重组腺病毒-p21抑制猴视网膜微血管内皮细胞增生的作用研究

目的 观察重组腺病毒-p21 (rAd-p21)对体外培养的猴视网膜微血管内皮细胞(RF/6A)增生的作用。方法 体外培养RF/6A细胞系,分为磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)组、rAd-p21转染组及阴性对照组,并转入相应的质粒表达载体。应用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法及蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)检测p21mRNA及蛋白在RF/6A细胞中的表达;应用流式细胞仪检测p21基因对RF/6A细胞周期的影响;行内皮细胞体外成管实验观察p21基因对RF/6A细胞成管的抑制作用。结果 rAd-p21转染组p21 mRNA及蛋白表达显著增高。细胞周期检测结果显示,PBS组、rAd-p21转染组、阴性对照组G0/G1期细胞百分比分别为（40.76±6.66）％、（67.45±11.61）％、(41.55±8.99)％;rAd-p21转染组RF/6A细胞出现G0/G1期阻滞,G0/G1期细胞比例增多。rAd-p21转染组与PBS组和阴性对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(F=21.284,P=0.000)。体外成管实验显示,PBS组、rAd-p21转染组、阴性对照组每一视野下内皮细胞成管数分别为（8.25±3.19）、（3.86±1.21）、(7.62±2.69)个;rAd-p21转染组与PBS组和阴性对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(F=7.138,P=0.004)。结论 rAd-p21可成功转染RF/6A细胞并稳定表达p21 mRNA及蛋白,并可显著抑制其增生。     

p21在氧诱导视网膜新生血管模型小鼠视网膜中的表达

视网膜新生血管(RNV)生成主要依赖于血管内皮细胞的不断分裂、增生[1].p21是细胞周期中重要的负性调控因子,能够广泛结合并抑制各种细胞周期蛋白依赣性激酶(CDK)复合物的磷酸化活性,主要参与细胞周期中G1/S期的调控,使细胞阻滞于G1期进而抑制细胞增生[2].有研究发现,p21在细胞异常增生性疾病中处于低表达[3].为探讨p21在RNV形成过程中的作用及机制,我们观察了p21和CDK2在氧诱导RNV小鼠视网膜中的表达.现将结果报道如下.     

氧诱导视网膜病变小鼠模型中参与p21调控的miRNA表达谱分析

目的观察氧诱导视网膜病变(OIR)小鼠视网膜组织中miRNA的表达, 筛选与p21及视网膜新生血管(RNV)形成相关的miRNA。方法实验研究。40只健康7日龄C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为正常组和OIR组, 每组20只。OIR组构建氧诱导RNV模型, 正常组不做任何处理。小鼠17日龄时, 处死小鼠, 视网膜荧光铺片观察小鼠RNV发生情况;光学显微镜下计数突破视网膜内界膜的血管内皮细胞核。取视网膜组织行miRNA芯片分析, 检测正常组与OIR组之间差异表达的miRNA。所得差异miRNA靶基因分别进行基于基因注释(GO)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)的富集分析;通过Targetscan、MiRanda、MicroT-CDS数据库比对筛选可能与p21有关的miRNA及通路。组间两两比较采用独立样本t检验。结果与正常组比较, OIR组小鼠视网膜无灌注区面积、RNV及突破视网膜内界膜的血管内皮细胞核数量增加, 差异均有统计学意义(t=18.800、9.025, P<0.05)。与正常组比较, OIR组有统计学差异表达的miRNA 54个, 其中, 上调、下调者分别为47、7个。从...     

