Survivin异常表达对前列腺癌转移及TGF-β/Smad通路的调节作用#br#

目的　探讨生存素（Survivin）异常表达在前列腺癌（PCa）转移中的作用及机制。方法　（1）通过TCGA数据库分析Survivin mRNA在正常前列腺组织和PCa组织中表达差异,分析有无淋巴结转移、Gleason分级以及预后信息。（2）采用免疫组化染色检测15例良性前列腺增生（BPH）活检标本和60例PCa活检标本中Survivin蛋白表达,比较患者不同临床特征间Survivin蛋白表达的差异。（3）常规培养人前列腺增生细胞系BPH和人PCa细胞系LNCaP、Du-145、PC-3,Western blot检测Survivin蛋白表达。利用LNCaP细胞构建Survivin稳定过表达组（Survivin-OE组）和相应对照组（Vector组）,同时在PC-3细胞中构建Survivin稳定敲低组（Survivin-KD组）和相应对照组（NC组）。CCK-8增殖实验与Transwell实验检测敲低和过表达Survivin后细胞增殖、侵袭能力的变化。Western blot检测2种细胞中Survivin、上皮间质转化（EMT）特征分子上皮细胞钙黏素（E-cadherin）、神经钙黏素（N-cadherin）,以及转化生长因子（TGF）-β/Smad通路相关蛋白TGF-β1、磷酸化Smad2/3（pSmad2/3）、Smad2/3、Smad4蛋白表达水平的改变。结果　（1）TCGA数据库分析结果显示,Survivin在PCa组织中异常高表达,出现淋巴结转移的患者Survivin表达水平高于无淋巴结转移者（P＜0.01）;且随着Gleason分级的升高,Survivin表达水平越高（P＜0.01）;同时Survivin高表达的PCa患者的无进展生存时间明显短于Survivin低表达的患者（P＜0.01）。（2）免疫组织化学证实,PCa标本中Survivin蛋白高表达比例明显高于BPH组织（60.0% vs. 26.7%,χ2=5.357,P＜0.05）。且临床分期T3+T4期、局部淋巴结转移和远处转移者Survivin高表达比例明显升高（P＜0.05）。（3）体外实验结果显示,LNCaP、Du-145、PC-3细胞中Survivin表达水平均高于BPH（P＜0.05）。LNCaP细胞过表达Survivin后,细胞增殖和侵袭能力增强,上皮标志物E-cadherin表达下降、间质标志物N-cadherin表达升高,同时TGF-β1、pSmad2/3和Smad4蛋白表达水平增加。而PC-3细胞敲低Survivin后,细胞增殖和侵袭能力减弱,上皮标志物E-cadherin表达增加、间质标志物N-cadherin表达降低,TGF-β1、pSmad2/3和Smad4蛋白表达水平降低。结论　Survivin在PCa中异常高表达,其可以通过调节TGF-β/Smad通路来促进肿瘤细胞EMT,进而提高PCa的转移与侵袭能力。     

Efficient delivery of micro RNA to bone-metastatic prostate tumors by using aptamer-conjugated atelocollagen in vitro and in vivo

Bone is the primary site of skeletal metastasis in prostate cancer (PCa). Atelocollagen (ATE)-mediated siRNA delivery system can be used to silence endogenous genes involved in PCa metastatic tumor cell growth. However, we hope that the delivery system can target PCa cells to reduce damage to the bone tissue and improve the therapeutic effect. RNA aptamer (APT) A10-3.2 has been used as a ligand to target PCa cells that express prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). APT was investigated as a PSMA-targeting ligand in the design of an ATE-based microRNA (miRNA; miR-15a and miR-16-1) vector to PCa bone metastasis. To observe the targeted delivery and transfection efficiency of ATE–APT in PSMA-overexpressing cells, luciferase activity and biodistribution of nanoparticles in Balb/c mice was analyzed. The anticancer effect of nanoparticles in vivo was investigated using the survival times of human PCa bone metastasis mice model. Luciferase assays of pGL-3 expression against PC3 (PSMA^?) and LNCaP (PSMA⁺) cells showed that the transfection efficiency of the synthesized DNA/ATE–APT complex was higher than that of the DNA/ATE complex. The anticancer efficacy of miRNA/ATE–APT was superior to those of other treatments in vivo. This PSMA-targeted system may prove useful in widening the therapeutic window and allow for selective killing of PCa cells in bone metastatic foci.     

