推进式双气囊电子小肠镜在小肠疾病诊断中的评估

目的 评价推进式双气囊电子小肠镜(double-balloon push enteroscopy，DBE)在小肠疾病诊断中的价值。方法 总结22例疑小肠疾病DBE检查的临床资料，上述患者均经胃镜、肠镜、X线钡餐、小肠钡剂灌肠和血管造影等检查未发现异常。结果 22例共行DBE检查26例次(15例次接受了口侧进镜，11例次接受了肛侧进镜)，每侧进镜术程平均80min。DBE检查共发现异常14例，检出率为63．6％。其中不明原因消化道出血10例，DBE检出病变6例；腹痛和(或)呕吐待查7例，DBE检出病变5例；慢性腹泻待查4例，DBE检出病变2例；不明原因不完全性肠梗阻1例，DBE检出病变1例。口侧进镜患者，术中多数出现恶心、消化液自口经外套管口溢出，偶尔出现一过性轻微腹痛；肛侧进镜患者无明显不适及反应，未出现出血、穿孔等并发症。结论 DBE作为一种新型小肠疾病检查手段，明显优于传统的检查方法，可重复直视操作下观察病灶，通过活检对病变进行定性检查，具有安全、可控性、直视和图像清晰等优点，在诊断小肠疾病方面更具有优越性。     

双气囊电子小肠镜在小肠狭窄诊断中的作用

目的:比较双气囊电子小肠镜及小肠钡灌检查在疑有小肠狭窄患者中病变的检出率和诊断率,评价双气囊电子小肠镜在小肠狭窄诊断中的价值及安全性.方法:疑患小肠疾病患者76例,行双气囊电子小肠镜检查,分别经口或经肛进镜,对未检出病灶者建议择期改换进镜方式再行检查;其中疑小肠狭窄患者13例均行小肠钡灌检查.比较2种检查方法在疑小肠狭窄患者中病变的检出率、诊断率.结果:疑有小肠狭窄患者13例中有8例经口、3例经肛、2例分别经口和经肛行双气囊电子小肠镜检查,检查所用平均时间74(55-120)min,小肠狭窄病变检出率为84.6%(11/13),其中小肠肿瘤6例,克罗恩病3例,炎性狭窄2例.检出病变中双气囊电子小肠镜诊断率为69.2%(9/13),所有患者均未发生严重不良反应和并发症.疑小肠狭窄患者小肠钡灌检查的病变检出率为53.8%(7/13),其中小肠肿瘤3例,克罗恩病2例,炎性狭窄2例.在小肠钡灌检查未发现异常的6例病变中有4例在双气囊电子小肠镜检查中发现病变;3例未能正确诊断的病例在双气囊电子小肠镜检查中均得到正确诊断.双气囊电子小肠镜在小肠狭窄中的病变检出率和诊断率均明显高于小肠钡灌检查,二者均有显著差异(P<0.05).结论:双气囊电子小肠镜对小肠狭窄有较高的病变检出率和诊断率,无严重不良反应和并发症,可作为首选检查方法.     

运用双气囊电子小肠镜诊断小肠疾病

目的评估双气囊电子小肠镜在小肠疾病诊断中的价值。方法对24名疑患小肠疾病者行双气囊电子小肠镜检查,根据患者具体病情选择进镜方式,全部患者采用国产丙泊芬及芬太尼联合麻醉,心电监护仪监测患者的生命体征并密切观察检查过程中的并发症及主要术后并发症,记录并分析患者的症状、小肠镜检查情况、其他检查情况、病理结果、最后诊断。结果本组24名患者的小肠疾病总阳性检出率为62.5%;共检出疾病类型8种,其中小肠血管畸形3例、空肠间质瘤2例、空肠淋巴瘤1例、空肠腺癌2例、小肠寄生虫病2例、小肠憩室2例、回肠双腔畸形1例、小肠息肉2例。结论运用双气囊电子小肠镜对小肠疾病的诊治有非常重要的价值。     

