Protective effect of oxysophoridine on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice

Oxysophoridine, a new alkaloid extracted from Sophora alopecuroides L., has been shown to have a protective effect against ischemic brain damage. In this study, a focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury model was established using middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Both 62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg oxysophoridine, via intraperitoneal injection, and 6 mg/kg nimodipine, via intragastric administration, were administered daily for 7 days before modeling. After 24 hours of reperfusion, mice were tested for neurological deficit, cerebral infarct size was assessed and brain tissue was collected. Results showed that oxysophoridine at 125, 250 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg nimodipine could reduce neurological deficit scores, cerebral infarct size and brain water content in mice. These results provided evidence that oxysophoridine plays a protective role in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, oxysophoridine at 62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg nimodipine increased adenosine-triphosphate content, and decreased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide content. These compounds enhanced the activities of glutathione-peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and lactate dehydrogenase, and decreased the activity of nitric oxide synthase. Protein and mRNA expression levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1 were markedly inhibited in the presence of 250 mg/kg oxysophoridine and 6 mg/kg nimodipine. Our experimental findings indicated that oxysophoridine has a neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice, and that the effect may be due to its ability to inhibit oxidative stress and expression of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1.     

Transcription factor changes following long term cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

The present study established a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury using four-vessel occlusion and found that hippocampal CA1 neuronal morphology was damaged, and that there were reductions in hippocampal neuron number and DNA-binding activity of cAMP response element binding protein and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein, accompanied by decreased learning and memory ability. These findings indicate that decline of hippocampal cAMP response element binding protein and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein DNA-binding activities may contribute to neuronal injury and learning and memory ability reduction induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.     

脑源性神经营养因子基因转染可促进弥漫性轴突损伤神经元修复和轴突再生

应用脂质体将外源脑源性神经营养因子基因导入弥漫性轴突损伤模型大鼠脑内,力图通过脑源性神经营养因子促进神经元再生及修复的作用,促进损伤大鼠的形态功能恢复。结果显示基因转染后弥漫性轴突损伤额叶皮质神经元的形态得到改善,额叶皮质组织神经丝蛋白表达增加,证实脑源性神经营养因子可促进弥漫性轴突损伤后神经元的修复及轴突的再生。     

难治性颞叶癫痫患者脑组织脑源性神经营养因子表达明显高于正常对照者

脑源性神经营养因子在癫痫中的作用一直备受争议,现有的研究多为动物实验研究结果,本文采用光镜及电镜技术,观察24例难治性颞叶癫痫患者致痫灶组织病理及超微结构变化,结果显示颞叶癫痫患者致痫灶神经元变性,胶质细胞增生,细胞核空泡化,可见嗜神经细胞现象,免疫电镜及免疫组化显示难治性颞叶癫痫患者脑组织脑源性神经营养因子表达明显多于正常对照者,证实难治性癫痫患者致痫灶病理改变明显,且与脑源性神经营养因子表达变化有关。     

An optimal dose of tea polyphenols protects against global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Previous studies addressing the protection of tea polyphenols against cerebral ischemia/ reperfusion injury often use focal cerebral ischemia models, and the optimal dose is not unified. In this experiment, a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury rat model was established using a modified four-vessel occlusion method. Rats were treated with different doses of tea polyphenols (25, 50, 100, 150, 200 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal injection. Results showed that after 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours of reperfusion, peroxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity in brain tissue gradually increased, while malondialdehyde content gradually decreased after tea polyphenol intervention. Tea polyphenols at 200 mg/kg resulted in the most apparent changes. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling and flow cytometry showed that 200 mg/kg tea polyphenols significantly reduced the number and percentage of apoptotic cells in the hippocampal CA1 region of rats after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The open field test and elevated plus maze experiments showed that tea polyphenols at 200 mg/kg strengthened exploratory behavior and reduced anxiety of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injured rats. Experimental findings indicate that tea polyphenols protected rats against cerebral ischemia/ reperfusion injury and 200 mg/kg is regarded as the optimal dose.     

Electroacupuncture stimulation of the brachial plexus trunk on the healthy side promotes brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA expression in the ischemic cerebral cortex of a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

A rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion was established by suture occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery. In situ hybridization results showed that the number of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA-positive cells in the ischemic rat cerebral cortex increased after cerebral ischemia/ reperfusion injury. Low frequency continuous wave electroacupuncture (frequency 2-6 Hz, current intensity 2 mA) stimulation of the brachial plexus trunk on the healthy (right) side increased the number of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA-positive cells in the ischemic cerebral cortex 14 days after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. At the same time, electroacupuncture stimulation of the healthy brachial plexus truck significantly decreased neurological function scores and alleviated neurological function deficits. These findings suggest that electroacupuncture stimulation of the brachial plexus trunk on the healthy (right) side can greatly increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA expression and improve neurological function.     

