冠状动脉堵闭法建立猪心肌梗死模型

探讨运用经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术球囊堵闭猪冠状动脉建立急性心肌梗死动物模型的实验方法。选用苏中幼猪11只，麻醉后经股动脉或颈总动脉置入经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术球囊至冠状动脉左前降支远端，堵闭血流120min。观察心电图、心肌酶、心脏二维超声检查及冠状动脉和左心室造影。结果发现，存活7只猪均完成冠状动脉左前降支远端的封堵，心电图显示急性心肌梗死典型图形变化，血浆肌钙蛋白明显升高并呈动态演变：术后1h超声检查出现间隔上部及前壁局部运动异常；术后2至4周造影复查显示左心室前壁、心尖部心室壁异常运动；存活7只猪均成功地建立急性心肌梗死模型。另4只猪分别在堵闭60～100min因心室纤颤死亡。结果提示，运用经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术球囊封堵冠状动脉可成功建立猪急性心肌梗死模型，并保持封堵冠状动脉通畅；与开胸法相比更接近人体状态，具有创伤小、动物生存时间长并易于术后馒头等优点。     

A Review of Acute Coronary Syndrome and its Potential Impact on Cognitive Function

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) forecasts, in 2030, the number of people suffering from dementia will reach 82 million people worldwide, representing a huge burden on health and social care systems. Epidemiological data indicates a relationship between coronary heart disease (CHD) and the occurrence of cognitive impairment (CI) and dementia. It is known that both diseases have common risk factors. However, the impact of myocardial infarction (MI) on cognitive function remains controversial and largely unknown. The main goal of this study is to attempt to summarize and discuss selected scientific reports on the causes, mechanisms and effects of CI in patients after acute coronary syndrome (ACS), especially after MI. The risk of CI can increase in patients after ACS, and can therefore also adversely affect the further course of treatment. A late diagnosis of CI can lead to serious clinical implications, such as an increase in the number of hospitalizations and mortality.     

Effectiveness of a Myocardial Infarction Protocol in Reducing Door-to-Ballon Time

Background

An adequate door-to-balloon time (<120 minutes) is the necessary condition for the efficacy of primary angioplasty in infarction to translate into effectiveness.

Objective

To describe the effectiveness of a quality of care protocol in reducing the door-to-balloon time.

Methods

Between May 2010 and August 2012, all individuals undergoing primary angioplasty in our hospital were analyzed. The door time was electronically recorded at the moment the patient took a number to be evaluated in the emergency room, which occurred prior to filling the check-in forms and to the triage. The balloon time was defined as the beginning of artery opening (introduction of the first device). The first 5 months of monitoring corresponded to the period of pre-implementation of the protocol. The protocol comprised the definition of a flowchart of actions from patient arrival at the hospital, the team''s awareness raising in relation to the prioritization of time, and provision of a periodic feedback on the results and possible inadequacies.

Results

A total of 50 individuals were assessed. They were divided into five groups of 10 sequential patients (one group pre-and four groups post-protocol). The door-to-balloon time regarding the 10 cases recorded before protocol implementation was 200 ± 77 minutes. After protocol implementation, there was a progressive reduction of the door-to-balloon time to 142 ± 78 minutes in the first 10 patients, then to 150 ± 50 minutes, 131 ± 37 minutes and, finally, 116 ± 29 minutes in the three sequential groups of 10 patients, respectively. Linear regression between sequential patients and the door-to-balloon time (r = - 0.41) showed a regression coefficient of - 1.74 minutes.

Conclusion

The protocol implementation proved effective in the reduction of the door-to-balloon time.     

