氯丙咪嗪与舒秘利辅助治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的对照研究

目的：比较氯丙咪嗪、舒必利辅助治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的效果。方法：使用氯丙咪嗪，舒必利分别作为氯氮平的辅助用药与单用氯氮平对８８便 阴性症状为主的精神分裂症病人进行对照研究；以简明精神病评定量表、阴性症状量表和副反应量表进行评定。结果：合并氯丙咪嗪组，舒必利组及单用氯氮平组对阴性症状的治疗显效率分别为６９％、３１％、１３．３３％、结论：氯氮平合并氯丙咪嗪治疗能有效地改善精神分裂症的阴性症状。     

氯丙咪嗪与舒必利辅助治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的对照研究

目的： 比较氯丙咪嗪、舒必利辅助治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的效果。　方法： 使用氯丙咪嗪、舒必利分别作为氯氮平的辅助用药与单用氯氮平对８８ 例以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症病人进行对照研究; 以简明精神病评定量表、阴性症状量表和副反应量表进行评定。　结果： 合并氯丙咪嗪组、舒必利组及单用氯氮平组对阴性症状的治疗显效率分别为６９％ 、３１％ 、１３３３％ 。　结论： 氯氮平合并氯丙咪嗪治疗能有效地改善精神分裂症的阴性症状。     

舒必利与氯氮平治疗以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症对照研究

目的 探索舒必利与氯氮平对阴性症状为主的精神分裂症的疗效。方法 对80例以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症住院患者随机分两组分别服用舒必利和氯氮平治疗,采用SANS,BPRS和临床疗效总评量表评定疗效,用TESS评定副反应。结果 舒必利的疗效优于氯氮平,副反应少于氯氮平。结论 舒必利是治疗以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症的可选药物。     

氯氮平合并舒必利治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的对照研究

为评估氯氮平合并舒必利对精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效，将９２例以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者随机分为氯氮平合并舒必利组（３１例）和两个对照组（氯氮平组３２例，舒必利组２９例）。经临床疗效评定和简明精神病量表、阴性症状量表、临床疗效总评量表评定，结果显示：显效率（痊愈率＋显著进步率）：氯氮平合并舒必利组为６８％，氯氮平组为３１％，舒必利组为３４％。经χ＾２检验，氯氮平合并舒必利组显著优于氯氮平组和舒必利     

舒必利治疗氯氮平所致流涎的随机对照研究

目的 判断舒必利治疗氯氮平所致流涎的临床疗效。方法 100例氯氮平所致流涎的精神分裂症患者随机分为空白对照组、联合普鲁本辛治疗组和联合舒必利治疗组。采用流涎程度、临床疗效、BPRS、SANS、患者满意率、TESS评估疗效和不良反应,观察6周。结果 普鲁本辛、舒必利治疗组流涎程度、临床疗效、患者满意率改善优于空白对照组（P〈0.01）,舒必利组第6周末BPRS、SANS评分改善优于入组时（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。3组患者不良反应相当（P〉0.05）。结论 联合舒必利治疗能改善氯氮平所致流涎的不良反应,同时能改善精神分裂症患者的阴性症状,是治疗精神分裂症的较佳组合。     

氯氮平合并利培酮与氯氮平合并舒必利治疗难治性精神分裂症的对照研究

目的：研究对比氯氮平合并利培酮与氯氮平合并舒必利治疗难治性精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法：把住院的60例难治性精神分裂症患者，随机分为A，B两组，A组应用氯 平合并利培酮治疗，B组应用氯氮平合并舒必利治疗，观察8周，分别在治疗前与治疗后用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）和不良反应症状量表（TESS）评定。结果：A组治疗8周后总有效率为70％，B组治疗8周后总有效率为63．3％，两组间疗效无显著差异（P＞0．05），TESS总分两组间有显著差异（P＜0．05），B组副反应大。结论：对难治性精神分裂症病人，氯氮平合并利培酮与氯氮平合并舒必利治疗均取得了较好的效果，A组副反应轻。     

