同种异体胫前肌腱和自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带临床研究

目的:探讨关节镜下同种异体胫前肌腱与自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的临床疗效。方法:回顾了60例陈旧性前交叉韧带损伤重建病例,分为A组30例,B组30例。分别应用同种异体胫前肌腱(A组)和自体半腱肌、股薄肌腱(B组)重建ACL,A组平均随访29.4个月,B组平均随访31.6月。采用Lysholm、Tegner、IKDC、KT2000对患者进行术前和术后膝关节功能测试、评分,并用等速测试仪测量各组术后伸膝、屈膝、内旋和外旋肌力。结果:两组手术前后Lysholm、TegnerI、KDC、KT2000测试结果均有显著性差异(P<0.01);但两组间术后评分无显著性差异(P>0.05)。等速肌力测试结果显示术后B组内旋、屈膝肌力较术前下降(P<0.05),而A组术后肌力较术前无明显下降(P>0.05)。结论:关节镜下采用同种异体胫前肌腱重建前交叉韧带疗效满意,不良反应发生率低。     

膝关节镜下同种异体髌骨-髌腱-胫骨移植物重建交叉韧带41例

目的探讨应用同种异体髌骨-髌腱-胫骨(B-PT-B)移植物在关节镜监视下重建膝关节前交叉韧带(ACL)、后交叉韧带(PCL)的体会及疗效观察。方法对32例ACL断裂、6例PCL断裂、3例ACL及PCL同时断裂共41例43个膝关节的患者,在关节镜下应用由山西骨组织库提供的同种异体B-PT-B移植物(包括新鲜及经辐射两种材料)进行膝关节交叉韧带重建,同时处理合并伤,观察手术前后生化、免疫学指标的变化及全身及膝关节局部反应,定期检查康复锻炼、关节功能等情况,应用Lysholm评分进行功能评定。结果除1例于术后10d因急性化脓性扁桃体炎致患膝感染(经关节腔冲洗、应用抗生素后治愈),其余患者均未见排异反应及感染发生。38例获得随访,时间4-40个月,所有患膝关节屈伸活动度正常,无膝前区疼痛;6例患者体检有弱阳性或阳性体征,其中2例ACL及PCL均重建者术后抽屉试验阳性需再次行紧缩及后外侧结构重建手术,1例ACL重建者于术后2个月爬山跌倒致重建ACL部分撕裂伤而行紧缩术。术后Lyaholm评分为(92.20±2.14)分,与术前(57.63±7.14)分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论应用同种异体B-PT-B在关节镜下重建膝关节ACL、PCL有良好的手术疗效,可避免自体移植物取材后造成的并发症;同种异体B-PT-B移植物是重建ACL、PCL理想的替代材料。     

交叉韧带撕裂合并膝关节后外侧韧带复合体损伤的磁共振评价

目的:探讨急性膝关节外伤者交叉韧带(ACL、PCL)及后外侧韧带复合体(PLC)功能结构损伤情况及关联性。方法:回顾性分析本院2020年6月至2021年6月间因急性外伤行膝关节MRI检查者175例,结合韧带撕裂MRI征象或临床手术结果,评估ACL、PCL及PLC区功能性结构：外侧副韧带(LCL)、腘肌腱(PT)、腘腓韧带(PFL)损伤情况,并统计分析ACL、PCL与LCL、PT、PFL损伤/撕裂率之间的差异性,以及LCL、PT、PFL结构损伤的内部差异性。结果:参照影像及临床结果,175例伤者中,72例检出交叉韧带撕裂,占比约41%,其中,ACL撕裂58例,PCL撕裂16例,ACL、PCL复合撕裂2例。PLC结构损伤29例,占比约17%,其中LCL撕裂16例,PT撕裂18例,PFL损伤0例,5例为LCL、PT同时损伤。交叉韧带撕裂合并PLC结构撕裂共26例。其中,14例为ACL伴LCL撕裂,12例为ACL伴PT撕裂,4例为ACL同时伴LCL、PT撕裂;4例为PCL伴PT撕裂,PCL伴LCL撕裂0例。统计检验表明,ACL与LCL、ACL与PT、LCL与PT损伤间均存在显著差异(P<...     