法舒地尔对急性心肌梗死患者择期冠状动脉支架植入术后心肌呈色分级的影响

目的 观察法舒地尔对急性心肌梗死患者择期冠状动脉支架植入术后即刻心肌呈色分级的影响。方法 急性心肌梗死患者92例,随机分为治疗组和对照组,两组均予低分子肝素、阿司匹林、氯吡格雷及调脂稳定斑块等急性心肌梗死常规治疗,治疗组加用法舒地尔注射液30 mg加入0.9%氯化钠溶液100 mL静脉输注,每日2次。治疗7～10天后择期行冠状动脉造影加冠状动脉支架治疗,支架植入术后即刻应用心肌呈色分级方法评估心肌组织灌注程度。结果 治疗组行冠状动脉支架后心肌完全灌注的发生率较对照组明显增加（P<0.05）。结论 急性心肌梗死患者择期冠状动脉支架植入术前应用法舒地尔注射剂可明显改善冠状动脉支架植入术后心肌组织灌注水平。     

主动脉内球囊反搏在急性心肌梗死并泵衰竭患者不同时机的应用

目的 探讨急性心肌梗死后泵衰竭患者主动脉内球囊反搏（IABP）辅助治疗时机的选择对治疗效果的影响。方法 急性心肌梗死并泵衰竭患者85例,按IABP应用的时机不同随机分为两组：必要IABP组42例,为经积极药物治疗后,收缩压仍然＜90 mmHg,再行IABP术患者;即刻IABP组43例,为入院时确诊后立即行IABP术患者;两组同时尽快行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术。比较两组门-球囊时间、术后1周以及3个月的生存率,测量两组术后1天、3个月的左心室射血分数。结果 必要IABP组门-球囊时间明显大于即刻IABP组（96.7±31.2 min比78.3±35.6 min,P<0.05）。必要IABP组术后3个月生存率明显低于术后1周（57.1%比69.0%,P<0.05）,并低于术后3个月即刻IABP组（57.1%比67.4%,P<0.05）。术后3个月两组的左心室射血分数值均进行性降低,必要IABP组下降幅度大于即刻IABP组（7.6%±3.5%比4.2%±3.1%,P<0.05）。结论 急性心肌梗死并泵衰竭患者尽早使用IABP,能缩短血运重建时间,降低死亡率及保护左心室收缩功能。     

急性心肌梗死急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后评价心肌组织再灌注方法的对比研究

目的应用TIMI心肌灌注分级、单个导联ST段回落幅度、单个导联ST段最大偏移幅度和超声心动图四种方法评价急性心肌梗死急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后心肌水平再灌注。方法50例急性心肌梗死患者急诊介入治疗后采用TIMI心肌灌注分级、单个导联ST段回落幅度、单个导联ST段最大偏移幅度及随访1个月超声心动图观察室壁运动改善四种方法评价心肌灌注,并于术后7±2天行核素心肌灌注显像。结果与核素心肌灌注显像比较,TIMI心肌灌注分级敏感性为94.7,特异性为16.7,准确性为76.0;单个导联ST段回落幅度敏感性为89.5,特异性为83.3,准确性为88.0;单个导联ST段最大偏移幅度敏感性为84.2,特异性为83.3,准确性为84.0;超声心动图敏感性为78.9,特异性为83.3,准确性为80.0。心电图(单个导联ST段回落幅度、单个导联ST段最大偏移幅度)和超声心动图与核素检查存在一致性,且一致性良好;TIMI心肌灌注分级未显示与核素检查存在一致性。结论心电图和超声心动图可较好地评价急性心肌梗死后心肌组织再灌注水平。     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者血液凝固性加强