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mediates macrophage migration inhibitory factor to protect neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF)is a chemokine that plays an essential role in immune system function.Previous studies suggested that MIF protects neurons in ischemic conditions.However,few studies are reported on the role of MIF in neurological recovery after ischemic stroke.The purpose of this study is to identify the molecular mechanism of neuroprotection mediated by MIF.Human neuroblastoma cells were incubated in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium under oxygen-glucose deprivation(OGD)for 4 hours and then returned to normal aerobic environment for reperfusion(OGD/R).30 ng/mL MIF recombinant(30 ng/mL)or ISO-1(MIF antagonist;50μM)was administered to human neuroblastoma cells.Then cell cultures were assigned to one of four groups:control,OGD/R,OGD/R with MIF,OGD/R with ISO-1.Cell viability was analyzed using WST-1 assay.Expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF),microtubule-associated protein 2(MAP2),Caspase-3,Bcl2,and Bax were detected by western blot assay and immunocytochemistry in each group to measure apoptotic activity.WST-1 assay results revealed that compared to the OGD/R group,cell survival rate was significantly higher in the OGD/R with MIF group and lower in the OGD/R with ISO-1 group.Western blot assay and immunocytochemistry results revealed that expression levels of BDNF,Bcl2,and MAP2 were significantly higher,and expression levels of Caspase-3 and Bax were significantly lower in the MIF group than in the OGD/R group.Expression levels of BDNF,Bcl2,and MAP2 were significantly lower,and expression levels of Caspase-3 and Bax were significantly higher in the ISO-1 group than in the OGD/R group.MIF administration promoted neuronal cell survival and induced high expression levels of BDNF,MAP2,and Bcl2(anti-apoptosis)and low expression levels of Caspase-3 and Bax(pro-apoptosis)in an OGD/R model.These results suggest that MIF administration is effective for inducing expression of BDNF and leads to neuroprotection of neuronal cells against hypoxic injury.     

Normobaric oxygen for cerebral ischemic injury

Oxygen inhalation has been shown to increase oxygen supply to tissues after cerebral ischemia/ reperfusion injury, protecting injured neural cells. However, hyperbaric oxygen may aggravate oxi- dative stress. By contrast, normobaric oxygen has the rapid and non-invasive characteristics and may have therapeutic effects on ischemic/hypoxic disease. Rats inhaled normobaric oxygen （95% 02） for 6 consecutive days, and then a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia was established. Nisst and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride （TTC） staining revealed that normobaric oxygen pretreat- ment improved neurological deficits and reduced infarct volume. Immunohistochemical staining and western blot assay revealed that the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-la, Notch-l, vascular endothelial growth factor and erythropoietin were increased. Behavioral studies also verified that neurological deficit scores increased. The hypoxia-inducible factor inhibitor 2-methoxyestradiol treatment at 1 hour before administration of normobaric oxygen could suppress the protective effect of normobaric oxygen. Given these observations, normobaric oxygen pretreatment may alleviate cerebral ischemic injury via the hypoxia-inducible factor signal pathway.     

Influence of endogenous ciliary neurotrophic factor on neural differentiation of adult rat hippocampal progenitors

Ciliary neurotrophic factor is the only known neurotrophic factor that can promote differentiation of hippocampal neural progenitor cells to glial cells and neurons in adult rats. This process is similar to spontaneous differentiation. Therefore, ciliary neurotrophic factor may be involved in spontaneous differentiation of neural stem cells. To verify this hypothesis, the present study isolated neural progenitor cells from adult male rats and cultured them in vitro. Results showed that when neural progenitor cells were cultured in the absence of mitogen fibroblast growth factor-2 or epidermal growth factor, they underwent spontaneous differentiation into neurons and glial cells. Western blot and immunocytochemical staining showed that exogenous ciliary neurotrophic factor strongly induced adult hippocampal progenitor cells to differentiate into neurons and glial cells. Moreover, passage 4 adult hippocampal progenitor cells expressed high levels of endogenous ciliary neurotrophic factor, and a neutralizing antibody against ciliary neurotrophic factor prevented the spontaneous neuronal and glial differentiation of adult hippocampal progenitor cells. These results suggest that the spontaneous differentiation of adult hippocampal progenitor cells is mediated partially by endogenous ciliary neurotrophic factor.     