双气囊小肠镜在原因不明的慢性腹痛诊断中的价值

目的比较双气囊小肠镜和胶囊内镜对原因不明的慢性腹痛患者的病变检出情况,评价双气囊小肠镜对原因不明的慢性腹痛的诊断价值,探讨小肠疾病导致慢性腹痛的常见病因。方法将46例经胃镜、结肠镜、钡餐等检查结果阴性的慢性腹痛患者行双气囊小肠镜检查,首选进镜方式为经口和经肛2种,首选方式检查后未发现病灶者,改换进镜方式再行检查。另70例患者行胶囊内镜检查。两组患者的相关检查分别由专门医师独立操作并诊断,最后进行汇总分析。结果双气囊小肠镜组46例患者中,15例经口进镜,22例经肛门进镜,9例行口-肛门进镜。通过双气囊小肠镜检查发现病灶28例,小肠病变检出率60.87%;胶囊内镜组70例患者中,29例发现小肠病变,小肠病变检出率为41.43%;双气囊小肠镜的病变检出率明显高于胶囊内镜,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。双气囊小肠镜组和胶囊内镜组检出病变中,以克罗恩病最为常见（分别为9例和8例）,其次为非特异性肠炎。结合小肠镜检查结果、手术及临床上药物治疗效果,双气囊小肠镜组诊断疾病的准确率为82.14%（23/28）。其中除1例患者发生急性胰腺炎外,其余患者均未见严重的不良反应及出血、穿孔等严重的并发症。结论双气囊小肠镜对小肠病变所致的慢性腹痛阳性病变检出率高于胶囊内镜,诊断准确率较高,是一种安全可靠的检查手段;导致慢性腹痛的小肠疾病最常见病因为克罗恩病,其次为非特异性肠炎。     

双气囊推进式电子小肠镜对小肠疾病的诊断应用

目的 评价双气囊推进式小肠镜对小肠疾病的诊断价值。方法 对2003年7月至2004年3月间38例有消化道症状，但是经胃镜、结肠镜、全消化道钡餐、腹部血管造影等检查为阴性者，进行双气囊推进式电子小肠镜检查。根据患者病情决定从上消化道或下消化道插镜，其中8例经上消化道插镜未能到达回盲部者改从下消化道插镜。结果 双气囊推进式小肠镜检查发现有小肠病变33例(检出率86．8％)，其中空回肠克罗恩病7例，空回肠多发溃疡5例，空肠血管畸形并出血4例，空肠多发憩室4例，空回肠静脉显露3例，小肠恶性间质瘤2例，非特异性回肠炎2例，回肠中分化腺癌1例，空肠钩虫病1例，回肠蛔虫病1例，嗜酸细胞性小肠炎1例，吻合口狭窄1例，回肠结核1例。检查过程中未见明显并发症，除2例因腹痛不能耐受而中途放弃外，其余患者均可完成检查。结论 双气囊推进式小肠镜可直视检查全小肠腔内病变，病变检出率高，安全性好，是诊断和治疗小肠疾病的有利工具，但操作难度较高。     

双气囊小肠镜与胶囊内镜诊断小肠出血病因比较

目的比较双气囊小肠镜和胶囊内镜在小肠出血中的诊断准确率和实用价值。方法24例原因不明的可疑小肠出血患者分别接受双气囊小肠镜和胶囊内镜检查。双气囊小肠镜首选进镜方式分为经口或经肛2种，首选方式检查后未发现病灶者，日后改换进镜方式再行检查。胶囊内镜采用以色列GIVEN公司产品。2种检查方法分别由专门医师独立操作并诊断，最后进行汇总比较。结果24例患者中21例通过小肠镜检查发现病灶，总检出率为87．5％。24例患者行胶囊内镜检查后，有阳性发现者11例(45．8％)，另13例无异常发现。双气囊小肠镜检查发现的阳性病灶均经活检病理和手术探查证实，其病因诊断准确率为87．5％，胶囊内镜诊断准确率为25％。在耐受性评估方面，胶囊内镜和全麻下经口进镜的耐受性最佳，以后依次为非麻醉经肛方式和非麻醉经口方式。所有小肠镜和胶囊内镜检查者中未见操作相关的严重不良反应。结论①经口和经肛方式结合能使双气囊小肠镜完成对全小肠的检查。②双气囊小肠镜在不明原因小肠出血的病因诊断方面明显优于胶囊内镜检查。③胶囊内镜在小肠多节段病变和长段病变的诊断上仍有一定价值。④胶囊内镜和全麻下经口双气囊小肠镜检查是一项易为患者接受的、安全的检查方法。     

