Early detection of anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy using drain amylase levels

Esophagus - Early diagnosis of anastomotic leakage (AL) after esophagectomy is essential to minimize postoperative complications. In this study, we hypothesized that drain amylase levels may be...     

Mediastinal microdialysis: early diagnosis of anastomotic leakage after resection for esophageal cancer

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the safety of mediastinal microdialysis and its efficacy regarding the early diagnosis of anastomotic leakage after gastroesophageal resection for esophageal cancer. Eight consecutive patients were included; one patient was excluded for reasons of catheter malfunction. The tip of the mediastinal microdialysis catheter was placed close to the anastomosis and held by a 4-0 absorbable suture. A subcutaneous microdialysis catheter placed in the pectoral region served as a reference. Samples collected every 4 h in the first 8 postoperative days were analyzed for lactate, glucose, pyruvate, and glycerol and the lactate/pyruvate ratio (L/P ratio) was calculated. There were no procedure-related complications. Six patients had an uncomplicated postoperative course. In one patient, the L/P ratio was within normal range during the first 20 h postoperatively, but a steady and significant increase in L/P ratio then occurred, reaching a maximum of 105 after 124 h. The patient developed leakage symptoms on day 3, but endoscopy was unable to demonstrate any leakage. On the sixth postoperative day, blue dye administered through the nasogastric tube was recovered in the pleural drain. The leakage was treated with a covered selfexpanding metal stent; an immediate and significant drop in the L/P ratio occurred. Mediastinal microdialysis seems to be a safe and promising tool in the early diagnosis of anastomotic leakage in patients undergoing gastroesophageal resection for cancer.     

Identification of anastomotic leakage after colorectal surgery using microdialysis of the peritoneal cavity

Background

Early detection of colorectal anastomotic leakage (AL) may lead to better outcome. AL may be preceded by change in local metabolism and local ischaemia. Microdialysis of the peritoneal cavity is able to measure these changes in real-time and is minimally invasive. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to compare values of intraperitoneal microdialysis in patients with AL to patients without AL after open and laparoscopic colorectal surgery.

Methods

Twenty-four patients underwent surgery for left-sided, sigmoid and rectal carcinoma with creation of an anastomosis. Intraoperatively a juxta-anastomotical intraperitoneal and subcutaneous microdialysis catheter was placed. The levels of lactate, pyruvate, glucose and glycerol in the dialysate were measured every 4 h during the first 5 post-operative days, and mean values and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated.

Results

Mortality was 0 % and morbidity 38 %. In 3 patients (17 %), AL occurred. In patients with AL, post-operative peritoneal lactate level was 3.2 mmol/l (standard deviation (SD) 0.9) for patients without AL, compared to 4.4 mmol/l (SD 1.5) in case of AL (p = 0.03 for AUC). Intraperitoneal glucose levels were 8.1 mmol/l (SD 1.3), compared to 7.8 mmol/l (SD 2.2) in the complicated course (ns for AUC). Mean intraperitoneal lactate/pyruvate-ratio was 19.2 (SD 3) after colorectal surgery without AL compared to 25 (SD 4.7) in case of AL (non-significant (ns) for AUC). No significant differences were observed between patients who underwent laparoscopic resection and those who underwent open resection.

Conclusions

Anastomotic leakage was preceded by a significantly higher AUC and mean value of lactate levels during the first 5 post-operative days. To identify cut-off values for clinical use, pooling of data is necessary.     

Treatment of massive pancreaticojejunal anastomotic hemorrhage after pancreatoduodenectomy

AIM： To compare the treatment modalities for patients with massive pancreaticojejunal anastomotic hemorrhage after pancreatoduodenectomy （PDT）.
METHODS： A retrospective study was undertaken to compare the outcomes of two major treatment modalities： transcatheter arterial embolization （TAE） and open surgical hemostasis. Seventeen patients with acute massive hemorrhage after PDT were recruited in this study. A comparison of two treatment modalities was based upon the clinicopathological characteristics and hospitalization stay, complications, and patient prognosis of the patients after surgery.
RESULTS： Of the 11 patients with massive hemorrhage after PDT treated with TAE, 1 died after discontinuing treatment, the other 10 stopped bleeding completely without recurrence of hemorrhage. AIJ the 10 patients recovered well and were discharged, with a mean hospital stay of 10.45 d after hemostasis. The patients who underwent TAE twice had a re-operation rate of 18.2% and a mortality rate of 0.9%. Among the six patients who received open surgical hemostasis, two underwent another round of open surgical hemostasis. The mortality was 50%, and the recurrence of hemorrhage was 16.67%, with a mean hospital stay of 39.5 d.
CONCLUSION： TAE is a safe and effective treatment modality for patients with acute hemorrhage after PDT. Vasography should be performed to locate the bleeding site.     