关节镜下应用同种异体跟腱双束重建后交叉韧带

目的:探讨应用同种异体跟腱双束重建后交叉韧带(posterior crucial ligament,PCL)的方法并观察其早期效果.方法:2003年3月～2004年8月,对10例PCL受损患者实施关节镜下采用同种异体跟腱双束重建PCL术.其中2例合并前交叉韧带(anterior crucial ligament,ACL)损伤,同期取自体半腱股薄肌腱重建ACL;3例合并半月板后外侧角损伤,同期取自体半腱股薄肌腱重建后外侧角.术后随访6～24个月,平均13.2个月,其中6例获得12个月以上的随访.结果:采用Lysholm评分法评价患者手术前后患膝关节功能,术前平均50.3分,术后平均91.2分.客观检查结果显示,术前所有患者均出现胫骨结节后沉,后抽屉试验及Lachman试验阳性;术后所有患者后抽屉试验及Lachman试验阴性,有3例病史较长(大于1年)的患者胫骨结节有轻度后沉.合并ACL损伤的2例患者,膝关节屈曲活动轻度受限(5°～20°).结论:应用同种异体跟腱双束重建PCL可减少自体取材造成的损伤及相应的并发症;提前制作供材,软腱端容易通过骨道,缩短镜下操作时间,减轻手术创伤.     

不同屈曲状态下膝关节韧带生物力学的有限元分析

目的:利用有限元法分析膝关节在不同屈曲角度受力后,前、后交叉韧带,内、外侧副韧带的生物力学特点。方法:选取1名健康成年男性为研究对象,建立其包含骨、韧带、半月板和软骨的左膝关节仿真三维有限元模型;模拟膝关节在不同屈曲角度下,分别对股骨加载后向134N的力、内外翻10Nm的力矩,以及外翻10Nm加内旋5Nm的联合力矩,分析前交叉韧带(ACL)、后交叉韧带(PCL)、内侧副韧带(MCL)、外侧副韧带(LCL)的应力分布及大小变化情况。结果:对股骨加载后向134N应力后,膝关节在屈曲0°、30°、60°和90°位时,ACL所受应力最大,PCL的应力最小,MCL的最大应力大于LCL,均随屈曲角度的增大而减小;施加外翻应力时,MCL所受应力最大,其次为ACL、PCL,LCL应力最小;内翻时,LCL所受应力最大,其次为PCL、ACL,MCL应力最小;联合应力时,MCL应力最大,其次为ACL,远远大于PCL和LCL的应力,除PCL之外,其他各韧带的应力随屈曲角度的增大而减小。结论:膝关节三维有限元模型可以模拟膝关节不同运动状态下的不同受力情况,可以有效地分析膝关节韧带在不同运动状态下的生物力学特性并推测其损伤机制。所有韧带的应力分布和大小随着不同屈曲角度发生不同改变,损伤风险也发生相应改变。     

喙锁韧带的影像学分析

目的 研究喙锁韧带的影像学表现.方法 选取正常胸部正位CR片400例,其中男、女各200例,观察喙锁关节和喙锁韧带附着处锁骨粗隆显示率,测量喙锁韧带部喙突和锁骨间距.选取正常肩关节MRI 30例,观察喙锁韧带显示率和测量喙锁韧带长度和宽度;选取临床已证实的肩锁关节Ⅱ、Ⅲ级损伤MRI检查8例.结果 400例800侧中见1例(0.25%)存在喙锁关节.198 侧(198/800;24.8%)显示喙锁韧带锁骨附着处粗隆存在.正常喙突锁骨间距为(6.92±3.16) mm.30例正常人MRI斜冠状扫描均可显示喙锁韧带,其锥状韧带长度(11.48±1.43) mm,宽度为(4.82±1.21) mm,梯状韧带长度(9.09±0.84) mm,宽度为(5.10±0.87) mm.肩锁关节损伤8例,MR检查发现:肩锁关节Ⅱ级损伤肩锁韧带撕裂,Ⅲ级损伤并喙锁韧带撕裂.结论 本文建立了正常喙锁韧带的X线和MRI测量标准,为诊断喙锁韧带等疾病提供了依据,肩锁关节Ⅲ级损伤有喙锁韧带撕裂.     

自体、同种异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带术后骨隧道扩大的对比研究

目的 探讨自体胭绳肌腱、同种异体肌腱对重建前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)术后骨隧道的变化和疗效差异. 方法 选择2008年6月- 2009年11月收治的行关节镜下ACL重建术61例ACL损伤患者.根据移植物不同分为两组:同种异体肌腱重建组(A组,27例)和自体胭绳肌腱重建组(B组,34例).术后1周、6～12个月进行MRI检查,测量矢状位骨隧道开口、开口1 cm、骨隧道最宽处三点骨隧道直径,以术后1周对应部位骨隧道直径为衡量标准,对其差值进行统计学分析.采用Lysholm评分评估各组临床疗效. 结果 术后随访:A组平均8.4个月,B组平均8.5个月.两组患者资料术前比较差异无统计学意义.术后MRI随访发现股骨侧、胫骨侧骨隧道直径均有不同程度的增宽,其中胫骨侧较股骨侧增宽明显,两组在股骨、胫骨三个不同测量部位骨隧道增宽差异无统计学意义.所有患者关节稳定性良好.术后Lysholm评分两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 移植物不同是影响ACL重建术后骨隧道扩大的因素之一.自体肌腱、同种异体肌腱对ACL重建术后骨隧道扩大差异无统计学意义,与术后临床疗效无相关性.     