双气囊小肠镜与胶囊内镜在小肠出血应用中的对比研究

目的比较双气囊小肠镜与胶囊内镜在小肠出血中的病变检出率、病因诊断率、耐受性和安全性,初步探讨双气囊小肠镜对小肠出血的内镜下治疗。方法2006年4月至2009年10月烟台毓璜顶医院消化内科收治的可疑小肠出血患者159例,其中81例患者行双气囊小肠镜检查,首选进镜方式分为经口或经肛2种,首选方式检查后未发现病灶者,日后改换进镜方式再行检查。对活动性出血病灶行内镜下止血治疗。另78例患者行胶囊内镜检查。两组患者分别由专门医师独立操作并诊断,最后进行汇总分析,对比双气囊小肠镜与胶囊内镜的临床应用价值。结果双气囊小肠镜组的病变检出率为95.06%,病因诊断率为82.72%,23例检查时见病变活动性出血,行内镜下止血治疗,21例止血成功,内镜止血成功率为91.30%;胶囊内镜组的病变检出率82.05%,病因诊断率为66.67%。双气囊小肠镜组的病因检出率及病因诊断率均显著高于胶囊内镜组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在耐受性方面,胶囊内镜的耐受性最好,双气囊小肠镜的耐受性依次为:全麻下经肛进镜、全麻下经口进镜、非麻醉经肛进镜、非麻醉经口进镜。所有患者均未发生严重并发症。结论双气囊小肠镜对小肠出血的病因诊断明显优于胶囊内镜,并且可行内镜下止血治疗,是一项安全、有效的临床诊疗方法。     

双气囊电子小肠镜诊断67例不明原因腹痛的价值

目的 评价双气囊电子小肠镜对不明原因慢性腹痛的诊断价值,探讨小肠病变所致腹痛病因.方法 对2005年6月至2008年6月中南大学湘雅医院67例有慢性腹痛症状,经胃镜、结肠镜、全消化道钡餐、腹部B超及心电图检查阴性的患者行双气囊电子小肠镜检查.结果 67例患者中,36例经肛进镜,19例经口进镜,12例患者接受2次检查分别经口和经肛进镜.41例发现病灶,阳性检出率为61.19%.41例病变包括克罗恩病15例(36.59%),非特异性小肠炎10例(24.39%),肿瘤8例(19.51%),其他病变8例(19.51%).结论 双气囊电子小肠镜对小肠病变所致慢性腹痛具有较高临床诊断价值.小肠克罗恩病、非特异性小肠炎及小肠肿瘤为不明原因小肠源性腹痛最常见病因.     

临床症状对双气囊小肠镜进镜方式选择的指导

目的:评价患者主要临床症状对双气囊小肠镜进镜方式选择的价值.方法:对120例疑有小肠疾病的患者进行双气囊小肠镜检查. 49例首选经口进镜, 38例首选经肛进镜, 33例接受双侧检查.结果:检查阳性率62.5%. 以黑便为主要表现者34例, 首选从口进镜15例, 检出病灶13例(86.7%);首选肛侧进镜9例, 检出4例(44.4%);双侧进镜10例, 检出9例(90%). 以暗红色血便为首要表现者, 肛侧进镜8例均发现病灶(100%);双侧进镜5例均检出病灶(100%);4例经口进镜, 2例发现病灶(50%). 21例以呕吐为首要表现的患者, 15例首选口腔进镜均检出病灶(100%);4例双侧进镜检出病灶(100%). 上腹痛患者, 口侧、肛侧、双侧进镜检出率分别为30%、0%、42.9%;下腹痛检出率分别为0%、33.3%、40%. 9例慢性腹泻患者, 2例双侧进镜,检出率50%;5例肛侧进镜, 阳性率40%.结论:患者的首要临床症状可以帮助选择合适的初次检查方式, 尤其是不明原因的消化系出血及呕吐者. 对接检查可提高诊断率.     

推进式双气囊电子小肠镜对不明原因小肠出血的病因诊断

目的通过对不明原因消化道出血患者行双气囊电子小肠镜检查，评价双气囊电子小肠镜对小肠出血的诊断价值。方法2003年4月至11月，对34例疑为小肠出血患者行推进式双气囊电子小肠镜检查，结合手术和病理做出病因诊断。结果在34例患者中30例发现病灶，检查总体阳性率为88．2％。4例阴性患者中，1例内镜抵达空肠中段，3例抵达回肠中下段。30例阳性患者中，血管病变7例(占20．6％，位于空肠1例，空回肠3例，回肠3例)；小肠肿瘤11例(占32．4％，均经手术及病理证实，位于十二指肠2例，空肠5例，回肠4例。肿瘤性质分别为：间质肿瘤3例，脂肪瘤1例，平滑肌瘤2例，血管瘤2例，嗜铬细胞瘤1例，Kaposi型血管内皮瘤1例，腺癌1例)；克罗恩病4例(占11．8％，位于空回肠部)；其他8例。结论小肠血管病变、小肠肿瘤及小肠克罗恩病为不明原因小肠出血最常见病因；推进式双气囊电子小肠镜是一项安全、直观、可靠、有效的检查手段，对不明原因小肠出血具有较高临床诊断价值。     