氯氮平联用舒必利治疗精神分裂症的阴性症状临床对照研究

作者运用病例对照的研究方法，选择了４８例以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者，随机分为研究组及二个对照组，分别采用氯氮平联用舒必利用两药单一应用进行治疗，以阴性症状量表结合临床疗效进行评定药物疗效，同时观察副反应的情况，结果显示：两药联用治疗阴性症状比单一应用更好，副反应轻，且对兴趣／社交缺乏，注意障碍改善显著。     

喹硫平联合舒必利治疗难治性精神分裂症的效果观察

目的：观察喹硫平联合舒比利对喹硫平治疗无效的难治性精神分裂症的效果。方法从我院筛选出120例喹硫平无效的难治性精神分裂症患者，随机分为2组，一组采用氯氮平治疗，另一组采取舒必利联合喹硫平治疗，治疗12周后应用阳性和阴性综合征量表（PANSS）和其分量表、临床整体印象-严重程度量表（CGI-S）、临床整体印象-改善量表（CGI-I）和副反应量表（TESS）分别评价2组疗效和不良反应。结果2组总体疗效无明显差异（P＞0.05），喹硫平联合舒比利对改善难治性精神分裂症患者代谢功能、阴性症状及安全性方面优于氯氮平（ P＜0.05）。结论对难治性精神分裂症伴代谢障碍或阴性症状较重者，可尝试喹硫平联合舒比利作为初始治疗方案，以减少使用或替代氯氮平，降低氯氮平的致命风险及对代谢功能的影响。     

氯氮平与舒必利治疗阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者对照研究

氯氮平与舒必利治疗阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者对照研究刘锋先段荣珍对１９９４年２月～１９９６年１月期间，以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症住院患者１３４例，随机分为三组，分别以氯氮平，舒必利和安慰剂进行治疗。均符合ＣＣＭＤ—２诊断标准，ＢＰＲＳ＞３５分，ＳＡ...     

利培酮和舒必利对认知障碍的影响对照研究

目的：比较利培酮和舒必利对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法：精神分裂症患者60例随机分为利培酮组和舒必利组进行6周治疗，用阳性症状与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、数字划销测验(CT)、修订韦氏成人记忆量表(WMS—RC)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)进行检查，评估药物对认知功能的影响及与精神症状变化的关系。结果：脱落2例。58例患者在治疗6周后PANSS的评分显著下降，CT、WMS—RC、WCST测验成绩均显著提高，利培酮组认知改善主要与阴性症状改善有关；舒必利组认知改善主要与精神症状的阳性症状、一般病理性症状改善有关。结论：利培酮和舒必利均能改善精神分裂症的认知损害，但作用机制可能不同，利培酮对精神分裂症的执行功能疗效更好。     

Electroconvulsive therapy for the treatment of clozapine nonresponders suffering from schizophrenia

Objective This open label study describes the efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as adjunctive treatment in clozapine nonresponders suffering from schizophrenia. Method The results of clozapine and ECT treatment in 11 clozapine nonresponders suffering from schizophrenia are reported in terms of remission and relapse. Results Eight patients had a remission with this combination treatment. After remission of symptoms five patients had a relapse. Three of the five patients who relapsed had a second successful ECT course and remained well with maintenance ECT and clozapine. No evidence for adverse effects was found. Conclusion Adjunctive ECT can be efficacious in clozapine nonresponders suffering from schizophrenia.     

