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1.
Background
Children living with HIV worldwide majority are infected through mother to child transmission of HIV (MTCT) acquired during pregnancy. Knowledge, attitude and behavioral changes are pivot tools towards success of any interventions.Objectives
To determine the effectiveness of counseling on HIV done in primary health facilities (PHF), level of knowledge gained and attitude changes towards PMTCT.Methods
A cross sectional study assessing pregnant women''s knowledge and their attitude towards PMTCT was conducted in Temeke district from October 2010 to Jan 2011 using a structured questionnaire.Results
A total of 383 antenatal attendees were referred to Temeke district for management after counselled and tested for HIV in PHFs. Majority (86.9%) had primary education and good knowledge on MTCT. Correct timing of ARVs prophylaxis (15.7%) as preventive measures for MTCT was poor. Education and employment were associated with good knowledge on MTCT of HIV. Women had positive attitudes towards HIV counseling and testing, but stigma was a barrier to disclosure of one''s serostatus.Conclusion
There is knowledge gap in routine PMTCT counseling among antenatal attendees in our PHFs. Effective counseling on PMTCT in the PHFs will bridge the identified knowledge gap and help in reduction of pediatric HIV. 相似文献2.
Background
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of the Human Immunodeficiency –Virus (HIV) is a serious public health problem, contributing up to 90% of childhood HIV infections. In Tanzania, the prevention-of-mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT) feature of the HIV programme was rolled out in 2000. The components of PMTCT include counselling and HIV testing directed at antenatal clinic attendees. It is through the process of Provider Initiated Counseling and Testing (PITC) that counselling is offered participant confidentiality and voluntariness are upheld and valid consent obtained.The objective of the study was to explore antenatal clinic attendees’ experiences of the concept of voluntariness vis- a- vis the implementation of prior counseling and subsequent testing for HIV under the PITC as part of their antenatal care.Methods
In-depth interviews were conducted with17 antenatal clinic attendees and 6 nursing officers working at the Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH) antenatal clinic. The study data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.Results
Antenatal clinic attendees’ accounts suggested that counselling and testing for HIV during pregnancy was voluntary, and that knowledge of their HIV status led them to access appropriate treatment for both mother and her newborn baby. They reported feeling no pressure from nursing officers, and gave verbal consent to undergo the HIV test. However, some antenatal clinic attendees reported pressure from their partners to test for HIV. Healthcare providers were thus faced with a dilemma of disclosure/ nondisclosure when dealing with discordant couples.Conclusion
Antenatal clinic attendees at MNH undertook the PITC for HIV voluntarily. This was enhanced by their prior knowledge of HIV, the need to prevent mother- to- child transmission of HIV, and the effectiveness of the voluntary policy implemented by nursing officers.3.
Attitude of antenatal attendees to people living with HIV/AIDS in Uyo, south-south Nigeria 下载免费PDF全文
Background
Stigmatization and discrimination of people living with HIV/AIDS has a negative impact on the global efforts to control the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Due to fear of stigmatization and discrimination, many people are reluctant to undergo voluntary counseling and testing, infected individuals are often unwilling to disclose their status and some of them still engage in high-risk behaviours leading to increased transmission of the virus.Study design and setting
A study of the attitudes to people living with HIV/AIDS was carried out among antenatal clinic attendees at the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital with the aim of developing site-specific information and counseling interventions to reduce stigmatization and discrimination of people living with HIV/AIDS. Information was elicited from 265 randomly selected women who booked for antenatal care between September and December 2005 with the use of a self-administered questionnaire.Results
263 questionnaires were duly completed and analyzed. The mean age of the respondents was 27 ± 5.1 years, majority of them (52.1%) were either unemployed or unskilled workers and 42.9% of them had tertiary education. Awareness and knowledge of HIV/ AIDS was high, (95.8%) and (86.7%) respectively. Majority of the respondents (55.6%) were also assessed as having a positive attitude to people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). There was a statistically significant association between good knowledge of HIV/AIDS and a positive attitude to PLWHA (P=0.000) and a high educational status with a positive attitude to PLWHA (P=0.009).Conclusion
combating stigma and discrimination is an important process in controlling the epidemic. Specific information and counseling interventions aimed at dispelling misconceptions about HIV/AIDS should be reinforced. 相似文献4.