双气囊小肠镜在68例小肠疾病诊断中的价值

目的 评价双气囊小肠镜对小肠疾病的诊断价值及安全性和耐受性.方法 2003年5月至2005年7月,对68例经常规检查无异常发现、疑患小肠疾病患者进行双气囊小肠镜检查,其中不明原因反复消化道出血39例、不完全性小肠梗阻7例、慢性腹痛14例、慢性腹泻8例.结果 68例患者中,36例经口进镜,25例经肛进镜,7例患者分别经口及经肛进镜检查.除3例因肠腔狭窄中止进镜外,其余病例均能检查1/2-3/4的小肠,7例患者结合经口及经肛途径完成全小肠检查.68例患者中41例检出阳性病灶,总阳性率为60.3%;其中不明原因消化道出血阳性率为62.6%（26/39）,不完全性小肠梗阻阳性5例,慢性腹痛阳性率为43%（6/14）,慢性腹泻阳性4例.除11例经口进镜者行异丙芬静脉全身麻醉外,其他经口及经肛进镜患者均能耐受整个检查,未出现出血、穿孔等严重并发症.结论 双气囊小肠镜是一种对小肠疾病诊断价值较高、安全可靠的检查手段.     

Total enteroscopy with a nonsurgical steerable double-balloon method

BACKGROUND: Deep insertion of an enteroscope by use of a push technique is difficult. A new method of enteroscopy was developed, a double-balloon method, to improve the access to the small intestine. METHODS: The new method uses 2 balloons, one attached to the tip of the endoscope and another at the distal end of an overtube. By using these balloons to grip the intestinal wall, the endoscope can be inserted further without forming redundant loops in the small intestine. This method was tried with a standard upper endoscope in 3 patients and with a longer enteroscope in 1 patient. RESULTS: Despite its short length the upper endoscope was successfully inserted as far as 30 to 50 cm beyond the ligament of Treitz in the 3 patients. In the fourth patient the longer enteroscope was successfully inserted beyond the ileo-cecal valve. CONCLUSIONS: The double-balloon method facilitates endoscopic access to the small intestine.     

Enteroscopy

Wireless capsule endoscopy and double-balloon endoscopy are new methods of enteroscopy that have been introduced in recent years. Wireless capsule endoscopy is an epoch-making examination method that makes possible an endoscopic imaging examination of the entire small intestine without discomfort and without confining patients to a medical facility. Although it is expected to be useful as an initial examination for finding diseases of the small intestine, it cannot be used for biopsy or treatment. One risk associated with the capsule endoscopy technique is entrapment by strictures. Double-balloon endoscopy is based on a new insertion technique in which two balloons, one at the distal end of the endoscope and the other at the distal end of an overtube, are operated in combination, and the endoscope is inserted while simultaneously shortening the intestine. It can be inserted through either the mouth or the anus, allowing the observation of the entire gastrointestinal tract. It features excellent maneuverability even in the distal small intestine, and enables back-and-forth observation, biopsy, and endoscopic treatment at any given site. These two new enteroscopy techniques are expected to lead to innovations in how diseases of the small intestine are approached.     

Clinical outcomes of enteroscopy using the double-balloon method for strictures of the small intestine

AIM:To evaluate the clinical outcome of enteroscopy, using the double-balloon method, focusing on the involvement of neoplasms in strictures of the small intestine. METHODS: Enteroscopy, using the double-balloon method, was performed between December 1999 and December 2002 at Jichi Medical School Hospital, 3apan and strictures of the small intestine were found in 17 out of 62 patients. These 17 consecutive patients were subjected to analysis. RESULTS: The double-balloon enteroscopy contributed to the diagnosis of small intestinal neoplasms found in 3 out of 17 patients by direct observation of the strictures as well as biopsy sampling. Surgical procedures were chosen for these three patients, while balloon dilation was chosen for the strictures in four patients diagnosed with inflammation without involvement of neoplasm. CONCLUSION: Double-balloon enteroscopy is a useful method for the diagnosis and treatment of strictures in the small bowel.     