目的通过研究急性冠状动脉综合征患者凝血状态的变化,探讨急性冠状动脉综合征患者的发病与血栓前状态的关系,以期对危重冠心病患者及早作出诊断和治疗。方法选择急性冠状动脉综合征患者86例,对照组为稳定型心绞痛患者75例,以酶联免疫吸附法测定两组患者血浆凝血酶原片段1和2、可溶性纤维蛋白单体复合物等凝血分子标志物的含量并进行比较。结果急性冠状动脉综合征患者血浆凝血酶原片段1和2及可溶性纤维蛋白单体复合物较稳定型心绞痛患者均显著升高(1.21±0.23nmolL比0.76±0.20nmolL;85.4±12.4mgL比68.7±13.8mgL,P均<0.001)。急性冠状动脉综合征合并2型糖尿病时血浆凝血酶原片段1和2及可溶性纤维蛋白单体复合物较不伴有2型糖尿病时显著升高(1.28±0.19nmolL比1.16±0.20nmolL;89.8±12.4mgL比82.7±13.7mgL,P均<0.05)。急性冠状动脉综合征合并原发性高血压时血浆凝血酶原片段1和2及可溶性纤维蛋白单体复合物较不伴有原发性高血压时显著升高(1.26±0.24nmolL比1.16±0.20nmolL;90.0±12.8mgL比82.7±13.7mgL,P均<0.05)。结论稳定型心绞痛患者的凝血系统处于稳定状态,而急性冠状动脉综合征患者处于高凝状态,合并2型糖尿病或原发性高血压的急性冠状动脉综合征患者高凝状态更显著,提示高凝状态与急性冠状动脉综合征的发病密切相关。     

青年人急性心肌梗死的临床和冠状动脉造影特点分析

目的分析青年人急性心肌梗死的临床特点及冠状动脉造影特点,探讨如何预防青年人急性心肌梗死。方法对36例年龄<45岁急性心肌梗死患者和年龄>65岁急性心肌梗死患者进行对比观察,从性别、危险因素、临床特点、冠状动脉病变程度、并发症及预后等方面进行比较。结果青年人急性心肌梗死以男性多见,为34例(94.4%),高脂血症19例(52.8%),发病前有明确的诱因26例(72.2%),典型的胸痛33例(91.7%),右心室和下壁心肌梗死10例(27.7%),ST段抬高型心肌梗死31例(86.1%),均明显高于老年组;冠状动脉造影病变血管以右冠状血管多见,以单支病变为主,很少累及主干,两组相比差异显著(P<0.01);并发症、心功能衰竭、肺部感染明显低于老年组(P<0.01)。结论青年人急性心肌梗死男性多见,有明确的危险因素和诱发因素,症状典型,以单支病变为主,并发症少,早期介入治疗预后好;规范青年人冠心病的二级预防,可防止青年人急性心肌梗死过早发生。     

Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Pediatric Patient with Giant Coronary Aneurysm Due to Kawasaki Disease

We report a case of acute myocardial infarction in an 8‐year‐old boy with a history of Kawasaki disease and giant coronary aneurysms in the right and left coronary arteries. We performed coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention 4 hours after the onset of symptoms. This case suggests that primary percutaneous coronary intervention might be safe and effective in the long‐term treatment of acute myocardial infarction due to coronary sequelae of Kawasaki.     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者脂蛋白相关磷酯酶A2血浆水平及其临床意义

目的研究脂蛋白相关磷酯酶A2在冠心病患者中的血浆水平,为临床早期诊治急性冠状动脉综合征提供客观指标。方法 230例行冠状动脉造影的心内科住院患者,根据临床表现及冠状动脉造影结果分组:急性冠状动脉综合征组98例,其中包括不稳定型心绞痛组61例,急性心肌梗死组37例;非急性冠状动脉综合征组81例,其中包括稳定型心绞痛组49例、冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞组32例;正常冠状动脉为对照组51例。采用夹心酶联免疫吸附法检测血浆脂蛋白相关磷酯酶A2水平。结果冠心病组脂蛋白相关磷酯酶A2和高敏C反应蛋白水平显著高于对照组(P<0.001);急性冠状动脉综合征组脂蛋白相关磷酯酶A2和高敏C反应蛋白水平显著高于非急性冠状动脉综合征组(P<0.05或P<0.001)。与对照组比较,稳定型心绞痛组血浆脂蛋白相关磷酯酶A2水平无显著性增高(P>0.05),不稳定型心绞痛组、急性心肌梗死组、冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞组血浆脂蛋白相关磷酯酶A2水平有极显著性增高(P<0.001),而高敏C反应蛋白水平在所有亚组显著增高(P<0.001)。结论急性冠状动脉综合征患者血浆脂蛋白相关磷酯酶A2水平明显增高,其水平升高提示冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块的不稳定性,有可能作为急性冠状动脉综合征的有效预测指标。     