Background
In the context of universal access to prevention, treatment, care and support, each country has to ensure that 80% of women and children in need have access to PMTCT interventions.Objective
To assess the PMTCT program achievement in Ouagadougou, the capital city of Burkina Faso.Methods
Between August and October 2008, a cross sectional study was carried out in the five health districts of the Centre Health Region. We reviewed weekly statistics from all health care centres (HCC) to compute the coverage of PMTCT program. In 38 HCC with functional PMTCT program, we extracted data of interest from HCC registers and made direct observations of PMTCT services.Results
The PMTCT program was implemented in 49% of HCC (target for the national program: 70%). Fifteen to 31% of these centers were often in shortage for PMTCT consumables. Patients'' privacy was not observed in 67% of Voluntary Counselling & HIV Testing wards. Care providers were not qualified enough to deliver PMTCT services. Vitamin A supplementation was not implemented. None of the facilities offered the whole package of PMTCT program interventions. HCC providing HIV testing in labour or in postnatal ward were consistently lacking. Only 86% of antenatal care new attendants benefited from pre-test counselling; 2.4% of pretested women were HIV-positive and 39% of positive mothers received antiretroviral prophylaxis.Conclusion
Coverage and quality of PMTCT programme in the Centre Health Region in Burkina Faso are still limited. Particular support is needed for training, supervision and infrastructures upgrading. 相似文献5.
6.
Correlates of misperceptions in HIV knowledge and attitude towards People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) among in-school and out-of-school adolescents in Ghana 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
Anthony M Sallar 《African health sciences》2009,9(2):82-91
Background
A quarter century into the HIV pandemic, knowledge about sexual transmission and sharing of needles remain high just as misperceptions relating to casual contact.Objectives
To assess HIV knowledge, misperceptions, and attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) among adolescents.Methods
A cross sectional quantitative and qualitative study was conducted among adolescents aged 10–19 (n = 483; mean age, 16.6) in the Ashanti region of Ghana.Results
Knowledge score ranged 0 to 38 (mean = 26.64; sd ± 6.74). To prevent AIDS, 78.1% mentioned sexual abstinence, condom use (72.7%), fidelity to partner (72.5%), not sharing needles (76.4%), and reducing sexual partners (56.7%). Statistically significant associations were found in high misperception scores and having negative attitude towards PLWHAs (0.001 < p < 0.009). Out-of-school adolescents were less likely to be willing to take care of HIV/AIDS relatives (p = 0.004); allow PLWHAs conceal their status (p < 0.001); allow PLWHAs to work with others (p = 0.007); more likely to let PLWHAs have less healthcare (p = 0.026); and indicate that PLWHAs should be isolated (p < 0.001).Conclusion
Out-of-school adolescents constitute hard-to-reach population and mechanisms should be developed to reach them to reduce misperceptions which may fuel stigma and discrimination. 相似文献7.
Objectives
To determine potential partners for pregnant women in the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV and to determine pregnant women''s perceptions towards selected potential HIV prevention effortsDesign
Cross sectional, questionnaire-administered studySetting
Ante-natal clinics of eleven public health centers and the major referral and university teaching hospital of Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH) in Blantyre, MalawiSubjects
A total of 321 pregnant women attending ante-natal clinicsResults
Antenatal women in Blantyre, Malawi obtain health information on HIV/AIDS from the radio (96.3%), health workers (82.2%), religious gatherings (66.7%), friends (54.8%) and newspapers (39.3%). The majority intend to be accompanied by own mother and sister for delivery (52.4% and 15.4% respectively). Almost all (99%) planned to breast feed with 91.8% reporting an intended breastfeeding period of at least 6 months. About 97% of married women reported desire to tell spouse in case of HIV sero-positive results while only 65.1% had ever discussed about HIV with spouse, and only 5.2% had ever attended antenatal clinic with spouse. Whether woman had ever discussed about HIV/AIDS with spouse or not did not influence desire to disclose HIV status to spouse.Conclusion
Close relatives, spouse and the media are important stakeholders in the health of pregnant women. Programs aimed at prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV should give serious consideration to these partners. 相似文献8.
Background
There is limited documentation on knowledge, attitudes and barriers to condom use among female sex workers (FSWs) and truck drivers (truckers).Objective
To explore knowledge, attitudes and barriers to condom use among FSWs and truckers operating along major transport corridors in UgandaMethods
Structured questionnaires were administered to explore FSWs'' and truckers'' knowledge of and attitudes towards condom use among 259 FSWs and 261 truckers. Qualitative data were collected on barriers to condom use using focus group discussions. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS while qualitative data were audio-recorded, transcribed and thematically analyzed.Results
Condom knowledge was high with 97% of FSWs and 95% of truckers agreeing with the statement, “using condoms properly and consistently reduces risk of HIV infection”. Attitudes towards condom use were generally favorable with 91% of FSWs and 82% of truckers agreeing with the statement, “condom use is the best method of HIV prevention”. Qualitative findings show that poverty, refusal to use condoms by male partners, alcohol use before sex and beliefs that condoms ‘kill the mood for sex’ remain key barriers to consistent condom use.Conclusions
Consistent condom use among FSWs and truckers is still hampered by economic and relationship factors. 相似文献9.