Early prediction of anastomotic leakage after laparoscopic rectal surgery using creactive protein

At present, anterior resection of the rectum or transabdominal rectal resection is the most common surgical technique for rectal cancer. Laparoscopic techniques are popular, and the efficacy and safety of laparoscopic rectal surgery have been confirmed. However, postoperative anastomotic leakage is a common, severe complication that leads to high mortality. Thus, early diagnosis of anastomotic leakage is important for reducing clinical consequences.The aim of this study was to determine whether C-reactive protein (CRP) is a good predictor of anastomotic leakage in laparoscopic transabdominal rectal resection.Our retrospective study involved a series of 196 rectal cancer patients who underwent laparoscopic transabdominal rectal resection without ileostomy between May 2013 and April 2015 at the Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine. The following patient data were collected: demographic data, manifestations of the complication, CRP levels and neutrophil percentage during the first 7 postoperative days.Anastomotic leakage was detected in 11 patients (5.6%). Each group showed significant differences (P < .05) in CRP levels on postoperative days 3 to 7; compared with other groups, the anastomotic leakage group showed significant differences in CRP levels (P < .05) on postoperative day 6. When patients were divided into groups with or without anastomotic leakage, CRP was a reliable predictor on postoperative days 4 to 7 (P < .05, area under the curve > 0.800). The best combination was CRP on postoperative day 6 (area under the curve = 0.932) with a cut-off of 76.6 mg/L, resulting in a sensitivity of 83.3%, a specificity of 94.6% and a negative predictive value of 99%.CRP is a reliable predictor of anastomotic leakage after laparoscopic transabdominal rectal resection surgery. High CRP levels on postoperative days 4 to 7 indicate the need for a more careful patient evaluation.     

Results of postoperative microdialysis intraperitoneal and at the anastomosis in patients developing anastomotic leakage after rectal cancer surgery

Abstract

Introduction: Anastomotic leakage postoperatively in patients operated with rectum resection and primary anastomosis is a common and feared complication. We have studied seven patients with an anastomotic leakage after surgery and compared them with 13 patients without complications.

Methods: Metabolic measurements with microdialysis were done during the first seven postoperative days, with measurements of glucose, pyruvate, lactate and glycerol. The lactate/pyruvate ratio was calculated. Measurements were performed subcutaneously, intraperitoneally and at the anastomosis. The inflammatory cytokines, IL 6 and IL 10, were measured intravenously and intraperitoneally 48?hours postoperatively.

Results: Intravenous and intraperitoneal IL 6 were higher in the leakage group. Around the small intestine (intraperitoneally), we found that patients developing anastomotic leakage had higher lactate and lactate/pyruvate ratio immediately after surgery. They also showed lower glycerol levels. At the anastomosis, we found higher lactate and lactate/pyruvate ratio in anastomotic leak patients after the fourth postoperative day.

Conclusions: The results indicate that a possible mechanism behind an anastomotic leakage is an impaired circulation and thus insufficient saturation to the small intestine peroperatively. This develops into an inflammation both intraperitoneally and intravenously, which, if not reversed, spread within the gastrointestinal tract .The colorectal anastomosis is the most vulnerable part of the gastrointestinal tract postoperatively and hypoxia and inflammation may occur there, and an anastomosis leakage will be the consequence.     

Colorectal anastomotic leakage: Aspects of prevention,detection and treatment

All colorectal surgeons are faced from time to time with anastomotic leakage after colorectal surgery. This complication has been studied extensively without a significant reduction of incidence over the last 30 years. New techniques of prevention, by innovative anastomotic techniques should improve results in the future, but standardization and "teachability" should be guaranteed. Risk scoring enables intra-operative decision-making whether to restore continuity or deviate. Early detection can lead to reduction in delay of diagnosis as long as a standard system is used. For treatment options, no firm evidence is available, but future studies could focus on repair and saving of the anastomosis on the one hand or anastomotical breakdown and definitive colostomy on the other hand.     

Risk of anastomotic leakage with use of NSAIDs after gastrointestinal surgery

Purpose  

Analgesic regimes to avoid opioid-related adverse effects have been recommended in gastrointestinal surgery. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are an important component of opioid sparing regimes in that these drugs indirectly reduce pain by inhibiting inflammation. Although beneficial for most surgical patients, animal studies and recent clinical studies suggest a harmful effect on new intestinal anastomoses by increasing the rate of leakage. NSAIDs may indirectly disturb anastomotic healing by inhibiting inflammation as an integrated part of the wound healing process in an early, critical phase after surgery.     