Augmenting atypical antipsychotic medications with clozapin

Typical antipsychotic medications have considerably improved clinical outcome of patients suffering from schizophrenic psychoses, but up to 40% of the cases show treatment resistant symptoms. Even therapy with atypical antipsychotic drugs such as risperidone, quetiapine, olanzapine, sulpiride, amisulpride, and ziprasidone often fails to reach complete remission due to resistant, positive or negative symptoms or dose-limiting side effects. As this also holds true in the case of monotherapy with clozapine, a substance known to be effective against treatment-resistant schizophrenia, increasing numbers of patients receive atypical antipsychotic drugs in addition to clozapine. This review systematically evaluates case reports and clinical investigations on the use of clozapine combined with risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, sulpiride, amisulpride, or ziprasidone. Details on indication, methodology, and effects of the investigations are summarized. Only one double blind, placebo-controlled trial on the combination with sulpiride exists within a number of altogether 31 publications about 1182 treatments. Favorable effects on positive and/or negative symptoms or improvements of clozapine-induced side effects were described for every combination approach. In some cases pharmacokinetic interactions or serious unfavorable effects occurred. In conclusion it might be accepted that most of the combination therapies follow a neurobiological rational. There a major differences in the level of evidence that they are safe, tolerable and effective. We discuss criteria for the indication for augmenting clozapine therapy and the differential indication for existing alternatives. Additional randomized prospective trials are needed in order to evaluate these strategies systematically.     

维思通与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症对照分析

用维思通治疗精神分裂症３３例，与用氯氮平治疗的３１例进行对照研究。两组以阴性症状量表（ＳＡＮＳ），阳性症状量表（ＳＡＰＳ），简明精神病量表（ＢＰＲＳ）和副反应量表进行盲式评分。结果显示：虽然氯氮平对治疗阴性阳性症状均有较好疗效，但维思通更明显优于氯氮平，且副作用较小。本文对维思通的疗效，临床应用，副作用，作用机理进行了讨论。     

阿立哌唑与舒必利治疗女性分裂症阴性症状对照研究

目的比较阿立哌唑与舒必利治疗女性分裂症阴性症状的疗效和安全性。方法对符合CCMD-3分裂症诊断标准、阴性症状评定量表（SANS）≥50分、临床总体印象量表（CGI）≥4分的120例女性分裂症患者,根据随机对照方案分别使用阿立哌唑和舒必利治疗,疗程均为8周。阿立哌唑组60例（脱落1例）,口服阿立哌唑（20.4±5.2）mg/d;舒必利组60例（脱落2例）,口服舒必利（608.2±108.3）mg/d。用阴性症状评定量表（SANS）、临床总体印象量表（CGI）评定疗效,用药物副反应量表（TESS）评定不良反应。结果经SANS、CGI评定,两组治疗后2周与治疗前比较在统计学上有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,治疗后第4周和第8周与治疗前比较在统计学上有高度显著性差异（P〈0.01）;两组间临床总体疗效在统计学上无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。经TESS量表评定,阿立哌唑组嗜睡、恶心呕吐的发生率比舒必利组明显,舒必利组震颤、口干比阿立哌唑组明显。体重增加、月经改变和泌乳的发生率阿立哌唑组无,舒必利组为12.1%和25.9%。两组间总不良反应比较,阿立哌唑组少于舒必利组,在统计学上有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论阿立哌唑治疗女性分裂症阴性症状有良好疗效,临床副反应小而安全。     

美多巴及舒必利治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的对照研究

目的探讨美多巴、舒必利治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的效果。方法用美多巴、舒必利分别合并抗精神病药物及单用抗精神病药物对各３０例住院精神分裂症病人进行１３周的对照研究，用阴性症状量表（ＳＡＮＳ）、简明精神病量表（ＢＰＲＳ）、副反应量表（ＴＥＳＳ）于治疗前后评定。结果美多巴、舒必舒利与单用抗精神病药物对阴性病状治疗有效率分别为５０％、５３３％和２０％。结论美多巴、舒必利合并抗精神病药均能提高对阴性症状的疗效，提示精神分裂症存在生物学异质性。     

