深圳市场食品中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇污染状况的调查研究

[目的]分析和了解深圳市售酱油、蚝油、饼干、火腿、薯片等食品中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇的污染状况.[方法]应用氘代稳定性同位素稀释技术、七氟丁酰基咪唑衍生结合气相色谱/质谱联用技术,以选择离子监测(SIM)的质谱扫描模式,定量检测食品样品中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇含量.[结果]共检测了来自于深圳市各食品超市的食品样品235份,3-氯-1,2-丙二醇阳性检出率为24%,57份检出样品中3-MCPD的污染水平为0.010～30.5 mg/kg,其中,调味品中3-MCPD的污染水平最高,达到了30.5 mg/kg.[结论]3-MCPD的污染不仅存在于酱油等调味品中,还广泛存在于各类其他食品中,制作过程对氯丙醇的污染形成有很大关系,应改进生产工艺和流程,减少食品中3-MCPD的污染.     

GC-MS法测定酱油中的氯丙醇

[目的]建立酱油中的氯丙醇的GC—MS法测定方法。[方法]采用3-氯-1，2-丙二醇（3-MCPD）的氘代同位素d5—3-氯-1，2-丙二醇（d5—3-MCPD）作内标，提取物经七氟丁酰基咪唑衍生后，用选择离子监测的毛细管柱气相色谱顺谱联用法测定3-氯-1，2-丙二醇的含量。[结果]方法灵敏度高，干扰少；相对标准偏差为1．9％～4．9％；回收率为89．6％～95．8％。[结论]方法准确可靠、干扰少，适宜酱油中氯丙醇的测定。     

调味品中氯丙醇污染及研究

1999年我国大陆及香港行政区出口到欧洲的酱油、蚝油等调味品因3-氯-1，2-丙二醇（3-MCPD）的含量超过进口国的限量标准而被停止销售，给中国企业造成了巨大的经济损失。此事经媒体报道后引起了中国政府和卫生监督部门的重视，氯丙醇的污染问题开始被广大群众所关心。氯丙醇是丙三醇上的羟基被氯取代所产生的一类化合物，包括单氯丙二醇：3-氯-1，2-丙二醇（3-MCPD），2-氯-1，3-丙二醇（2-MCPD）和双氯丙醇：1，3-二氯-2-丙醇（1，3-DCP），2，3-二氯-1-丙醇（2，3-DCP）。氯丙醇污染的主要成分是3-MCPD，次要成分是1，3-DCP，二者的含量比是20：1。早在80年代，英国就发现用盐酸水解植物蛋白水解液（HVP）生产的调味品中会产生少量的氯丙醇，主要成分是3-MCPD。在1990～1992年间英国农渔食品部（MAFF）对其国内生产的添有HVP的产品进行抽样调查，发现3-MCPD的含量大于10mg／kg的情况很普遍。日本在90年代所做的调查也表明绝大多数添加了HVP的产品中3-MCPD的含量大于1mg／kg。     

气相色谱质谱联用负化学源法检测方便面调料包中的氯丙醇

目的：建立高灵敏度低基体干扰的分析方法用于检测方便面调料包中的氯丙醇。方法：以气质联用负化学源法（Gc-Ms-NCI）同时分离检测方便面调料包中的3-氯-1，2-丙二醇（3-Monochloropropane-1，2-diol，简称3-MCPD）和1，3-二氯-2-丙醇（1，3-Dichloro-2-propanol，简称1，3-DCP）。经稳定性同位素（d5-3-MCPD和d5-1，3-DCP）稀释后的样品，通过Extrelut^TM 20填料分散萃取，三乙胺催化的七氟丁酸酐（HFBA—Et3N）衍生后，GC-Ms—NCI法测定。结果：各氯丙醇检出限均为1．0μg／kg，在进样浓度为0．001—1μg／ml的范围内线性良好。结论：由检测数据来看，市售方便面中氯丙醇的污染不容乐观。     

酱油中氨基甲酸乙酯和氯丙醇含量调查与分析

目的:调查本地市售酱油中氯丙醇和氨基甲酸乙酯含量。方法:在本市大、中、小超市及农贸市场采集135份酱油,采用d5-3-氯-1,2-丙二醇、D5-氨基甲酸乙酯同位素稀释技术,硅藻土固相萃取净化样品,然后用GC/MS测定样品中氯丙醇和氨基甲酸乙酯。结果:135份酱油中氨基甲酸乙酯检出率100%,含量范围为1.6μg/kg～80.8μg/kg;氯丙醇检出率为32.05%,含量范围为5.8μg/kg～379.10μg/kg。结论:本次调查显示酱油中均存在氨基甲酸乙酯,氯丙醇检出含量也不低,为开展酱油中氨基甲酸乙酯和氯丙醇的风险评估提供了基础数据。     