GPR19基因在前列腺癌中的表达及意义

目的 分析G蛋白偶联受体19(GPR19)在前列腺癌（PCa）中的表达情况,探究GPR19参与PCa进展的机制。方法利用TCGA、Oncomine数据库分析GPR19在PCa中的表达水平及临床病理信息。qPCR及Westernblot检测PCa细胞系中GPR19的mRNA及蛋白的表达水平并验证相关通路中的关键分子,EdU实验验证敲低GPR19对肿瘤细胞增殖的影响。结果生物信息学分析显示GPR19基因在PCa样本中表达增高,且GPR19基因表达与患者的年龄、无进展生存率、Gleason评分、TNM分期有关。单因素Cox分析显示Gleason评分、TNM分期和GPR19表达是PCa患者无进展生存的影响因素。qPCR和Westernblot显示PCa细胞系中GPR19的表达高于正常前列腺上皮细胞RWPE-1,敲低GPR19后的PCa细胞增殖能力减弱。通路富集分析发现GPR19参与了PCa的细胞周期调控,实验证实敲低GPR19后PCa细胞中G2M信号检查点上的关键分子细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶1(CDK1)表达降低,通路相关性分析显示GPR19同细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂3(CDKN3)基因相关...     

p53相关长链非编码RNA在肿瘤发生发展中作用的研究

野生型p53基因是抑癌基因,作为基因表达的一个主调控因子,p53能直接或间接调控许多蛋白编码基因和非编码RNA的表达,包括微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)和长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA).lncRNA在调控不同细胞过程,如干细胞多能性、发育、细胞生长和凋亡以及癌症转移中发挥重要作用.许多研究表明一些lncRNA可作为癌基因或抑癌基因参与了p53肿瘤抑制调控网络途径.现对p53相关lncRNA在肿瘤发生发展中作用的研究作一论述.     

p-JNK在结肠癌组织中的表达及抑制JNK通路后HT-29细胞增殖和凋亡变化

目的研究p-JNK在结肠癌组织中的表达以及抑制JNK信号通路后人结肠癌HT-29细胞增殖和凋亡的变化。方法使用免疫组织化学方法检测50例结肠癌组织标本和50例正常结肠组织标本中p-JNK的表达情况并和临床资料进行比较分析;在人结肠癌细胞株HT-29中使用SP600125抑制JNK信号通路后,MTT法检测细胞增殖,TUNEL法检测凋亡。结果 p-JNK在结肠癌组织中的表达水平明显高于正常对照组织(P<0.05);并和淋巴结转移、肿瘤分化程度、肿瘤的侵犯深度相关(P<0.05);而与肿瘤部位无关。抑制JNK信号通路后,HT-29细胞中的p-JNK表达降低(P<0.05);增殖减少,凋亡增加(P<0.05)。结论在结肠癌组织中存在p-JNK的高表达,抑制JNK信号通路能降低人结肠癌细胞株HT-29细胞的增殖,并促进凋亡;JNK信号通路和结肠癌的发生发展有关。     

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and gemcitabine: new treatment options in pancreatic cancer?

Pancreatic cancer (PCa) is one of the most lethal malignancies in humans. Gemcitabine is the current standard chemotherapy of advanced PCa but it is still far from optimal and novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. For the near future, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) hold great promise as a therapeutic strategy. Tyrosine kinases (TKs) play a pivotal role in intercellular signal transduction and regulate crucial processes of tumor cells such as proliferation, migration, survival and angiogenesis. Several TKs--such as EGFR, VEGFR, PDGFR and Src--are known to be overexpressed or constitutively activated in PCa. Hence, blocking receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and non-receptor, cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases (CTKs) represents a rational approach to treat PCa. In particular, cetuximab and erlotinib, the monoclonal antibodies against EGFR-1 (ErbB-1) showed promising activity in Phase II and Phase III trials and their combination with gemcitabine resulted in synergistic antitumor activity. In addition, small antiangiogenic molecules such as VEGFR-2 inhibitors, PDGFR inhibitors and multiple receptor targeting agents are under active investigation. Association of chemoresistance with the activity of certain tyrosine kinases (e.g. ErbB-1 and Src) has been described for pancreatic cancer and makes a strong case for combining gemcitabine with TKIs. Combinations of different TKIs might also be used to target the cancer cell micro-environment. Detailed molecular characterization of tumor cells and combinations of appropriate TKIs with cytotoxic agents such as gemcitabine are expected to lead to improved therapy of pancreatic cancer.     