Bajunirwe F Massaquoi I Asiimwe S Kamya MR Arts EJ Whalen CC 《African health sciences》2004,4(3):146-154
Background
Single dose nevirapine and a short course of zidovudine (AZT) are now administered in most hospitals in Uganda to prevent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV. The effectiveness of these antiretroviral (ARV) regimens has been shown in the clinical trials but has not been demonstrated outside the clinical trials setting in this country.Objectives
The study evaluated the effectiveness of short course ARV regimens in a pilot program to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV and determined the risk factors for perinatal transmission.Methods
Cross-sectional study design was used to compare perinatal transmission rates of HIV in two sets of mothers: ARV-treated mothers and ARV-untreated mothers.Results
109 treated and 90 naïve mother-infant pairs were recruited. HIV transmission rates were similar in the nevirapine (10/61) and AZT (8/48) groups (16.4% vs. 16.7%) respectively but higher in the naïve group (43/90 48%, p= 0.0001). ARV therapy offers a protective effect against MTCT of HIV (Adjusted Odds Ratio 0.22 95%CI 0.09, 0.54) but mothers in Stage 1 and 2 of disease were more likely to benefit from this intervention than mothers in Stage 3 and 4.Conclusion
In this community-based observational study, ARV reduces the risk of perinatal transmission of HIV but does not eliminate the risk completely. Early screening of asymptomatic pregnant women will identify a group of mothers more likely to benefit from the intervention. 相似文献10.
Samin Hong Sung Yong Kang Jong Uk Yoon Uicheon Kang Gong Je Seong Chan Yun Kim 《Yonsei medical journal》2010,51(2):261-269
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to assess patient attitudes towards anti-glaucoma medication and their association with adherence, visual quality of life, and personality traits.Materials and Methods
One hundred and forty-seven glaucoma patients were enrolled this study. The participants were divided into ''pharmacophobic'' and ''pharmacophilic'' groups according to their scores on the Modified Glaucoma Drug Attitude Inventory (MG-DAI). To establish a correlation with patient drug attitude, each group had their subjective drug adherence, visual quality of life, and personality traits examined. For personality traits, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) was used to sub-classify each group.Results
Among the patients analyzed, 91 (72.80%) patients showed a ''pharmacophobic'' attitude and 34 (27.20%) patients showed a ''pharmacophilic'' attitude. The pharmacophobic group tended to have worse adherence than the pharmacophilic group. Personality dichotomies from the MBTI also showed different patterns for each group.Conclusion
In glaucoma patients, pharmacological adherence was influenced by their attitude towards drugs; an association might exist between drug attitude and underlying personality traits. 相似文献11.
Bello FA Ogunbode OO Adesina OA Olayemi O Awonuga OM Adewole IF 《African health sciences》2011,11(1):30-35
Background
Many patients are referred to labour ward as emergencies, and therefore do not benefit from the antenatal HIV counselling and testing and treatment offered to registered patients.Objective
To assess the acceptability and suitability of offering HIV counselling and testing to women of unknown HIV status presenting in labour.Methods
A cross-sectional study comprising counselling and obtaining consent for HIV testing among 104 unregistered patients who presented in labour over a 3-month period. Rapid and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay screening was performed for 90 consenting respondents. Reactive results were confirmed by Western blot. Appropriate therapy was instituted.Results
Acceptance rate for HIV testing was 86.5%, prevalence of HIV was 6.7%. Women of lower educational status were more likely to accept testing in labour (OR: 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1–0.7; p=0.01); age, parity, occupation and knowledge of HIV had no influence. Most women (66.3%) had satisfactory knowledge of HIV. No one admitted to feeling coerced to test in fear of being denied care. Most refusals for screening were to avoid needle pricks (28.6%).Compared to ELISA screening test, specificity of the rapid test was 100%, sensitivity 85.7%, positive predictive value 100% and negative predictive value 98.8%. Attitude to testing was maintained on post-partum re-evaluation.Conclusion
The prevalence of HIV amongst unregistered parturients showed the importance of offering point-of-care HIV testing and intervention, especially in an environment where antenatal clinic attendance is poor. Rapid testing appeared to be acceptable and feasible in labour to prevent the mother-to-child transmission of HIV. 相似文献12.