Interventional effect of laser acupoint radiation on the expression of Nissl body and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in newborn rat models with ischemic/hypoxic cerebral injury

BACKGROUND: Some researches report that He-Ne laser can activate function of erythrocytes and increase content of blood and oxygen via bio-stimulating effect; therefore, it suspects that laser radiation at Baihui and Dazhui can partially increase blood circulation for oxygen-supplying content of brain and improve functional status of neurons. OBJECTIVE: To verify the effects of laser radiation at Baihui and Dazhui on the expression of Nissl body of brain tissue neurons and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in newborn rats with ischemic/hypoxic cerebral injury. DESIGN: Randomized controlled animal study. SETTING: Department of Neurological Histochemistry, Xianning University. MATERIALS: Forty Wistar rats of 7–8 days old, weighing 15–20 g and of both genders, were selected from Wuhan Experimental Animal Center. All the rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (n =8), model group (n =16) and radiation group (n =16). The experimental animals were disposed according to ethical criteria. BDNF kit was provided by Wuhan Boster Bioengineering Co., Ltd. METHODS: The experiment was carried out in the Department of Neurological Histochemistry, Xianning University from April 2005 to October 2006. Rats in the radiation group and model group were performed with ligation of left common carotid artery, recovered at room temperature for 1–6 days, maintained in self-made hypoxic cabin under normal pressure and injected mixture gas (0.05 volume fraction of O2 and 0.92 volume fraction of N2) for 2 hours. In addition, rats in the sham operation group were treated with separation of left common carotid artery but not ligation and hypoxia. Rats in the model group were not given any treatment; while, rats in the radiation group were exposed with He-Ne laser of 63.28 nm in the wave length at Baihui and Dazhui acupoints on the second day after ischemia-hypoxia. The radiation was given for 10 minutes per day and once a day. Ten days were regarded as a course and the rats were exposed for 2 courses in total. At 20 days after routine breeding, left hemisphere tissues of rats in the three groups were collected for staining of Nissl body and immunohistochemistry of BDNF. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Nissl body staining in left hemisphere tissue and expression of immune positive cells of BDNF. RESULTS: All 40 rats were involved in the final analysis. ① Nissl body staining: Neuronal cytoplasm of brain tissue was full of blue granule Nissl bodies in the sham operation group; while, Nissl body in neuronal cytoplasm in the model group was stained slightly and had a certain degree of degeneration; meanwhile, there were a lot of blank area in ischemic region. Nissl body in neuron cytoplasm was gradually recovered in the radiation group and relieved as compared with that in the model group. ② Positive cells of BDNF: Number of immune positive cells of BDNF which were ligated in lateral cerebral hemisphere of rats in the model group was higher than that in the sham operation group (P < 0.05); while, BDNF expression in the radiation group was increased as compared with that in the model group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: After laser acupoint radiation, Nissl body is increased and BDNF expression is also increased. This suggests that laser acupoint radiation has neuroprotective effect on brain tissue after ischemia-hypoxia injury.     

Gastrodin promotes the secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the injured spinal cord

Gastrodin, an active component of tall gastrodia tuber, is widely used in the treatment of dizziness, paralysis, epilepsy, stroke and dementia, and exhibits a neuroprotective effect. A rat model of spinal cord injury was established using Allen’s method, and gastrodin was administered via the subarachnoid cavity and by intraperitoneal injection for 7 days. Results show that gastrodin promoted the secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rats with spinal cord injury. After gastrodin treatment, the maximum angle of the inclined plane test, and the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan scores increased. Moreover, gastrodin improved neural tissue recovery in the injured spinal cord. These results demonstrate that gastrodin promotes the secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, contributes to the recovery of neurological function, and protects neural cells against injury.     

