应用微创内固定系统治疗股骨远端骨折

目的 总结应用微创内固定系统(LISS)治疗股骨远端骨折的临床经验和疗效.方法 笔者应用LISS内固定治疗股骨远端骨折7例,采用间接复位技术(关节内骨折除外),并微创入路插入LISS接骨板,经皮单皮质锁定螺钉固定.结果 术后随访10～25个月,平均15个月.骨折全部愈合,膝关节功能按Merchan评分标准评定,优5例,良1例,可1例.所有病例无感染发生,无钢板及螺钉松动及断裂.结论 LISS是治疗股骨远端骨折的一种有效的微创内固定方法,具有创伤小、促进骨折愈合和功能恢复等优点.     

倒置股骨远端微创内固定系统治疗股骨近段骨不连

目的 报告倒置股骨远端微创内同定系统(LISS)治疗股骨近段骨不连的效果及其评价. 方法2003年4月至2007年2月采用对侧股骨远端LISS倒置固定治疗股骨近段骨折术后骨不连17例,其中肥大型8例,萎缩型6例,骨缺损型3例.所有患者均进行植骨,其中局部滑行加骨痂植骨6例,自体髂骨植骨9例,吻合血管的游离腓骨移植2例. 结果术后所有患者获得5～32个月(平均13.8个月)随访,所有骨折均顺利愈合,无切口感染,接骨板螺钉松动、断裂发生;完全负重时间16.5周(11～28周).采用Sanders创伤后髋关节评分标准评估髋关节功能:优10例,良5例,差2例,优良率88.2%.结论 倒置股骨远端LISS固定辅以自体骨植骨能明显促进骨折愈合,是治疗股骨近段骨不连的有效方法.     

微创LISS接骨板治疗股骨远端C型骨折疗效评价

目的评价微创固定系统（Less Invasive Stabilization Systems，LISS）接骨板治疗股骨远端C型骨折临床疗效。方法自2005年10月至2007年10月，采用微创LISS接骨板固定治疗13例股骨远端C型骨折患者。其中男性9例，女性4例，年龄24～59岁，平均39．5岁。根据AO分型，C1型7例，C2型4例，C3型2例，均为闭合性骨折。疗效评判采用Merchant评分系统。结果术后随访4～13个月，平均9．5个月，13例患者均得到随访。所有病例无感染发生。骨折全部愈合，愈合时间为术后10～16周，平均12周，膝关节功能用Merchant评分系统评价，优8例，良4例，可1例。术后优良率为92．31％。结论应用微创内固定系统-LISS接骨板固定治疗股骨远端C型骨折疗效满意，术后并发症少，膝关节功能恢复良好，是一种比较理想的治疗方法。     

LISS钢板内固定治疗下肢长骨严重粉碎骨折

[目的] 探讨微创内固定系统(less invasive stabilization system,LISS)内固定治疗股骨远端及胫骨近端粉碎性骨折的临床疗效.[方法] 2005年3月-2007年9月采用LISS治疗股骨远端及胫骨近端骨折32例,其中股骨13例,胫骨19例,观察术后骨折愈合情况、并发症及膝关节功能.[结果] 32例平均随访时间16.8个月,骨折全部愈合,平均时间7.8个月.术后骨折对位良好,内固定无松动、失效等并发症,膝关节功能无障碍.[结论] LISS接骨板治疗股骨远端及胫骨近端粉碎性骨折具有创伤小、固定可靠、骨折愈合时间短、并发症少、膝关节功能恢复好等优点.     

微创内固定系统治疗膝关节周围骨折的并发症

目的 探讨微创内固定系统(LISS)治疗膝关节周围骨折术中、术后并发症的发生情况,总结预防措施. 方法 2004年2月至2007年2月对42例(44侧)膝关节周围复杂骨折患者分别应用股骨远端或胫骨近端LISS接骨板固定.回顾出现并发症的种类、发生率及处理结果 ,分析并发症发生的原因. 结果 42例患者获20～176周(平均52周)随访.骨性愈合时间12～25周,平均14周.11例患者术中、术后出现并发症,其中2例浅表感染,1例深部感染,2例复位不良,2例骨折再移位,1例内固定失效,1例腓浅神经损伤,1例骨筋膜室综合征,1例伸膝装置粘连.无骨不连、内同定激惹及内固定取出困难等发生. 结论 LISS治疗膝关节周围骨折术中、术后并发症的发生与肢体损伤的严重程度、术者对LISS技术的理解程度及操作的熟练程度等有关.     