Ras相关的C3肉毒毒素底物1的小发夹RNA干扰活性氧-核因子κB通路抑制小鼠视网膜新生血管生成

目的 观察Ras相关的C3肉毒毒素底物1的小发夹RNA(Racl-shRNA)在小鼠氧致视网膜病变中对视网膜新生血管(RNV)生成的抑制作用及对活性氧(ROS)-核因子κB(NF-κB)通路的影响.方法 将108只7日龄C57BL/6J小鼠随机平均分为3组.其中2组Smith法建立氧致视网膜病变模型;11日龄时玻璃体腔注射Racl-shRNA表达质粒或无意义质粒,分别作为基因干预组和空白对照组.第3组于正常氧环境中饲养,11日龄时玻璃体腔注射Racl-shRNA表达质粒作为空白干预组.15、17日龄时行荧光视网膜铺片,观察视网膜血管发育及新生血管情况.17日龄时计数眼球切片中突破内界膜的血管内皮细胞核数.17日龄时进行原位杂交法和荧光实时定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应法检测小鼠视网膜Racl和NF-κB p65亚单位的mRNA含量;免疫组织化学和蛋白质免疫印记检测Racl和NF-κB p65的蛋白表达.结果 基因干预组视网膜Racl的mRNA水平较空白对照组明显下调(t=4.500,P=0.001).与空白对照组比较,基因干预组视网膜铺片中无灌注区、荧光渗漏和新生血管丛明显减轻,突破内界膜的血管内皮细胞核显著减少(t=6.521,P<0.001);视网膜NF-κB p65的核易位水平明显下降(t=16.008,P<0.001),同时mRNA表达亦明显下调(t=3.354,P=0.006),与Racl mRNA表达呈正相关(r=0.580,P=0.012).结论 小鼠玻璃体腔注射脂质体包裹的Racl-shRNA表达质粒可有效沉默视网膜Racl基因表达,阻断ROSNF-κB通路而参与抑制相对缺氧状态下RNV生成.     

氧诱导视网膜新生血管模型小鼠中ephrin A家族基因的表达

目的 观察ephrin A家族的基因是否参与氧诱导的小鼠视网膜新生血管(RNV)形成.方法 利用氧诱导新生小鼠C57BL/6J制备氧诱RNV模型,用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCT)检测ephrin A1～A5在模型组小鼠视网膜和同龄正常小鼠(对照组)视网膜中的表达.结果 ephrin A1～A5mRNA均在正常视网膜发育的某一阶段或者发育的全程表达.在模型组小鼠视网膜中,ephrin A1 mRNA的表达量相对于对照组小鼠明显上调(t=3.19,P=0.019);ephrin A2 mRNA的表达量在15日龄的模型组小鼠中相对于对照组小鼠显著上调(t=3.71,P=0.033);ephrin A3～A5 mRNA在12、13日龄的模型组小鼠视网膜中相对于对照组小鼠表达下调或者缺失,而在15日龄的模型组小鼠视网膜相对于对照组小鼠视网膜显著上调(t=3.785,P=0.002).结论 ephrin A家族的基因参与视网膜的发育和视网膜病理性血管生成等重要的生理和病理过程.     

氧诱导视网膜新生血管模型小鼠中ephrin A家族基因的表达

目的 观察ephrin A家族的基因是否参与氧诱导的小鼠视网膜新生血管(RNV)形成.方法 利用氧诱导新生小鼠C57BL/6J制备氧诱RNV模型,用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCT)检测ephrin A1～A5在模型组小鼠视网膜和同龄正常小鼠(对照组)视网膜中的表达.结果 ephrin A1～A5mRNA均在正常视网膜发育的某一阶段或者发育的全程表达.在模型组小鼠视网膜中,ephrin A1 mRNA的表达量相对于对照组小鼠明显上调(t=3.19,P=0.019);ephrin A2 mRNA的表达量在15日龄的模型组小鼠中相对于对照组小鼠显著上调(t=3.71,P=0.033);ephrin A3～A5 mRNA在12、13日龄的模型组小鼠视网膜中相对于对照组小鼠表达下调或者缺失,而在15日龄的模型组小鼠视网膜相对于对照组小鼠视网膜显著上调(t=3.785,P=0.002).结论 ephrin A家族的基因参与视网膜的发育和视网膜病理性血管生成等重要的生理和病理过程.     