国产低分子量肝素钙立迈青治疗不稳定型心绞痛和非Q波心肌梗死的临床观察

为观察国产低分子量肝素钙－立迈青治疗不稳定型心绞痛或非Q波心肌梗死的有效性和安全性,选择不稳定型心绞痛或非Q波心肌梗死患者,分别予肝素和低分子量肝素钙立迈青治疗,观察各组临床症状及心电图的改善;实验室检查活化的部分凝血活酶时间,纤维蛋白原含量及血小板计数,观察复合终点事件,结果发现,治疗7天两组用药期间平均胸痛发作次数差异无显著性,但肝素组需口服硝酸甘油缓解胸痛的患者较立迈青组增加;治疗14天立迈青组复合终点事件明显低于肝素组,且出血事件明显少于肝素组,以上提示,立迈青皮下注射与活化的部分凝血活酶时间监测的连续静滴肝素具有同亲疗效,且立迈青可明显减少急性冠状动脉综合征的各种心血管事件的发生,更少发生出血事件,因此在临床抗血栓治疗中具有广泛的应用前景。     

Post-Acute Coronary Syndrome Alcohol Abuse: Prospective Evaluation in the ERICO Study

Background

Some studies have indicated alcohol abuse as one of the contributors to the development of cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary heart disease. However, this relationship is controversial.

Objective

To investigate the relationship between post-acute coronary syndrome (ACS) alcohol abuse in the Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry Strategy (ERICO Study).

Methods

146 participants from the ERICO Study answered structured questionnaires and underwent laboratory evaluations at baseline, 30 days and 180 days after ACS. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was applied to assess harmful alcohol consumption in the 12 months preceding ACS (30 day-interview) and six months after that.

Results

The frequencies of alcohol abuse were 24.7% and 21.1% in the 12 months preceding ACS and six months after that, respectively. The most significant cardiovascular risk factors associated with high-risk for alcohol abuse 30 days after the acute event were: male sex (88.9%), current smoking (52.8%) and hypertension (58.3%). Six months after the acute event, the most significant results were replicated in our logistic regression, for the association between alcohol abuse among younger individuals [35-44 year-old multivariate OR: 38.30 (95% CI: 1.44-1012.56) and 45-54 year-old multivariate OR: 10.10 (95% CI: 1.06-96.46)] and for smokers [current smokers multivariate OR: 51.09 (95% CI: 3.49-748.01) and past smokers multivariate OR: 40.29 (95% CI: 2.37-685.93)].

Conclusion

Individuals younger than 54 years and smokers showed a significant relation with harmful alcohol consumption, regardless of the ACS subtype.     

髓过氧化物酶在急性冠状动脉综合征患者近期预后判断中的作用

目的探讨血浆髓过氧化物酶水平对急性冠状动脉综合征患者近期心脏事件的预测作用。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法分别测定急性冠状动脉综合征组、稳定型心绞痛组和非冠心病组患者的血浆髓过氧化物酶浓度,比较各组之间血浆髓过氧化物酶浓度的差异;常规治疗,随访半年,记录心脏事件。结果急性冠状动脉综合征组血浆髓过氧化物酶浓度(30.26±30.65μg/L)显著高于稳定型心绞痛组(15.00±11.36μg/L)和非冠心病组(14.34±9.25μg/L)(P<0.001),稳定型心绞痛组与非冠心病组之间血浆髓过氧化物酶浓度差异无统计学意义(P=0.73);急性心肌梗死和不稳定型心绞痛患者血浆髓过氧化物酶浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);急性冠状动脉综合征组患者血浆髓过氧化物酶与血清高敏C反应蛋白、心肌肌钙蛋白I及传统心血管病危险因素不相关,多元Logistic回归分析发现血浆髓过氧化物酶是急性冠状动脉综合征诊断最重要的影响因素(OR=16.92);血浆髓过氧化物酶高浓度患者的心脏事件发生率较高。结论血浆髓过氧化物酶可能是急性冠状动脉综合征的生物化学标志物之一;血浆髓过氧化物酶水平升高的急性冠状动脉综合征患者心脏事件发生率较高。     