Clozapine maintenance therapy in schizophrenia

Long-term pharmacotherapy with antipsychotic agents is an important aspect of the management of schizophrenia. In patients responsive to the chosen treatment, maintenance therapy is usually conducted by halving the drug dose that has proven effective during the acute phase. This strategy is suitable for maintaining remission; moreover, it can improve the patients' quality of life. Records from over 1000 patients treated with clozapine during the past 22 years were examined; 782 of these patients were diagnosed with schizophrenia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition-Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria (with the modification in early years). From this group, 181 patients were treated with clozapine for at least a year. The mean duration of long-term maintenance treatment with clozapine was 12.2+/-4.25 years (range: from 14.5 months to 18 years). Clozapine was administered in a daily dose of 50-200 mg (mean: 71.5+/-14.12 mg). In 76 schizophrenics, treatment was initiated with clozapine, whereas 105 patients were switched over from other treatments after their failure. The control group comprised 152 patients on long-term maintenance therapy with haloperidol. Clozapine administered for long-term maintenance therapy was effective both in paranoid and in catatonic schizophrenia. It also accomplished good results in patients with disorganized or residual schizophrenia, as well as in individuals with schizoaffective psychosis. Relapse rate was similar to that observed in the haloperidol group; however, patient compliance, side-effect profile, and therapeutic efficacy were all superior in the clozapine group. Long-term maintenance therapy with clozapine is successful. Compliance is good; schizophrenic patients are willing to take this atypical antipsychotic for years on end. Clozapine treatment is associated with a low relapse rate and a favorable safety profile.     

氯氮平与舒必利治疗老年精神分裂症阳性症状的观察

目的观察氯氮平与舒必利对老年性精神分裂症阳性症状的疗效及安全性对比分析。方法选择74例阳性症状为主的老年精神分裂症患者,随机分为对照组及观察组各37例。对照组给予舒必利治疗,观察组给予氯氮平治疗,观察2组患者的疗效、阳性症状评分及不良反应。结果 2组有效率比较,观察组优于对照组(P0.05)。2组治疗前在幻觉、妄想、行为怪异、阳性思维障碍等阳性症状和阳性症状总分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),2组在治疗后幻觉、妄想、行为怪异、阳性思维障碍等阳性症状和阳性症状总分比较,观察组均优于对照组(P0.05)。2组在白细胞减少、流涎、心电图异常及血糖升高方面不良反应比较,对照组明显少于观察组(P0.05),在静坐不能、泌乳闭经不良反应比较,观察组少于对照组(P0.05),在嗜睡、便秘不良反应比较,2组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论氯氮平改善精神分裂症患者的阳性症状效果好,有效率高,但氯氮平在白细胞减少、流涎、心电图异常及血糖升高方面不良反应较多,临床应用对于有以上特殊情况的患者应该避免应用。     

The effect of clozapine on the speed and accuracy of information processing in schizophrenia

1. 1. The study aimed to investigate the effects of clozapine on the speed and accuracy of information processing in patients with schizophrenia. Data are reported from 13 subjects with schizophrenia, treated with clozapine for 6.8 (± 1.8) months.

2. 2. Reaction time and accuracy of target detection on a tone detection task were measured before and during clozapine treatment, and these results were compared with a matched control group.

3. 3. Symptom severity and performance on three timed tests of cognitive function were also measured prior to clozapine treatment in the schizophrenia group, and these measures were repeated during treatment with clozapine.

4. 4. Treatment with clozapine was found to significantly improve reaction time and the accuracy of target detection in patients with schizophrenia. Despite this improvement their performance remained significantly inferior to that of a matched control group. Both positive and negative symptoms improved with clozapine treatment, as did performance on the WAIS-R digit symbol substitution test.

5. 5. Improved performance on the WAIS-R digit symbol substitution test correlated with reduction in negative symptoms, and faster reaction time showed some correlation with reduction in positive symptoms.

6. 6. The results of this pilot study indicate that treatment with clozapine can produce limited improvement in cognitive function in schizophrenia.

     

奥氮平合并氯氮平对男性难治性精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效及安全性的研究

目的观察奥氮平合并氯氮平治疗男性以阴性症状为主的难治性精神分裂症的疗效以及安全性。方法对43例男性原服用氯氮平且以阴性症状为主的难治性精神分裂症患者合并奥氮平5～20mg／d治疗8周,同时于2周内将氯氮平减量且氯氮平剂量2周后不再变化,并于合并治疗前及后2周、4周、8周评定阳性症状与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）。结果合并奥氮平治疗后2周、4周、8周末PANSS总分和TESS评分较合并前有明显差异。结论奥氮平合并氯氮平对于男性难治性精神分裂症患者的阴性症状有明显的改善,副反应也有减少。