氧诱导视网膜新生血管模型小鼠中ephrin A家族基因的表达

目的 观察ephrin A家族的基因是否参与氧诱导的小鼠视网膜新生血管(RNV)形成.方法 利用氧诱导新生小鼠C57BL/6J制备氧诱RNV模型,用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCT)检测ephrin A1～A5在模型组小鼠视网膜和同龄正常小鼠(对照组)视网膜中的表达.结果 ephrin A1～A5mRNA均在正常视网膜发育的某一阶段或者发育的全程表达.在模型组小鼠视网膜中,ephrin A1 mRNA的表达量相对于对照组小鼠明显上调(t=3.19,P=0.019);ephrin A2 mRNA的表达量在15日龄的模型组小鼠中相对于对照组小鼠显著上调(t=3.71,P=0.033);ephrin A3～A5 mRNA在12、13日龄的模型组小鼠视网膜中相对于对照组小鼠表达下调或者缺失,而在15日龄的模型组小鼠视网膜相对于对照组小鼠视网膜显著上调(t=3.785,P=0.002).结论 ephrin A家族的基因参与视网膜的发育和视网膜病理性血管生成等重要的生理和病理过程.     

PEDF对氧诱导视网膜病变小鼠视网膜MCP-1表达的影响

目的：观察色素上皮衍生因子(pigment epithelium-derived factor，PEDF)在氧诱导视网膜病变(oxygen-induced retinopathy，OIR)中对小鼠视网膜新生血管(retinal neovascularization，RNV)和单核细胞趋化因子-1(monocyte chemoattractant protein-1，MCP-1)表达的影响，探讨PEDF对缺血缺氧性视网膜病变的保护作用和机制。

方法：取7日龄C57BL/6J新生小鼠160只，将120只7日龄小鼠与哺乳母鼠共同置于氧浓度为(75±2)%的氧环境内饲养5d，然后返回正常氧环境中饲养5d，建立OIR模型； 40只小鼠始终置于正常氧环境饲养。分别于12日龄和14日龄给予PEDF药物治疗组小鼠右眼玻璃体腔注射PEDF(2μg/μL)各1μL，给予PBS治疗对照组和正常对照组小鼠右眼玻璃体腔注射等量的磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffered saline，PBS)。所有小鼠于17日龄麻醉处死后取视网膜，采用视网膜铺片和Lectin染色法观察各组小鼠病理性新生血管的生成情况； Western-blot检测PEDF和MCP-1蛋白在各组小鼠视网膜的表达； 实时荧光定量逆转录多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测各组小鼠视网膜PEDF和MCP-1 mRNA的表达。

结果：视网膜铺片和Lectin染色结果显示OIR模型组RNV面积较正常组显著增大，差异有统计意义(P<0.01)，PEDF药物治疗组RNV面积较PBS治疗对照组明显减小，差异有统计意义(P<0.01)。Western-blot和RT-PCR结果显示，OIR模型组MCP-1蛋白和mRNA的表达水平均明显高于正常组，差异有统计意义(均P<0.05)； OIR模型组PEDF蛋白和mRNA的表达水平均明显低于正常组，差异有统计意义(均P<0.01)； PEDF药物治疗组MCP-1蛋白和mRNA的表达量较PBS治疗对照组均显著减少，差异有统计意义(均P<0.05)； PEDF药物治疗组MCP-1蛋白和mRNA的表达量较正常对照组升高，但差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。