Early detection of anastomotic leaks after low anterior resection of the rectum

PURPOSE: Lysozyme destroys the mucopolysaccharide chains of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. It is a component of local defense and is formed in macrophages. Determination of lysozyme content in the wound seems to be the most reliable method for early recognition of wound infection. METHODS: In a prospective randomized study on the efficacy of single vs. double staple technique in anterior rectum resection, the effluent from the pelvic drain was examined with regard to its lysozyme activity. RESULTS: Lysozyme activity in drained secretion remained stable for more than 24 hours at room temperature. When the single staple technique was used, enzyme activity was sharply increased (mean, 9.6 mg/dl on the first postoperative day) compared with the double staple technique (mean, 5.5 mg/dl on the first postoperative day). The difference was statistically significant (P <0.0001). Mean lysozyme activity was increased in those patients with clinically (18 mg/dl on the first postoperative day) and radiologically (15.3 mg/dl on the first postoperative day) detected dehiscence (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Lysozyme determination may be reproduced by detection of enzyme stability in drained secretion. Determination of lysozyme content seems to be a new possibility for early recognition of anastomotic dehiscence.Read at the Fourth European Congress of Surgery, Berlin, Germany, October 25 to 29, 1994.     

直肠癌前切除手术术后吻合口漏的风险因素分析

目的:探讨直肠癌前切除手术术后吻合口漏的发生率和危险因素.方法:回顾性分析1998-02/2007-05我院行直肠癌前切除手术患者518例的病例资料,探讨直肠癌前切除手术术后吻合口漏发生率的危险因素.结果:518例直肠癌前切除术后共发生吻合口漏48例,发生率9.2%(48/518).患者年龄>65岁、术前血清白蛋白<35 g/L、术前有糖尿病病史、术中没有行保护性近端肠造瘘、肿瘤病灶直径>30 mm是患者术后发生吻合口漏的危险因素.结论:对于存在上述吻合口漏风险因素的患者,行保护性近端肠造瘘能够减低了吻合口漏的发生率.     

Peritoneal microdialysis as a tool for detecting anastomotic leakage in patients after left-side colon and rectal resection. A systematic review

Abstract

Objective: The objective was to evaluate peritoneal microdialysis in the detection of clinical anastomotic leakage after left-sided colon and rectal resection through a systematic review.

Methods: A systematic review (PRISMA guidelines) based on a systematic search through PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE (1 February 2017) was performed. Methodological index of non-randomised studies score was selected to assess the methodological quality. Patient demographics and raw data for intraperitoneal microdialysis concentrations of glucose, lactate, glycerol and pyruvate for 5 d postoperative were obtained from the respective study groups.

Results: Ten studies with a total of 128 patients were included. Thirty (23%) patients developed clinical anastomotic leakage. The area under the curve for intraperitoneal lactate concentration was significant higher in patients with anastomotic leakage (58.2; 95% CI 39.2, 77.2) compared with the no leakage group (41.0; 95% CI 35.2, 46.1; p?=?.007). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of the maximum measured lactate concentration demonstrated 25% sensitivity, 88% specificity and 74% accuracy for AL at a cut-off value of 9.8?mmol/L. The odds ratio for a 5?mmol/L increase in lactate in relation to the risk of AL was 2.9 (CI 1.1, 8.0).

Conclusions: Increased intraperitoneal lactate concentration within the first 5 d postoperative was significantly associated with clinical anastomotic leakage, but with low predictive values. The microdialysis method is not yet ready for clinical implication before large prospective studies have defined cut off values for a biologic marker in the setting of a clear definitions of leakage.     

Does celiac trunk stenosis correlate with anastomotic leakage of esophagogastrostomy after esophagectomy?

The formation of a gastric tube for esophageal replacement requires partial devascularization of the stomach and induces microcirculatory changes in the anastomotic region of the gastric fundus. The additional influence of celiac trunk stenosis on anastomotic healing has not been investigated. In total, 23 patients with an esophageal carcinoma underwent transthoracic esophagectomy. Reconstruction was performed by a gastric tube (x22) with cervical or thoracic esophagogastrostomy or colon interposition (x1). All patients had a selective mesenterico-celiacography preoperatively via puncture of the right femoral artery. Preoperative cardiovascular and pulmonary risk factors were assessed. Angiographic findings were correlated to postoperative anastomotic leakage of esophagogastrostomy (x22). In seven out of 23 patients (30.4%), a stenosis of the celiac trunk could be demonstrated (x3 stenosis of 50%, x4 stenosis > 80%). Except for one patient with an additional stenosis of the superior mesenteric artery of > 80%, none of the patients with celiac trunk stenosis developed a postoperative anastomotic leakage of the esophagogastrostomy. Coronary artery disease was the only preoperative risk factor to predict a stenosis of the celiac trunk. Isolated stenosis of the celiac trunk does not seem to impair circulation of the gastric tube.     