LncRNA LINC00115 facilitates lung cancer progression through miR-607/ITGB1 pathway

Dysregulated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have potential roles in various cancer types. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression and the underlying role of long intergenic nonprotein coding RNA 115 (LINC00115) in lung cancer. The relative expression of LINC00115 and miR-607 in tumor tissues and cells was detected by real-time PCR. After overexpression or knockdown of LINC00115 expression in tumor cells, the changes in the proliferation, migration, and invasion capacities were detected via Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and transwell assays. The interplay among LINC00115, miR-607, and integrin β1 (ITGB1) was confirmed by bioinformatics analyses and luciferase reporter assay. In addition, tumor cells with LINC00115 knockdown were injected into nude mice to investigate the effect of LINC00115 on tumorigenesis in vivo. LINC00115 was highly expressed in tumor tissues and cells. LINC00115 promoted the malignant properties of tumor cells. Investigation to its molecular mechanism revealed that LINC00115 functioned as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA), regulating the expression of ITGB1 by sponging miR-607 to affect tumor growth. The LINC00115/miR-607/ITGB1 signaling axis might be a novel therapeutic target in lung cancer.     

Long noncoding RNA H19 acts as a miR‐340‐3p sponge to promote epithelial‐mesenchymal transition by regulating YWHAZ expression in paclitaxel‐resistant breast cancer cells

Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer‐related death in women worldwide and one of the most prevalent malignancy. In recent years, increasing evidence had illuminated that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve as critical factors in multiple tumor progression, including BC. Emerging references had indicated that the lncRNA H19 acts as significant roles in tumor progression and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and biological roles of H19 in BC invasion, metastasis and EMT are still unclear. In this study, it was detected that the expression level of H19 was increased in BC paclitaxel‐resistant (PR) cells subline (MCF‐7/PR) in comparison with MCF‐7 parental cells. In vitro, there were demonstrated that H19 overexpression promoted BC cells proliferation, metastasis, invasion and EMT procedures, and suppressed cells apoptosis. Whereas, H19 suppression resulted in the contrary biological effects. Besides, bioinformatics tools and dual‐luciferase reporters assays indicated that miR‐340‐3p could act as a potential target gene of H19, the underlying mechanism studies proved that H19 could act as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) via competitively binding miR‐340‐3p to promote BC cell proliferation, metastasis and EMT by regulating tyrosine 3‐monooxygenase/tryptophan 5‐monooxygenase activation protein zeta (YWHAZ) and potentiate the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in BC cells. In summary, our findings demonstrated that H19 could act as a ceRNA in BC progression, metastasis and EMT through modulating miR‐340‐3p/YWHAZ axis and activating the canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway, indicating that H19 might act as an underlying therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker for BC therapy.     

厄洛替尼通过下调CD44表达抑制非小细胞肺癌转移的机制研究

目的 探讨表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKI)下调黏附分子CD44表达抑制非小细胞肺癌转移的机制.方法 采用MTT法检测厄洛替尼对HCC827细胞株的增殖抑制效应及计算药物作用48 h的IC50;采用Transwell和划痕实验检测3组[control、EGF(50 ng/ml)刺激组、厄洛替尼(0.323 μmol/L)处理组]细胞侵袭迁移能力的变化;采用流式细胞术及Western blot方法分别从细胞及蛋白水平检测3组[control、EGF(50 ng/ml)刺激组、厄洛替尼(0.323 μmol/L)处理组]细胞CD44表达水平变化.结果 MTT结果显示,随着药物浓度升高,厄洛替尼对细胞的增殖抑制率也逐渐增大,差异有统计学意义(P＜ 0.05);IC50为0.323 μmol/L.Transwell及划痕实验结果显示,厄洛替尼阻断EGFR信号通路后可降低细胞的侵袭迁移能力(P＜0.05).流式细胞术及Western blot检测三组细胞CD44表达水平变化结果显示:当使用EGF刺激细胞后,CD44表达明显上调,而使用厄洛替尼阻断EGFR信号通路后CD44表达则被明显下调(P＜0.05).结果提示,厄洛替尼抑制肿瘤转移可能与改变CD44表达有关.结论 使用厄洛替尼阻断EGFR信号通路后,可间接下调与肿瘤转移密切相关的黏附分子CD44的表达,进而发挥抑制肿瘤转移的作用.     