关节镜下应用LARS人工韧带同时重建前、后交叉韧带

目的 探讨关节镜下应用LARS人工韧带重建前交叉韧带(ACL)、后交叉韧带(PCL)同时损伤的方法及疗效. 方法 关节镜下同时重建13例ACL、PCL损伤的患者,重建材料采用LARS人工韧带.术后随访12～36个月,采用国际膝关节文件编制委员会(IKDC)韧带标准评价表和Lysholm膝关节功能评分表评估患膝功能,通过KT-1000检查膝关节前后松弛度.结果 术后无膝关节感染发生;均无伸膝受限,屈膝活动度105°～125°,平均117°.术后随访时IKDC评分:A类10例(77%),B类3例(23%).屈膝25°位KT-1000检查:双侧膝关节前向松弛度差异＜2 mm 12例,3～5 mm 1例;屈膝70°位检查:＜2 mm 12例,2～4 mm 1例.术前Lysholm膝关节功能评分为(63.8 ±2.9)分(49～69分),终末随访时为(91.1±2.7)分(88～95分),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01). 结论 关节镜下同时重建膝关节ACL、PCL是目前治疗ACL、PCL同时损伤的一种微创、安全、有效的手术方法,近期疗效佳.     

Segond骨折合并前交叉韧带损伤的外科治疗

目的 探讨Segond骨折合并前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)损伤的致伤机制、临床特点和外科治疗方法. 方法 选择2008年1月-2010年12月收治的9例Segond 骨折合并ACL损伤的患者,关节镜下均可见ACL断裂及内侧副韧带(medial collateral ligament,MCL)断裂,1例还合并外侧副韧带(lateral collateral ligament,LCL)断裂、内侧半月板损伤,4例合并内侧半月板撕裂,2例合并外侧半月板撕裂.均行关节镜下异体肌腱移植、ACL重建、内侧副韧带修补术.1例同时行LCL重建术,3例行半月板缝合术,4例行半月板成形术.6例Segond骨折块较大,分别以2枚空心拉力螺钉固定,3例骨折块较小,以1枚空心拉力螺钉固定. 结果 平均随访12个月.Lysholm术后评分平均为59分,疗效均满意. 结论 Segond骨折常伴有ACL损伤,前者对后者有很好的提示作用.在重建ACL的同时,对于Segond骨折块较大者应予复位、固定,对于合并的损伤,也应同期手术治疗.     

同种异体跟腱移植物重建内侧副韧带浅层结构治疗膝关节外翻不稳定的临床研究

目的:评估采用同种异体跟腱重建内侧副韧带(MCL)浅层结构对恢复膝关节外翻稳定性的早期临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2005年8月至2010年12月我科收治的诊断为陈旧膝关节内侧副韧带损伤并符合重建手术指征的患者19例,均采用同种异体跟腱作为移植物。患者入选标准为:1)陈旧MCL损伤,受伤至手术时间超过3周;2)IKDC膝关节外翻不稳定分级为C级[内侧关节间隙开口程度(侧侧差值)为6～10 mm]或D级(内侧关节间隙开口程度大于10 mm);3)随访时间至少12个月。术前、术后采用Telos装置拍摄膝关节外翻位应力像评估内侧结构稳定性。其他评价指标包括IKDC主观功能评分和Lysholm主观功能评分。结果:19例患者中,16例获得随访,其中男性12例,女性4例;平均年龄31.8岁(19～53岁),受伤至手术时间平均17.6个月(24天～84个月),随访时间平均27.8个月(12～67个月)。患者术前膝关节内侧间隙开口程度平均为(8.9±3.1)mm(6～23.2 mm),术后平均(0.1±1.4)mm(-2～2.4 mm),手术前后比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。IKDC主观功能评分术前平均(49.8±6.7)分(31～57.5分),术后平均(82.8±4.8)分(71.3～93.1分),手术前后比较差异有统计学意义。Lysholm评分术前平均(69.3±5.7)分(55～78分),术后平均(88.3±4.6)分(75～95分),手术前后比较差异有统计学意义。16例患者中,术前膝关节外翻稳定性IKDC分级C级12例,D级4例;术后A级14例,B级2例。结论:采用同种异体跟腱重建内侧副韧带浅层结构能够显著改善膝关节外翻稳定性,术后平均2年的随访表明患者主观功能评分满意。     