Early predictors of anastomotic leaks after colectomy

Background  

An anastomotic leak after colorectal surgery is associated with significant morbidity and decreased survival. Our aim was to identify the early predictors of anastomotic leaks.     

Early oral feeding after pancreatoduodenectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundThe effect of early oral feeding (EOF) after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) upon perioperative complications and outcomes is unknown, therefore the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the effect of EOF on clinical outcomes after PD, such as postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF), delayed gastric emptying (DGE) and length of stay (LOS).MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis was performed in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidance and assimilated evidence from studies reporting outcomes for patients who received EOF after PD compared to enteral tube feeding (EN) or parenteral nutrition (PN).ResultsFour studies reported outcomes after EOF compared to EN/PN after PD and included 553 patients. Meta-analyses showed no difference in rates of CR-POPF (OR 0.74; 95%CI 0.44–1.24; p = 0.25) or DGE (Grade B/C) (OR 0.83; 95%CI 0.31–2.21; p = 0.70). LOS was significantly shorter in the EOF group compared to the EN/PN group (Mean Difference ?3.40 days; 95% ?6.11-0.70 days; p = 0.01).ConclusionCurrent available evidence suggests that EOF after PD is not associated with increased risk of DGE, does not exacerbate POPF and appears to reduce length of stay.     

Omentoplasty in the prevention of anastomotic leakage after colorectal resection: a meta-analysis

Purpose  Whether omentoplasty after colorectal anastomosis can reduce anastomotic leakage is controversial. Our aim was to do a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to compare anastomotic leakage rates between an omentoplasty group and a no omentoplasty group after colorectal anastomosis. Materials and methods  We searched the Cochrane Center Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, EMBASE, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database up to June 2008 in any language. Reference lists from all selected articles were also examined. Randomized controlled trials of omentoplasty in the prevention of anastomotic leakage after colorectal resection were selected and evaluated by two investigators. Analyses were performed using Review Manager 4.2. Results  Three randomized controlled trials totaling 943 participants were included. Meta-analysis results showed that no statistically significant difference was found between the omentoplasty group and the no omentoplasty group in radiological anastomotic leakage (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.41 to 1.40), death (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.86), and repeat operation (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.35 to 1.05), except for clinical anastomotic leakage (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.78). Conclusion  Based on available data from a small number of trials, there is not enough evidence to say whether or not omentoplasty should be used to reduce anastomotic leakage after colorectal resection. The decision as to whether we should continue to use this technique might remain a matter of surgical judgment. Therefore, the results still need to be confirmed by future multicenter, well-designed trials. Specific author contributions: Tian-Kang Guo, Xiang-Yong Hao and Hong-Ling Li drafted the review and performed the statistical analyses. Ke-Hu Yang and Jin-Hui Tian wrote the search strategy and performed the electronic searches. Ke-Hu Yang and Bin Ma extracted data. All authors participated in the interpretation of the statistical analyses, revision of this article, and approval of the final version submitted.     

Pectoralis myocutaneous flap with T-tube drainage for cervical anastomotic leakage after salvage operation

We report a patient with complications of cervical esophageal anastomosis after esophagectomy for cancer. A 61-year-old woman with advanced cervical esophageal cancer underwent radical chemoradiotherapy (66 Gy, 5-fluorouracil, and cisplatin), after which salvage surgery was performed because of residual malignancy. Anastomotic leakage occurred at the right side of the pharyngojejunostomy, causing an abscess to form around the right carotid artery and internal jugular vein. The debrided abscess space was filled with a vascularized pectoralis major myocutaneous flap replenished around a T-tube, and continuous suction of the anastomotic drainage was performed through the T-tube. Treatment was successful, and the patient was discharged. We introduce a promising new method that proved effective and safe for treating a patient with leakage of the cervical esophagus anastomosis after salvage surgery following radical chemoradiotherapy.     

直肠癌术后吻合口漏的风险因素评估

目的对直肠前切除术后发生吻合口漏风险进行评估。 方法选取2005年3月至2009年8月在第二军医大学附属长征医院普外科接受直肠前切除的338名直肠癌患者为研究对象,所有患者均接受直肠全系膜切除,评估相关因素与吻合口漏的相关性。 结果本研究的吻合口漏发生率为9.2%。通过单因素分析与多因素分析法发现年龄（OR：3.380,95%CI：1.346~8.489）、BMI（OR：11.828,95%CI：4.123~33.858）、肿瘤位置（OR：6.304,95%CI：162~18.382）、肠梗阻（OR：6.675,95%CI：2.164~20.594）是影响吻合口漏的独立因素。 结论直肠前切除术后发生吻合口漏与患者的性别、年龄、BMI指数、肿瘤位置、肠梗阻等因素相关。对于男性、高龄、肥胖、低位直肠癌、合并肠梗阻等危险因素的患者而言,术后发生吻合口漏的风险将增高。