Nanoparticles (NPs)-mediated lncBCMA silencing to promote eEF1A1 ubiquitination and suppress breast cancer growth and metastasis

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in cancer metastasis. Exploring metastasis-associated lncRNAs and developing effective strategy for targeted regulation of lncRNA function in vivo are of utmost importance for the treatment of metastatic cancer, which however remains a big challenge. Herein, we identified a new functional lncRNA (denoted lncBCMA), which could stabilize the expression of eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A1 (eEF1A1) via antagonizing its ubiquitination to promote triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) growth and metastasis. Based on this regulatory mechanism, an endosomal pH-responsive nanoparticle (NP) platform was engineered for systemic lncBCMA siRNA (siBCMA) delivery. This NPs-mediated siBCMA delivery could effectively silence lncBCMA expression and promote eEF1A1 ubiquitination, thereby leading to a significant inhibition of TNBC tumor growth and metastasis. These findings show that lncBCMA could be used as a potential biomarker to predict the prognosis of TNBC patients and NPs-mediated lncBCMA silencing could be an effective strategy for metastatic TNBC treatment.     

Membrane dual-targeting probes: A promising strategy for fluorescence-guided prostate cancer surgery and lymph node metastases detection

Fluorescence-guided surgery(FGS) with tumor-targeted imaging agents,particularly those using the near-infrared wavelength,has emerged as a real-time technique to highlight the tumor location and margins during a surgical procedure.For accurate visualization of prostate cancer(PCa) boundary and lymphatic metastasis,we developed a new approach involving an efficient self-quenched nearinfrared fluorescence probe,Cy-KUE-OA,with dual PCa-membrane affinity.Cy-KUE-OA specifically targeted the prostate-...     

CDCA8通过调控增殖促进前列腺癌发生的作用机制研究

目的 探讨细胞分裂周期相关蛋白8（CDCA8）在前列腺癌（PCa）中的表达及作用机制。方法 通过生物信息学方法分析正常前列腺组织和PCa组织中CDCA8 mRNA水平差异。利用癌症基因组图谱（TCGA）数据库中RNA表达测序数据分析CDCA8表达相关的PCa患者无病生存期（DFS）。免疫组织化学方法检测根治性前列腺切除...     

肿瘤干细胞miRNA及miRNA作为肿瘤标志物的研究和临床应用进展

肿瘤干细胞(CSCs)理论为肿瘤的研究开辟了一个新的方向,CSCs学说认为肿瘤细胞具有异质性,肿瘤中存在干细胞样细胞,该群细胞是一种增殖失控、可形成肿瘤的细胞,只占肿瘤细胞很少部分,具有干细胞特性,是形成不同分化程度肿瘤细胞和肿瘤增长、复发及转移的根源。微小核糖核酸(miRNA)是广泛存在的非编码小RNA,调节着人类1/3的基因,越来越多的证据显示miRNA在肿瘤的发生发展中起着重要的作用,作为重要的转录后调控因子,广泛参与肿瘤相关基因调控的生物程序,使不同类型的肿瘤表现出特异的miRNA表达谱。近年来,CSCs的miRNA研究日益成为热点,已经发现多种CSCs中存在特异性表达的miRNA,对CSCs的生物学行为有了更进一步的认识。有研究发现肿瘤患者血浆中表达某些特异的miRNA,这些miRNA可以作为肿瘤的标志物对患者的病情及预后进行预测和判断。本文就近来CSCs中miRNA研究进展及miRNA作为肿瘤标志物研究进展进行综述。     

A functional variant in miR-143 promoter contributes to prostate cancer risk

MicroRNAs are important regulators in numerous cellular processes, including cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Recently, miR-143 was identified as a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer (PCa). To explore the mechanism of dysregulation and anti-tumor function of miR-143 in PCa, we first found a single-nucleotide polymorphism rs4705342T>C in the promoter region of miR-143 through bioinformatics tools and then performed a case–control study including 608 PCa patients and 709 controls. Results suggested that subjects with TC/CC genotypes had significantly decreased risk of PCa compared with those with TT genotype (adjusted OR 0.68, 95 % CI 0.55–0.85). Further functional assays showed that the risk-associated T allele increased the protein-binding affinity and reduced the activity of the promoter compared with C allele. In addition, restoration of miR-143 by mimics in PCa cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation and migration and down-regulated the expression level of kallikrein-related peptidase 2 (KLK2) mRNA and protein. The miR-143-KLK2 axis was also confirmed by luciferase reporter assay in vitro. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that there is the significant association between the functional promoter variant rs4705342T>C in miR-143 and PCa risk and newly describe the miR-143-KLK2 interaction which provided another potential mechanism for miR-143 anti-tumor function.