陕西省市售食用植物油及油脂类食品中脂肪酸氯丙醇酯的污染水平调查与暴露风险评估

目的了解陕西省市售食用植物油及油脂类食品中脂肪酸氯丙醇酯的污染水平,并对食用植物油和油脂类食品中氯丙醇酯暴露量进行风险评估。方法2015—2016年,在陕西省10个地市的各大超市、农贸市场和零售商店进行随机采样,共203份样品,包括食用植物油、油炸食品和烘烤食品三大类,根据国家食品安全风险评估中心《2015年国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》氯丙醇酯的检测方法,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对两类氯丙醇酯[3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯(3-MCPD酯)和2-氯-1,3-丙二醇酯(2-MCPD酯)]进行检测,结合三类食品的膳食消费量,对陕西省居民膳食暴露氯丙醇酯进行确定性评估。结果 3-MCPD酯总检出率为31.53%,平均值为0.22 mg/kg;2-MCPD酯总检出率为12.30%,平均值为0.02 mg/kg; 3-MCPD酯检出率最高的是焙烤食品,为47.06%;2-MCPD酯的检出率最高的是油炸食品,为20.00%;除去菜籽油、橄榄油、糕点和饼干外,其余均检出2-MCPD酯;三类油脂性食品中3-MCPD酯的平均暴露量和高端暴露量与每日最高允许摄入量的百分比值均小于100%。结论陕西省食用植物油及油脂类食品中3-MCPD酯的污染普遍存在,陕西省居民经食用植物油和油脂类食品摄入3-MCPD酯的健康风险较低。     

陕西省市售乳粉中氯丙醇酯的污染水平调查

目的了解陕西省市售乳粉中氯丙醇酯的污染水平,为陕西省食品安全风险监测工作提供数据支持。方法从陕西省10个地市的各大超市、农贸市场、网店和零售商店进行随机采样,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法检测3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯(3-MCPD酯)和2-氯-1,3-丙二醇酯(2-MCPD酯)。结果 108份样品中,3-MCPD酯和2-MCPD酯的总检出率分别为56.48%和20.37%,平均值分别为为0.256 mg/kg和0.00626 mg/kg;成人乳粉(76.67%)中3-MCPD酯的检出率高于婴幼儿配方乳粉(48.72%),仅有婴幼儿配方乳粉(28.21%)中检出2-MCPD酯;营养甜乳粉(0.987mg/kg)和0~6月龄配方羊乳粉的3-MCPD酯(0.814 mg/kg)的平均值较大。6~12月龄配方乳粉中检出3-MCPD酯检出最大值(1.94 mg/kg)。结论陕西省市售乳粉中3-MCPD酯普遍存在,应高度重视乳粉中氯丙醇酯的污染问题。     

固相萃取气相色谱-质谱法测定杭州市食用植物油中氯丙醇脂肪酸酯

目的建立植物油中氯丙醇脂肪酸酯(包括3-MCPD酯、2-MCPD酯)的同位素稀释气相色谱-质谱(GCMS)检测方法。方法样品经甲醇钠-甲醇溶液进行酯键断裂反应后,用硅藻土小柱进行固相支持液液萃取净化,净化液经七氟丁酰基咪唑衍生后用GC-MS检测,以氘代同位素标准品为内标,内标法定量。结果 3-MCPD酯、2-MCPD酯的浓度为25μg/L~1 000μg/L时,线性关系良好,相关系数(r)均0.999 5。3-MCPD酯、2-MCPD酯的检出限均为100μg/kg。以空白食用植物油在250μg/kg、500μg/kg、1 000μg/kg水平的加标回收率为93.2%~110.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.3%~4.8%。结论该方法简便、准确、可靠,适用于食用植物油中氯丙醇脂肪酸酯含量的测定。通过对93份食用植物油样品的测定,初步得到杭州市食用植物油中氯丙醇酯的污染特征;通过植物油摄入氯丙醇酯的健康风险需引起关注。     

2016—2020年江西省市售食用植物油中氯丙醇酯污染调查

目的对江西省市售食用植物油中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯(3-MCPD酯)及2-氯-1,3-丙二醇酯(2-MCPD酯)的污染状况进行调查分析。方法 2016—2020年,在江西省11个地市随机采集159份食用植物油样品,采用同位素稀释-气相色谱-质谱联用法对食用植物油样品中3-MCPD酯以及2-MCPD酯含量进行检测。结果 3-MCPD酯检出率为88.1%,含量范围为ND～14.1 mg/kg,均值为0.605 mg/kg,中位值为0.295 mg/kg; 3-MCPD酯污染水平最高的是茶油(中位值1.38 mg/kg),其次是玉米油(中位值0.535 mg/kg)和葵花籽油(中位值0.408 mg/kg),污染水平最低的是橄榄油(中位值0.125 mg/kg)。2-MCPD酯检出率为88.7%,含量范围为ND～7.12 mg/kg,均值为0.324 mg/kg,中位值为0153 mg/kg; 2-MCPD酯污染水平最高的是茶油(中位值0.651 mg/kg),最低的是橄榄油。结论江西省市售食用植物油中氯丙醇酯污染普遍存在,不同油种污染水平差异较大。     

油条中氯丙醇脂肪酸酯污染的监测分析

目的对油条中氯丙醇脂肪酸酯的监测结果进行分析,为食品安全风险监测监管提供参考以保障食品安全。方法在四川省3个监测点的采集50份油条样品,采用同位素内标-气相色谱-质谱法测定3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(以3-MCPD计)和2-氯-1,3-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(以2-MCPD计)的含量,并对数据进行分析。结果 50份样品中,31份检出2-MCPD,检出率为62.0%,检出的最高水平为1.83 mg/kg;39份检出3-MCPD,检出率为78.0%,检出的最高水平为2.88mg/kg。结论 2016年四川省3个监测点油条中的检测数据显示,油条中氯丙醇脂肪酸酯的污染率较高,污染情况较为严重。应当开展进一步的研究,提高实验室检测能力,加强监测和监管,确保食品安全。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.