Nansera D Bajunirwe F Kabakyenga J Asiimwe PK Mayanja-Kizza H 《African health sciences》2010,10(4):312-319
Background
As countries with a high burden of TB and HIV roll out integrated TB/HIV care, there is need to assess possibility of lower level health units treating TB to provide integrated TB/HIV care.Objective
To determine barriers and opportunities for provision of integrated TB/HIV care in lower level health units offering TB treatment in Mbarara district, Uganda.Methods
Conducted key informant interviews, interviewed health workers and observed services offered.Results
22 health units were assessed and 88 health workers were interviewed. Of the 18 health units mandated to offer laboratory services, 55.6% and 38.9% were able to offer rapid HIV-testing and ZN staining respectively. Understaffing, lack of capacity to diagnose HIV and TB, lack of guidelines to inform care options of TB/HIV co-infected patients and insufficient knowledge and skills among health workers towards provision of integrated TB/HIV care were mentioned as barriers to provision of integrated TB/HIV services.Conclusion
To offer integrated TB/HIV services at lower level health units currently offering TB stand alone services, there is need to address gaps in knowledge and skills among health workers, laboratory diagnostics, staffing levels, medical supplies and infrastructure. 相似文献13.
Unmodified electroconvulsive therapy: changes in knowledge and attitudes of Nigerian medical students 下载免费PDF全文
Background
The relevance of ECT as a treatment option for some psychiatric disorders continues to generate debate in professional and lay circles. Scientific evidence as to the effectiveness of ECT (with anaesthesia) abounds. In some developing countries, the process of change towards the full implementation and use of modified ECT has been slow. The unmodified format is still used for largely economic reasons despite the ethical concerns it raises.Objective
We assessed the effect of an intervention (60 minute lecture on ECT, viewing a live ECT session, following up a patient who had received ECT) during a clinical psychiatry rotation, on medical students'' knowledge of and attitude toward unmodified electroconvulsive therapyMethod
A 14-item self administered questionnaire was administered to 5th year medical students at the commencement of their psychiatry rotation, then 4 weeks later to assess knowledge of and attitudes toward unmodified ECTResults
There were significant improvements in knowledge and change in attitude measures to myth about ECT following our intervention. However, viewing live unmodified ECT sessions did not improve the students'' acceptability of the procedure.Conclusion
Exposure of medical students to ECT and lectures are important in changing negative attitudes during clerkships and should be incorporated in their teaching curriculum. We may infer that future psychiatrists would prefer the modified form of ECT and acceptability would be better with this format. 相似文献14.
Objectives
To describe the development, cost effectiveness and implementation of a PDA based electronic system to collect, verify and manage data from a multi-site study on HIV/AIDS stigma and pregnancy in a rural, resource-poor area.Methods
We worked within a large prevention of mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT) program in nine rural health facilities to implement a PDA-based data collection system and to study the feasibility of its use in a multisite HIV research study in rural Kenya. The PDAs were programmed for collecting screening and eligibility data, and responses to structured interviews on HIV/AIDS stigma and violence in three local languages.Results
Between November 2007 and December 2008, nine PDAs were used by Clinic and Community Health Assistants to enrol 1,270 participants on to the PMTCT program. Successes included: capacity-building of interviewers, low cost of implementation, quick turnaround time of data entry with good data quality, and convenience.Conclusion
Our study demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing PDAs for data collection in a multi-site observational study on HIV/AIDS stigma conducted in remote rural health facilities in Kenya. However, appropriate and frequent data backup protocols need to be established and paper forms are still needed as backup tools in resource-poor settings. 相似文献15.
Background
Globally, the spread of HIV/AIDS remains on the rise especially among adolescents who are at increased risk of infection. Sexual behavioural change remains one of the most effective ways of preventing further transmission among this vulnerable group.Objective
To evaluate HIV/AIDS knowledge among undergraduate students'' and how it can be used in HIV prevention strategies in Ghana.Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted using structured questionnaires among 324 conveniently selected students enrolled at a tertiary institution in Accra, Ghana.Results
The mean age of the respondents was 23 years. Although the mean score of the participants'' responses to 12 HIV/AIDS knowledge questions was 7.7 of 12 points, there was an inconsistent level of AIDS knowledge with significant gender difference. While students could identify the transmission modes and preventive measure, they were less knowledgeable about the causative agent of AIDS. Majority of the students reported having received AIDS information from both print and electronic media, but few of them received such information from parents. Although over 90% of the students knew where to access VCT services, 45% of them have not had HIV test.Conclusion
The data underscore the urgent need for HIV/AIDS-related health education and prevention efforts targeting university students as well as younger age groups in Ghana 相似文献16.