Double Balloon Enteroscopy–The Last Blind-Point of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Technical challenges have obstructed the diagnosis and treatment of small intestine disease. An innovative form of enteroscopy—the double balloon method—permits visualization of the complete small intestine, to-and-fro examination of an area of interest, and biopsy and endoscopic procedures which are safer, faster, and less painful than earlier methods. From October 2003 to May 2004, a total of 10 patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding received 12 enteroscopic examinations, 8 per oral and 4 per rectal examinations, while 2 patients received per oral enteroscopy first and further per rectal procedures 2 days later. Two cases with intestinal submucosal tumors were discovered by per oral enteroscopy, one with a 5-cm SMT with reddish mucosa at the jejunum and another with a 4-cm SMT and surface ulceration, in which the biopsy showed GIST. Both patients received an operation later. Four patients were found to have intestinal angiodysplasia in jejunum(per oral) and one in ileum (per rectal), and after local therapy bleeding stopped. Multiple angiodysplasias were observed in a patient who was operated on for active bleeding from the ileum after Indian ink tattooing. The two patients who received per oral and per rectal procedures did not display definite small intestinal lesions. All patients underwent the procedures satisfactorily without any complications, and the examination times varied from 90 to 360 min. Double balloon enteroscopy permits deep insertion of an endoscope into the small intestine without excessive stretching of the intestinal tract. This method can use either an oral or an anal approach. To-and-fro observation of almost the complete small intestine is possible, as are interventions.     

Diagnostic and therapeutic impact of double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) in a series of 100 patients with suspected small bowel diseases

BACKGROUND: Double-balloon enteroscopy is a newly developed endoscopic method allowing non-surgical full-length exploration of the small bowel, biopsies sample and endoscopic treatment of previously inaccessible lesions. AIM: To prospectively assess the diagnostic and therapeutical impact of double-balloon enteroscopy in patients with suspected or documented small bowel disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients referring to our centre for suspected small bowel disease underwent double-balloon enteroscopy. Starting insertion route (anal or oral) of double-balloon enteroscopy was chosen according to the estimated location of the suspected lesions basing on the clinical presentation and on the findings, when available, of previous endoscopic or radiological investigations. Major indications for the procedures were acute recurrent or chronic mid-gastrointestinal bleeding (n=71), suspected gastrointestinal tumours (n=10), suspected Crohn's disease (n=6), chronic abdominal pain and/or chronic diarrhoea (n=8), refractory celiac disease (n=5). RESULTS: One hundred and eighteen double-balloon enteroscopy procedures were carried out. Oral and anal route double-balloon enteroscopies were performed in 54 and 28 patients, respectively, while 18 patients underwent a combination of both approaches. Overall diagnostic yield of double-balloon enteroscopy resulted 69%. Most common pathological findings included angiodysplasias (n=39), ulcerations and erosions of various aetiologies (n=21), tumours (n=7) and ileal stenosis in patients with Crohn's disease suspicion (n=2). In the 65% of the patients examined, double-balloon enteroscopy findings influenced the subsequent clinical management (endoscopic, medical or surgical treatment). No major complications related to the procedure occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Our prospective analysis shows that double-balloon enteroscopy is a useful, safe and well-tolerated new method with a high diagnostic and therapeutic impact for the management of suspected or documented small bowel diseases.     

双气囊小肠镜对不明原因消化道出血病因的诊断价值

目的探讨双气囊小肠镜(DBE)对不明原因消化道出血病因的诊断价值。方法对我院2005年12月-2009年4月156例因不明原因消化道出血的病人行DBE检查,并对检查结果进行分析。结果其中155例患者完成检查,发现可解释的小肠病变140例,病因诊断率约90%;出现DBE相关的高淀粉酶血症2例,胰腺炎1例,无麻醉相关的并发症。结论 DBE是目前小肠源性出血病因诊断中最有效的检查手段,具有较高的诊断价值;采用双侧进镜可提高正确诊断率。     

双气囊电子小肠镜在小肠出血诊断中的应用

目的 探索双气囊电子小肠镜对小肠出血的诊断价值。方法 临床怀疑小肠出血患者54例，经口途径检查21例，经肛门途径检查20例，分别从两端进镜13例，在X线监视下进行。结果 检查阳性率90．7％，其中单发或多发性小肠溃疡11例，克罗恩病7例，慢性非特异性炎症6例，小肠间质肿瘤6例，高分化腺癌3例，息肉病2例，淋巴瘤1例，粪类原线虫病2例，钩虫病2例，小肠血管畸形出血2例(1例合并活动性出血)，美克尔憩室2例，回肠多发性憩室1例，溃疡性结肠炎1例，十二指肠淤滞症1例，十二指肠溃疡2例，无明显异常5例。结论 双气囊电子小肠镜检查是目前诊断小肠出血最有效的方法之一。小肠出血的主要病因是小肠良性溃疡(包括克罗恩病)、肿瘤、慢性炎症，其次是寄生虫感染，憩室和血管畸形是少见病因，但美克尔憩室是儿童小肠出血的重要病因。