髓过氧化物酶与急性冠状动脉综合征的关系

炎症在动脉粥样硬化的发生、发展中占有重要的地位,髓过氧化物酶是由活化的中性粒细胞、单核细胞和部分巨噬细胞分泌的,是中性粒细胞活化的标志物。髓过氧化物酶及其氧化产物具有促进动脉粥样硬化的作用,并参与斑块的不稳定,与急性冠状动脉综合征的发生密切相关。髓过氧化物酶可作为急性冠状动脉综合征的早期预测因子,并可预测其不良事件的发生情况。     

IABP辅助急诊介入治疗心肌梗死患者住院死亡的危险因素

目的探讨主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)辅助下行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者住院死亡的危险因素。方法入选2010年1月至2014年9月在IABP辅助下行急诊PCI的STEMI患者共91例,分为住院存活组75例和死亡组16例,比较两组患者的临床资料和冠状动脉病变特点,多因素回归分析探讨住院死亡的危险因素。结果与存活组相比,死亡组患者平均年龄大,Killips心功能分级高(P0.05),但性别、吸烟、高血压病、高脂血症、糖尿病、既往PCI史、心肌梗死史、总缺血时间、术前IABP植入比例等无统计学差异。多因素回归分析显示,PCI术后TIMI 3级血流(OR=0.462,P0.05)对患者住院死亡是保护性因素,年龄越大(OR=1.081,P0.05)、术后CK-MB峰值越高(OR=1.003,P0.05)、合并左主干病变(OR=7.273,P0.05)、Killips分级Ⅲ/Ⅳ级(OR=6.703,P0.01)是患者住院死亡的独立危险因素。结论对于IABP辅助下行急诊PCI的STEMI患者,术后梗死相关血管TIMI 3级血流可以降低死亡率,而合并Killips分级Ⅲ/Ⅳ级、左主干病变、年龄越大、术后CK-MB峰值越高,预示住院死亡率越高。     

急性心肌梗死合并急性肾损伤的危险因素分析

目的探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者发生急性肾损伤(AKI)的危险因素。方法 AMI患者728例,分为AKI组和非AKI组。比较两组患者的临床资料,分析AMI患者发生AKI的独立危险因素,观察急诊冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)对AMI患者发生AKI的影响。结果 728例AMI患者中发生AKI共152例(20.9%)。AKI组与非AKI组比较,年龄、糖尿病史、平均动脉压、收缩压、心率、心功能(Killip分级)、左心室射血分数、基础肾小球滤过率估计值、ST段抬高型心肌梗死、服用β-受体阻滞剂以及血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂/血管紧张素受体拮抗剂等指标差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。多因素Logistic分析显示,年龄、糖尿病史、入院收缩压、心功能分级、左心室射血分数、基础肾小球滤过率估计值、未服用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂/血管紧张素受体拮抗剂是AMI患者发生AKI的独立危险因素。378例ST段抬高型心肌梗死,其中256例接受急诊PCI,统计分析显示未接受急诊PCI患者的AKI发生率显著高于急诊PCI患者(39.3%比19.5%,P0.01)。结论 AKI是AMI常见的并发症,其发生与多种因素有关,急诊PCI能降低ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者AKI发生率。