结论：PEDF能够抑制OIR小鼠视网膜新生血管形成，同时下调MCP-1在OIR小鼠视网膜的表达，后者可能是其抑制新生血管形成从而发挥视网膜保护作用的机制之一。     

特异性抑制富含半胱氨酸蛋白61干扰RNA对小鼠视网膜新生血管形成的抑制作用观察

目的 观察特异性抑制富含半胱氨酸蛋白61(CCN1)对氧诱导视网膜病变(OIR)模型小鼠视网膜新生血管(RNV)的抑制作用.方法 7日龄C57BL/6J小鼠120只,随机分为对照组和实验组,每组各60只.参照文献方法制备OIR模型.小鼠出氧箱前1d即鼠龄11d时,对照组、实验组小鼠玻璃体腔分别注射空载体质粒、CCN1siRNA表达质粒各1μl.视网膜铺片观察视网膜血管形态,病理切片计数突破视网膜内界膜的血管内皮细胞核数,免疫组织化学、蛋白免疫印迹法、实时定量聚合酶链反应检测CCN1、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)蛋白及mRNA的表达情况.结果 与对照组比较,实验组小鼠视网膜血管分布规则、分支良好、新生血管密度减少.两组间突破视网膜内界膜的血管内皮细胞核数量比较,差异有统计学意义(t=8.756,P＜0.05);CCN1、VEGF蛋白表达量比较,差异均有统计学意义(t=3.253、5.365,P＜0.05);CCN1、VEGF蛋白相对表达量比较,差异均有统计学意义(t=4.573、5.323,P＜0.05);CCN1、VEGFmRNA相对表达量比较,差异均有统计学意义(t=6.724、9.153,P＜0.05).结论 特异性抑制CCN1能有效抑制OIR模型小鼠RNV形成.     

Strabisme Alternant - Etude clinique - traitement

The author defines motor and sensory alternation: the term alternation should not be used in isolation, it should always be accompanied by the name of the parameter concerned. Sensory alternation is always found together with motor alternation but the reverse is not true.The examining criteria for a diagnosis of sensory alternation are given, sensory alternation must not be confused with alternating inhibition. Working from clinical observations of cases of motor alternating strabismus, the author selects 2 types of binocular sensory relations which allow one to differentiate between:- cases of primary alternating strabismus- cases of secondary alternating strabismusThese forms will develop in different ways; in both cases a cure is possible providing that the right treatment is prescribed and once prescribed carefully followed, etc. It is always a case of serious forms of strabismus whose developmental period is spread over several years.According to the authors, the frequency of cases of true primary strabismus is from 1–3%, the frequency of cases of secondary alternating strabismus varies according to the type of therapy practised on cases of monocular strabismus with amblyopia. These latter will become cases of alternating strabismus under the influence of certain types of therapy carried out over several years (penalization, rocking, alternated occlusion, etc...).Experimental data on kittens confirm clinical data; kittens placed in abnormal environments during the sensitive period will show modification in the distribution of cortical cells and the absence of binocular cells (either because the excitation of the two eyes was not simultaneous, or not identical: artificial strabismus, occlusion, opaque glasses). This disturbances become irreversible after a certain period of exposure (a function of age, length of exposure, etc...).It is thus necessary to bear in mind: 1) the iatrogenic risks of certain orthoptic treatments, 2) the necessity for a binocular form of treatment as soon as possible, as once a certain stage is passed, cortical plasticity diminishes and the elaboration of normal binocular relations becomes impossible.

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Current Thoughts on the Aetiology of Ocular Changes during Contact Lens Wear

ABSTRACT: Contact lenses are known to produce changes to the ocular tissues, and this review attempts to give a comprehensive assemblage of the knowledge on the aetiology of such changes. To achieve this result, the changes are categorized by structure and function, and discussed according to the temporal nature of occurrence where appropriate. Although assessment of the importance of a particular tissue change is difficult, this overview enables some degree of judgement to be made on the aetiology of the major side-effects of contact lens wear. This gives a basis on which to modify aspects of contact lens wear to ultimately increase the success rate.     

The detection of motion in chromatic stimuli: first-order and second-order spatial structure

This study provides evidence for the existence of a low-level chromatic motion mechanism and further elucidates the conditions under which its operation becomes measurable in an experimental stimulus. Observers discriminated the direction of motion of amplitude modulated (AM) gratings that were defined by luminance or chromatic variation and masked with spatiotemporally broadband luminance or chromatic noise. The size and retinal location of the stimuli were varied and the effects of broadband noise and grating masks were both compared with the cohort of stimuli. Some significant disparities in the published literature were well explained by the results. In conclusion, evidence for a chromatically sensitive motion mechanism that evades the, detrimental effects of a luminance mask was found only at the fovea and only when the stimulus was small and centrally placed.     

Local chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of ocular malignancies

We critically analyze available peer-reviewed literature, including clinical trials and case reports, on local ocular cancer treatments. Recent innovations in many areas of ocular oncology have introduced promising new therapies, but, for the most part, the optimal treatment of ocular malignancies remains elusive.