Graft selection in surgicalreconstruction of the multiple-ligament-injured knee

Knowledge of the various graft options available for reconstruction of the knee with multiple ligamentous injuriesis necessary for the surgeon and patient to make an informed decision. Allograft is frequently used for such reconstructions, because multiple grafts are often necessary. Allograft avoids the morbidity associated with autograft harvest, allows smaller incisions, and saves operative time. A concern with the use of allograft, however, is the small but serious risk of disease transmission, including viral and bacterial infections. Allograft is also expensive and its availability may be limited. Some patients may prefer reconstruction with autograft tissue. Bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft is strong, stiff, and allows bony fixation at both ends. Harvest complications, primarily anterior knee pain, are drawbacks to using this source. Hamstring tendon autograft harvest results in less donor-site morbidity and comparable strength to bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft when bundled. Quadriceps tendon autograft also has been used in knee reconstruction, offering a strong graft with less morbidity than bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft harvest. Quadriceps tendon harvest is technically challenging, however. Achilles tendon and anterior tibialis allografts, as well as both autograft/allograft patellar tendon, quadriceps tendon, and hamstring tendon can all be used to reconstruct the anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, or collateral ligament complexes. Ultimately, the choice of graft is dependent on surgeon and patient preference, availability of graft sources, and the number of ligaments requiring reconstruction or augmentation.     

Low-velocity knee disclocation associated with sports injury

A knee dislocation usually involves injury to both the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament,and to either the medial collateral ligament or the lateral structures of the knee. Acute surgical repair of all structures has led to a high rate of arthrofibrosis. We describe a treatment algorithm for treatment based on the healing potential of each structure. The medial collateral ligament can heal with a short duration of serial casting. The posterior cruciate ligament can heal without treatment, and patients with laxity of 2+ have similar outcomes to patients with less laxity. The anterior cruciate usually does not heal, but ACL reconstruction can be performed on an elective basis when the acute inflammatory response has subsided.     

Postoperative rehabilitation of the multiple-ligament reconstructed knee

Rehabilitation following multiple-ligament reconstruction continues to evolve although basic scientific principles continue to form the foundation for all current protocols. The protocols presented have been implemented following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)/posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), ACL/PCL/posterolateral complex (PLC), ACL/PCL/medial cruciate ligament (MCL), and ACL/PLC reconstructive procedures. They are designed to allow for optimal healing during the maximum and moderate protection phases, and to restore mobility and function during the final stage. These protocols should serve as guidelines only, and modifications may be necessary based on graft selection, presence of articular cartilage involvement, and surgeon preference.     

Potential pitfalls of a double PCL sign

The double posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) sign is seen on a midline sagittal MR image of the knee as a low-signal-intensity linear band paralleling the antero-inferior part of the PCL. Although the sign has a high specificity for a displaced bucket-handle tear of the medial meniscus, it can be mimicked by several normal and abnormal structures in the intercondylar region. Familiarity with these variants and identifying the other features supportive of meniscal injury will help to make a confident diagnosis of bucket-handle tear of the medial meniscus     

ACL/PCL reconstruction: the role of double-bundle PCL reconstruction

Our approach to combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries depends on the timing of the injury and concomitant ligament and bony pathology. In the acute setting (within 3 weeks), we prefer to perform single-bundle ACL and PCL reconstruction because we have seen consistently good results. However, chronic combined injuries do not fare as well because single-bundle PCL reconstruction in these injuries has not consistently corrected posterior laxity. Because of this clinical data, we now utilize a double-bundle PCL technique for knees with chronic, combined ligament deficiency with instability. This particular patient population has significant anterior, posterior, and, in many cases, posterior lateral laxity. Once the decision has been made to proceed with this procedure, attention to the technical details is critical to achieving good results. In this article, we will outline important general and specific technical details that will facilitate the procedure and optimize the clinical outcome.     

Arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with Leeds-Keio ligament in non-professional athletes

We report our experience using the Leeds-Keio artificial ligament for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The study relates the results of the first 40 patients subjected to arthroscopic reconstruction of the ACL with a Leeds-Keio ligament, with a mean follow-up of 73 months. No associated peripheral procedures were carried out on any patient. The average age of the patients at the time of the operation was 31 years (range 26–35 years). The rehabilitation protocol followed by all patients aimed at resumption of sport 4 months after the operation. Clinical assessment included IKDC and the Lysholm scoring scale. The KT-2000 system was used for instrumented evaluation of joint laxity. All patients underwent a radiographic check-up. Clinically there were 55% excellent or good results when using the IKDC scale, while with the Lysholm score, satisfactory results were obtained in 80%. Complete post-traumatic rupture of the ligament was observed in three patients. No patient suffered an episode of either hydrarthrosis or reactive synovitis, which indicates good tolerance to the ligament. The radiographic evaluation of the operated knees showed a close correlation between the appearance of degenerative phenomena and performance of arthroscopic meniscectomy. The results achieved with the Leeds-Keio artificial ligament 5 years after application, although not completely satisfactory and inferior to those obtained with autologous biological ligaments, should be considered an encouragement to promote new efforts in this interesting research field.     

Simultaneous bilateral anterior cruciate ligament tears in a female beginner skier

We present a case of simultaneous bilateral ACL tears in a woman injured while skiing for the first time. We discuss the role of intercondylar notch stenosis as a high-risk factor for tearing the ACL, the injury mechanism, prevention measures, and the therapeutic strategy. Received: 10 January 2000 Accepted: 10 April 2000     

单纯后交叉韧带断裂继发关节内损伤的临床研究

自 1 973年至 2 0 0 2年间我所诊治单纯后交叉韧带断裂共 5 4例 ,其中进行了关节内探查的有 40例 ,急性伤 9例 (≤ 6周 ) ,慢性伤 3 1例 ( >6周 )。分别对这 40例病例的关节软骨损伤发生率、损伤部位和损伤程度及半月板损伤的发生率、损伤部位及损伤类型进行了统计学研究 ,同时对前、后交叉韧带断裂之间和运动员与非运动员之间的继发关节内损伤进行了统计学比较 ,对创伤机制也进行了相应的研究。结果显示 ,后交叉韧带断裂最常见创伤机制为胫前伤 ( 5 1 85 % )。非运动员中摩托车伤最多见 ( 2 3 5 3 % )。伤后慢性期软骨损伤发生率明显高于急性期 (P <0 0 5 )。前、后交叉韧带断裂后急性期与慢性期之间及运动员与非运动员之间软骨损伤发生率无明显差异。后交叉韧带断裂后软骨损伤最易发生于髌股关节 (P <0 0 1 ) ,其次为股骨内髁负重区 ,与前交叉韧带断裂更易发生于内、外髁相比 ,明显不同。非运动员软骨损伤程度要重于运动员 (P <0 0 5 )。后交叉韧带断裂后急慢性期半月板损伤发生率相近。慢性期外侧半月板损伤居多 (P <0 0 1 )。运动员更易发生半月板损伤 (P <0 0 1 )。后交叉韧带断裂后内外侧半月板损伤均少于前交叉韧带 ,慢性期尤甚 (P <0 0 0 1 )。后交叉韧带断裂后半月板损伤的部位以外侧     

Simultaneous anterior and posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in chronic knee instabilities: surgical concepts and clinical outcome

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical results of simultaneous arthroscopically assisted reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) using autogenous tendon grafts in chronic knee injuries. Nineteen patients (17 men and 2 women) with chronic multi-ligamentous injuries underwent one-stage ACL and PCL reconstruction. ACL, PCL and medial collateral ligament were reconstructed in seven knees, and ACL, PCL and posterolateral structure were reconstructed in two knees. Function of the operated knee was evaluated according to the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) and Lysholm scale. Anterior and posterior knee laxity was examined with a KT-2000 arthrometer. Eighteen of 19 patients were able to return for follow-up and were evaluated objectively and subjectively. The average patient age at surgery was 30.5 years, and the average postoperative follow-up was 3.5 years. No patients showed loss of knee extension more than 5 degrees , while three patients revealed loss of knee flexion more than 16 degrees . The mean postoperative total anterior-posterior side-to-side difference was 1.9 +/- 1.5 mm at 20 degrees and 2.1 +/- 1.9 mm at 70 degrees . The average of the Lysholm score was 95.1 points at the final follow-up. At the IKDC evaluation, three patients were grade A, 11 were grade B, 3 were grade C, and 1 patient was grade D. The results showed the effectiveness and safety of one-stage reconstruction of combined ligamentous injuries of the knee that can adequately restore satisfactory stability.