Urinary interleukin-18 does not predict acute kidney injury after adult cardiac surgery: a prospective observational cohort study

Introduction  

Urinary interleukin-18 (IL-18) measured during the immediate postoperative period could be a promising predictor of acute kidney injury following adult cardiac surgery.     

ICU急性肾损伤的高危因素分析

目的：探讨ICU住院患者急性肾损伤的危险因素。方法：回顾性分析重症监护病房2008-03-2013-03住院治疗的840例患者临床资料,应用多因素回归分析方法探讨发生急性肾损伤的高危因素。结果：840例患者中284例发生AKI,发病率为33.8%。284例AKI患者死亡68例,死亡率23.9%。年龄、APACHEⅡ分值、脓毒症、糖尿病、使用肾毒性药物、基线血肌酐值、休克是AKI发生的危险因素。结论：AKI是ICU中常见并发症,死亡率高。年龄、APACHEⅡ分值、脓毒症、糖尿病、使用肾毒性药物、基线血肌酐值、休克是AKI发生的独立危险因素,应采取多种综合措施减少AKI发生。     

Exploration of risk factors for hemoglobinuria and acute kidney injury following iliofemoral venous mechanical thrombectomy

ObjectiveTo evaluate the risk factors for hemoglobinuria and acute kidney injury (AKI) after percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (MT) with or without catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) for iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (IFDVT).MethodsPatients with IFDVT who had MT with the AngioJet catheter (group A), MT plus CDT (group B), or CDT alone (group C) from January 2016 to March 2020 were retrospectively evaluated. Hemoglobinuria was monitored throughout the treatment course, and postoperative AKI was assessed by comparing the preoperative (baseline) and postoperative serum creatinine (sCr) levels from the electronic medical records of all patients. AKI was defined as an elevation in the sCr level exceeding 26.5 ​μmol/L within 72 ​h after the operation according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria.ResultsA total of 493 consecutive patients with IFDVT were reviewed, of which 382 (mean age, 56 ​± ​11 years; 41% of them were females; 97 in group A, 128 in group B, and 157 in group C) were finally analyzed. Macroscopic hemoglobinuria was evident in 44.89% of the patients of the MT groups (101/225, 39 in group A, and 62 in group B), with no significant difference between the groups (P ​= ​0.219), but not in the patients in group C. None of the patients developed AKI (mean sCr difference −2.76 ​± ​13.80 ​μmol/L, range ​= ​−80.20 to 20.60 ​μmol/L) within 72 ​h after surgery.ConclusionsRheolytic MT is an independent risk factor for hemoglobinuria. A proper aspiration strategy, hydration, and alkalization following thrombectomy are particularly favorable for preventing AKI.     

Peri-operative interventions, but not inflammatory mediators, increase risk of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: a prospective cohort study

Purpose

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)-related inflammatory response might be one mechanism by which cardiac surgery associated acute kidney injury (CS-AKI) occurs. Interventions that may attenuate inflammation, including glucocorticoids or phosphodiesterase inhibitors, could therefore have a role in its prevention. We aimed to determine the role of inflammatory mediators in CS-AKI in children and the efficacy of commonly used peri-operative interventions to reduce CS-AKI risk.

Methods

We prospectively studied 109 children undergoing heart surgery. Using regression modeling (adjusting for covariates), we (1) evaluated the association between inflammatory mediators [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels] and CS-AKI, and (2) evaluated risk/prevention factors for CS-AKI including glucocorticoid and milrinone administration. CS-AKI was defined based on pRIFLE methods.

Results

CS-AKI occurred in 68 % of children. No inflammatory mediator measured had an independent association with CS-AKI. Higher pre-operative glomerular filtration rate (GFR), sustained decrease in mean arterial pressure during CPB, post-operative single ventricle physiology, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, and milrinone use at 24 h post-operatively were significant independent predictors of CS-AKI. Intra-operative steroid administration had no effect on the rate of CS-AKI.