缺血再灌注大鼠海马的神经干细胞移植：磷脂酰肌醇3/Akt通路激活和脑源性神经营养因子表达增加

背景：PI3K/Akt通路和BDNF在脑缺血动物模型和患者中表达异常,也成为的脑缺血的治疗靶点。神经干细胞在修复的潜在用途包括移植修复丢失的细胞和激活内源性细胞提供“自我修复。” 目的：观察神经干细胞植入对PI3K/Akt和BDNF在海马表达的影响,阐明神经干细胞植入对脑缺血的神经保护机制。 设计：完全随机分组,对照动物实验。 时间及地点：实验于2007-03-2008.09在南方医科大学基因工程研究所完成。 材料：E17的怀孕大鼠和雌性大鼠购自南方医科大学实验动物中心,兔抗PI3K的试剂盒购自北京博奥森生物科技公司,磷酸化Akt（Ser473）由美国Cell Signaling Technology提供,其他试剂由美国sigma和Santa Cruz公司提供。 方法：体外分离、培养大鼠NSCs,进行WTS-8、 BrdU检测。局灶性脑缺血模型,大脑中动脉线栓方法制作大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型。参照Longa氏5分评分方法,得分超过2分大鼠入选实验。2,3,5,氯化三苯基四唑（TTC）染色检测梗死体积。两天后大脑中动脉阻塞大鼠给与50000 E17的立体定向神经干细胞移植或5μgWortmannin至缺血海马旁。使用免疫印迹分析Akt（Ser473）,PI3K和BNDF的表达。 主要观察指标：脑组织神经干细胞移植激活PI3K/Akt通路参与促进神经组织的结构和功能恢复且上调脑源性神经营养因子的功能。 结果：神经干细胞治疗组脑梗死体积显着低于缺血模型组(P<0.01)、Wortmannin干预组(P<0.01)和神经干细胞+Wortmannin干预组(P<0.05)。在神经干细胞治疗组PI3K蛋白的水平比较显着高于脑缺血模型性(P<0.01)。在Akt的蛋白质水平（Ser473）和神经干细胞治疗组BNDF更为显著高于脑缺血模型性(P<0.01)。在治疗组的BNDF蛋白水平比较显着高于Wortmannin干预(P<0.01)神经干细胞+Wortmannin干预组(P<0.05)。 结论：在脑缺血过程中神经干细胞移植激活PI3K/Akt通路参与脑源性神经营养因子的基因表达。     

Effect of propofol on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tyrosine kinase receptor B in the hippocampus of aged rats with chronic cerebral ischemia

We intraperitoneally injected 10 and 50 mg/kg of propofol for 7 consecutive days to treat a rat model of chronic cerebral ischemia. A low-dose of propofol promoted the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tyrosine kinase receptor B, phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein, and cAMP in the hippocampus of aged rats with chronic cerebral ischemia, but a high-dose of propofol inhibited their expression. Results indicated that the protective effect of propofol against cerebral ischemia in aged rats is related to changes in the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tyrosine kinase receptor B in the hippocampus, and that the cAMP-cAMP responsive element binding protein pathway is involved in the regulatory effect of propofol on brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression.     

13-Methyltetradecanoic acid mitigates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

13-Methyltetradecanoic acid can stabilize cell membrane and have anti-inlfammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. Previous studies mainly focused on peripheral nerve injury, but seldom on the central nervous system. We investigated whether these properties of 13-methyltetradecanoic acid have a neuroprotective effect on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, and detected the expression of basic ifbroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. This study established rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion injury by ischemia for 2 hours and reperfusion for 24 hours. At the beginning of reperfusion, 13-methyltetradecanoic acid 10, 40 or 80 mg/kg was injected into the tail vein. Results found that various doses of 13-methyltetradecanoic acid effectively reduced infarct volume, mitigate cerebral edema, and increased the mRNA and protein expression of basic ifbroblast growth factor and vascular endothe-lial growth factor at 24 hours of reperfusion. The effect was most signiifcant in the 13-methyltetradecanoic acid 40 and 80 mg/kg groups. The ifndings suggest that 13-methyltetradecanoic acid can relieve focal ischemia/reperfusion injury immediately after reperfusion, stimu-late the upregulation of basic ifbroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor to exert neuroprotective effects.     