微创内固定系统在膝关节周围复杂骨折治疗中的应用

目的探讨AO微创内固定系统(less invasive stab ilization system,LISS)治疗膝关节周围复杂骨折的效果。方法2004年4月~2005年6月对15例干骺端闭合性膝关节周围复杂骨折(左侧9例,右侧6例),分别应用股骨远端LISS或胫骨近端LISS行内固定治疗。结果15例随访5~26个月,平均13.2月。完全负重时间为12~26周,X线骨愈合时间11~24周,无延迟愈合及骨不连。浅表感染1例,皮肤水疱2例,经换药后愈合。无深部感染及皮肤坏死,无骨筋膜室综合征。Johner-W ruhs方法评价功能优11例、良3例、中1例,以优良为满意标准,本组满意率为93.3%(14/15)。1例C3型胫骨平台骨折在术后2周出现胫骨内侧骨块明显移位伴髁间分离,二次手术在胫骨平台内侧加以支撑钢板固定,术后20周骨折愈合,功能评价为良;1例C3型胫骨平台骨折在术后8周出现膝内翻(胫骨平台内翻角为82°),术后20周骨折愈合,功能评价为中。结论LISS适用于单处股骨远端、胫骨近端骨折及骨质疏松性股骨干远端骨折的治疗;对于胫骨平台C3型骨折内侧平台粉碎严重时,不能过分依赖LISS系统,或将接骨板置于内侧,而应该考虑在内侧辅助支撑钢板。     

倒置LISS治疗老年人骨质疏松性股骨粗隆部骨折

目的探讨微创内固定系统(LISS)治疗老年人骨质疏松性股骨粗隆部骨折的适应证及近期临床疗效。方法应用LISS接骨板治疗老年人骨质疏松性股骨粗隆部骨折40例,采用倒置对侧股骨远端LISS接骨板进行内固定。观察骨折愈合及内固定物稳定情况。结果切口均一期愈合,患肢均无畸形愈合、骨折再移位,内固定物无松动、切出及失败,无髋内翻畸形,无股骨头坏死、切口感染及骨不连。根据Sanders髋关节评分标准:优22例(55%),良12例(30%),中6例(15%)。结论采用倒置对侧股骨远端LISS接骨板治疗股骨粗隆部骨折,能够满足股骨近端骨折内固定要求,尤其适用于老年人骨质疏松较重的患者。     

36例青壮年股骨粗隆间粉碎性骨折的治疗

[目的]探讨微创内固定系统(Less Invasive Stabilization System,LISS)治疗青壮年股骨粗隆间骨折的适应证及近期临床疗效.[方法]应用LISS接骨板治疗青壮年股骨粗隆间骨折36例,采用倒置对侧股骨远端LISS接骨板进行内固定.观察骨折愈合及内固定物稳定情况.[结果]切口均一期愈合,患肢均无畸形愈合、骨折再移位,内固定物无松动、切出及失败,无髋内翻畸形,无股骨头坏死、切口感染及骨不连.根据Sanders髋关节评分标准:优18例,良11例,中6例.[结论]采用倒置对侧股骨远端LISS接骨板治疗青壮年股骨粗隆间骨折,能够满足股骨近端骨折内固定要求,尤其适用于外侧壁骨折的复杂股骨粗隆间骨折患者.     

微创内固定系统治疗股骨远端骨折

目的探讨微创内固定系统(LISS)治疗股骨远端骨折的疗效。方法应用LISS钢板治疗32例股骨远端骨折患者。结果 32例均获随访,时间12～24(16±2.6)个月。未发现关节面塌陷、复位丢失、螺钉固定不良等现象。按照膝关节HSS评分标准评分:优16例,良13例,可2例,差1例,优良率为90.6%。结论 LISS钢板治疗股骨远端骨折设计合理,操作简便,固定可靠,疗效满意。     

微创内固定结合高强度注射式人工骨植骨治疗股骨远端骨质疏松性骨折

目的:探讨应用微创内固定结合高强度注射式人工骨植骨治疗股骨远端骨质疏松性骨折疗效。方法:2005年2月至2008年2月应用微创内固定系统(less invasive stabilizing system,LISS)内固定结合高强度注射式人工骨(MIIGTMX3)植骨治疗股骨远端骨质疏松性骨折26例,男15例,女11例;年龄59～81岁,平均68.5岁;AO分型:A3型9例,C1型6例,C2型7例,C3型4例。结果:手术时间平均(110±15)min(90～135min)。全部病例随访12～28个月,平均18个月。愈合时间平均20.5周(16.5～28周)。术后无感染、内固定松动、断裂及骨不愈合病例。按照Rasmussen骨折复位放射评分标准,优19例,良7例。术后1年,关节活动范围2°～125°;HSS膝关节评分平均(86.5±8.2)分(58～99分),其中优22例,良2例,中1例,差1例,优良率92.6%。结论:微创内固定结合高强度注射式人工骨植骨是治疗股骨远端骨质疏松性骨折的有效方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.