Vicki Tsianakas Michael Calnan Karl Atkin Elizabeth Dormandy Theresa M Marteau 《The British journal of general practice》2010,60(580):822-828
Background
Timely antenatal sickle cell and thalassaemia (SC&T) screening for all women in primary care facilitates informed decision making, but little is known about its implementation.Aim
To assess the feasibility of offering antenatal SC&T screening in primary care at the time of pregnancy confirmation.Design of study
Cross-sectional investigation of GPs'' beliefs and perceived practices.Method
Informal face-to-face interviews with 34 GPs.Setting
Seventeen inner-city general practices that offered antenatal SC&T screening as part of a trial.Results
GPs identified both barriers and facilitators. Organisational barriers included inflexible appointment systems and lack of interpreters for women whose first language was not English. Professional barriers included concerns about raising possible adverse outcomes in the first antenatal visit. Perceived patient barriers included women''s lack of awareness of SC&T. Hence, GPs presented the test to women as routine, rather than as a choice. Organisational facilitators included simple and flexible systems for offering screening in primary care, practice cohesion, and training. Professional facilitators included positive attitudes to screening for SC&T. Perceived patient facilitators included women''s desire for healthy children.Conclusion
GPs reported barriers, as well as facilitators, to successful implementation but the extent to which screening could be regarded as offering ‘informed choice’ remained fundamental when making sense of these barriers and facilitators. 相似文献17.
Karl Peltzer Stephen M. Weiss Manasi Soni Tae Kyoung Lee Violeta J. Rodriguez Ryan Cook Maria Luisa Alcaide Geoffrey Setswe Deborah L. Jones 《AIDS research and therapy》2017,14(1):61
Background
We evaluate the impact of clinic-based PMTCT community support by trained lay health workers in addition to standard clinical care on PMTCT infant outcomes.Methods
In a cluster randomized controlled trial, twelve community health centers (CHCs) in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, were randomized to have pregnant women living with HIV receive either: a standard care (SC) condition plus time-equivalent attention-control on disease prevention (SC; 6 CHCs; n? = 357), or an enhanced intervention (EI) condition of SC PMTCT plus the “Protect Your Family” intervention (EI; 6 CHCs; n? = 342). HIV-infected pregnant women in the SC attended four antenatal and two postnatal video sessions and those in the EI, four antenatal and two postnatal PMTCT plus “Protect Your Family” sessions led by trained lay health workers. Maternal PMTCT and HIV knowledge were assessed. Infant HIV status at 6 weeks postnatal was drawn from clinic PCR records; at 12 months, HIV status was assessed by study administered DNA PCR. Maternal adherence was assessed by dried blood spot at 32 weeks, and infant adherence was assessed by maternal report at 6 weeks. The impact of the EI was ascertained on primary outcomes (infant HIV status at 6 weeks and 12 months and ART adherence for mothers and infants), and secondary outcomes (HIV and PMTCT knowledge and HIV transmission related behaviours). A series of logistic regression and latent growth curve models were developed to test the impact of the intervention on study outcomes.Results
In all, 699 women living with HIV were recruited during pregnancy (8–24 weeks), and assessments were completed at baseline, at 32 weeks pregnant (61.7%), and at 6 weeks (47.6%), 6 months (50.6%) and 12 months (59.5%) postnatally. Infants were tested for HIV at 6 weeks and 12 months, 73.5% living infants were tested at 6 weeks and 56.7% at 12 months. There were no significant differences between SC and EI on infant HIV status at 6 weeks and at 12 months, and no differences in maternal adherence at 32 weeks, reported infant adherence at 6 weeks, or PMTCT and HIV knowledge by study condition over time.Conclusion
The enhanced intervention administered by trained lay health workers did not have any salutary impact on HIV infant status, ART adherence, HIV and PMTCT knowledge. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov: number NCT0208535618.
19.
Background
Health Sciences students are exposed early to hospitals and to activities which increase their risk of acquiring infections. Infection control practices are geared towards reduction of occurrence and transmission of infectious diseases.Objective
To evaluate knowledge and attitudes of infection prevention and control among Health Science students at University of Namibia.Methods
To assess students'' knowledge and attitudes regarding infection prevention and control and their sources of information, a self-administered questionnaire was used to look at standard precautions especially hands hygiene.Results
One hundred sixty two students participated in this study of which 31 were medical, 17 were radiography and 114 were nursing students. Medical students had better overall scores (73%) compared to nursing students (66%) and radiology students (61%). There was no significant difference in scores between sexes or location of the high school being either in rural or urban setting.Conclusion
Serious efforts are needed to improve or review curriculum so that health sciences students'' knowledge on infection prevention and control is imparted early before they are introduced to the wards. 相似文献20.