血管紧张素II AT1受体阻断剂长期外周性预处理：可能影响缺血再灌注损伤大鼠凋亡相关分子的表达

背景：动物实验和临床研究表明长期应用血管紧张素ⅡAT1受体阻断剂可减轻缺血性脑损伤,然而其潜在的分子机制尚不完全清楚。 目的：探讨长期外周应用AT1受体阻断剂厄贝沙坦对缺血再灌注损伤大鼠凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响及其作用机制。 设计、时间和地点: 完全随机分组对照动物实验,于2008-01/12在南京医科大学实验动物中心实验室和南京医科大学附属脑科医院病理科完成。 材料：健康雄性SD大鼠由上海斯莱克实验动物有限责任公司提供,厄贝沙坦由杭州赛诺菲圣德拉堡民生制药有限公司提供。 方法：雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(Sham)、缺血再灌注组(I/R)、厄贝沙坦预处理组(irbesartan,Irb),每组60只。Irb组大鼠给予厄贝沙坦30mg/（kg.d）,每日上午灌胃1次,连续给药3周;Sham组和I/R组均于相同时间予等量的生理盐水灌胃。用线栓法制作右侧大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型,分别于再灌注后1d、3d、7d三个观测点断头取脑,进行相关指标检测。 主要测量指标：采用TUNEL原位标记法检测缺血侧脑组织凋亡细胞,Western-Blot分析法测定大鼠缺血侧皮质Bcl-2 、Bax、BDNF、CREB、pCREB的水平并计算Bcl-2/Bax以及pCREB/CREB比值,RT-PCR方法测定大鼠缺血侧皮质血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体（AT1R）和血管紧张素Ⅱ2型受体（AT2R）mRNA表达。 结果：（1）缺血再灌注后1d和3d,Irb组梗死体积较I/R组显著性减少(均 p<0.01),厄贝沙坦预处理能显著性抑制各观察时间点缺血诱导的神经细胞凋亡。（2）再灌注后1d,Irb组缺血侧皮层的BDNF水平、Bcl-2/Bax比值以及pCREB/CREB比值较I/R组显著增加(均 p<0.05),而相应的Caspase-3 活性显著性降低( p<0.05)。（3）脑缺血诱导缺血侧皮层AT1R mRNA和AT2R mRNA表达显著性增加,而厄贝沙坦可明显下调AT1R mRNA表达,进一步上调AT2R mRNA表达。 结论：厄贝沙坦预处理可上调再灌注早期抗凋亡分子BDNF、pCREB和Bcl-2水平,下调促凋亡分子caspase-3水平,这种神经保护作用可能与AT1R阻滞、AT2R激活有关。     

Changes in compressed neurons from dogs with acute and severe cauda equina constrictions following intrathecal injection of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-conjugated polymer nanoparticles

This study established a dog model of acute multiple cauda equina constriction by experimental constriction injury (48 hours) of the lumbosacral central processes in dorsal root ganglia neurons. The repair effect of intrathecal injection of brain-derived neurotrophic factor with 15 mg encapsulated biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles on this injury was then analyzed. Dorsal root ganglion cells (L7) of all experimental dogs were analyzed using hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry at 1, 2 and 4 weeks following model induction. Intrathecal injection of brain-derived neurotrophic factor can relieve degeneration and inflammation, and elevate the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in sensory neurons of compressed dorsal root ganglion. Simultaneously, intrathecal injection of brain-derived neurotrophic factor obviously improved neurological function in the dog model of acute multiple cauda equina constriction. Results verified that sustained intraspinal delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor encapsulated in biodegradable nanoparticles promoted the repair of histomorphology and function of neurons within the dorsal root ganglia in dogs with acute and severe cauda equina syndrome.     

重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子对局灶性脑缺血大鼠的抗凋亡作用

The neuroprotective effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury are currently contentious. The present study examined the effects of subcutaneous injection of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (50 μg/kg) over 5 days in a model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion with intraluminal filament occlusion in rats. The results indicated that recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor reduced brain infarct volume following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats, down-regulated the expression of caspase-3 mRNA (a key protease for apoptosis in the cerebral ischemia zone), lowered the rate of neuronal apoptosis in the cerebral ischemia zone, and notably ameliorated neurological function. These results indicate that recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor has anti-apoptotic effects on neurons following focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, and exerts neuroprotective effects.     

A new target for treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil hydrochloride has been shown to reduce cerebral vasospasm, to inhibit inflammation and apoptosis and to promote the recovery of neurological function. However, the effect of fasudil hydrochloride on claudin-5 protein expression has not been reported after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Therefore, this study sought to explore the effects of fasudil hydrochloride on blood-brain barrier permeability, growth-associated protein-43 and claudin-5 protein expression, and to further understand the neuroprotective effect of fasudil hydrochloride. A focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model was established using the intraluminal suture technique. Fasudil hydrochloride (15 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected once a day. Neurological deficit was evaluated using Longa’s method. Changes in permeability of blood-brain barrier were measured using Evans blue. Changes in RhoA, growth-associated protein-43 and claudin-5 protein expression were detected using immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Results revealed that fasudil hydrochloride noticeably contributed to the recovery of neurological function, improved the function of blood-brain barrier, inhibited RhoA protein expression, and upregulated growth-associated protein-43 and claudin-5 protein expression following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Results indicated that Rho kinase exhibits a certain effect on neurovascular damage following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Intervention targeted Rho kinase might be a new therapeutic target in the treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.