 87例患者在超声引导下行肱动脉穿刺术均成功,成功率为100%,其中超声引导下一次穿刺成功有53例(61%),经多次穿刺成功有34例(39%).16例患者(19例次)发生了并发症,并发症发生率为18.4%.其中导丝进入血管周围间隙4例(4.6%),穿刺局部发生血肿11例(12.6%),其中3例合并局部神经损伤(1例为迟发型神经损伤),假性动脉瘤1例(1.2%).结论 熟悉肱动脉穿刺术部位的解剖特点,掌握相应的操作技巧并对其并发症有足够的认识和处理对策的充分准备可以减少并发症及其不良后果的发生.