Conclusions

Although inflammatory mediators are up-regulated following CPB, we found no association between levels of inflammatory cytokines and CS-AKI. CS-AKI has complex pathophysiology and the observation that milrinone was associated with increased AKI risk (and that higher GFR predicts more injury) suggests that mechanisms beyond inflammation play a significant role. Intra-operative administration of glucocorticoid does not appear to be an effective intervention for reducing the risk of CS-AKI.     

Incidence, risk factors and 90-day mortality of patients with acute kidney injury in Finnish intensive care units: the FINNAKI study

Purpose

We aimed to determine the incidence, risk factors and outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) in Finnish ICUs.

Methods

This prospective, observational, multi-centre study comprised adult emergency admissions and elective patients whose stay exceeded 24 h during a 5-month period in 17 Finnish ICUs. We defined AKI first by the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria supplemented with a baseline creatinine and second with the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. We screened the patients’ AKI status and risk factors for up to 5 days.

Results

We included 2,901 patients. The incidence (95 % confidence interval) of AKI was 39.3 % (37.5–41.1 %). The incidence was 17.2 % (15.8–18.6 %) for stage 1, 8.0 % (7.0–9.0 %) for stage 2 and 14.1 % (12.8–15.4 %) for stage 3 AKI. Of the 2,901 patients 296 [10.2 % (9.1–11.3 %)] received renal replacement therapy. We received an identical classification with the new KDIGO criteria. The population-based incidence (95 % CI) of ICU-treated AKI was 746 (717–774) per million population per year (reference population: 3,671,143, i.e. 85 % of the Finnish adult population). In logistic regression, pre-ICU hypovolaemia, diuretics, colloids and chronic kidney disease were independent risk factors for AKI. Hospital mortality (95 % CI) for AKI patients was 25.6 % (23.0–28.2 %) and the 90-day mortality for AKI patients was 33.7 % (30.9–36.5 %). All AKIN stages were independently associated with 90-day mortality.

Conclusions

The incidence of AKI in the critically ill in Finland was comparable to previous large multi-centre ICU studies. Hospital mortality (26 %) in AKI patients appeared comparable to or lower than in other studies.     

Incidence and associations of acute kidney injury after major abdominal surgery

Purpose

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a recognised risk factor for adverse outcomes in critical illness and hospitalised patients in general. To understand the incidence and associations of AKI as a peri-operative complication of major abdominal surgery, we conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

Methods

Using a systematic strategy, we searched the electronic reference databases for articles describing post-operative renal outcomes using consensus criteria for AKI diagnosis (RIFLE, AKIN or KDIGO) in the setting of major abdominal surgery. Pooled incidence of AKI and, where reported, pooled relative risk of death after post-operative AKI were estimated using random effects models.

Results

From 4287 screened titles, 19 articles met our inclusion criteria describing AKI outcomes in 82,514 patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Pooled incidence of AKI was 13.4 % (95 % CI 10.9–16.4 %). In eight studies that reported the short-term mortality, relative risk of death in the presence of post-operative AKI was 12.6 fold (95 % CI, 6.8–23.4). Where reported, length of stay was greater and non-renal post-operative complications were also more frequent in patients experiencing AKI.

Conclusions

Using modern consensus definitions, AKI is a common complication of major abdominal surgery that is associated with adverse patient outcomes including death. While a causative role for AKI cannot be concluded from this analysis, as an important signal of peri-operative harm, AKI should be regarded as an important surgical outcome measure and potential target for clinical interventions.

     

Biomarkers of acute kidney injury in pediatric cardiac surgery

ObjectivesAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a significant problem in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The aims of this study were to assess the diagnostic validity of serum CysC (sCysC), serum neutrophil gelatinase lipocalin (sNGAL), urine neutrophil gelatinase lipocalin (uNGAL), urine kidney injury molecule (uKIM)-1, and urine liver fatty acid-binding protein (uL-FABP) to predict AKI presence and severity in children undergoing CPB.Design and methodsWe performed a prospective single-center evaluation of sCysC, sNGAL, uNGAL, uKIM-1 and uL-FABP at 0, 2, 6, 24 and 48 h postoperatively in children undergoing CPB during cardiac surgery. AKI was defined as ≥ 25% decrease in the estimated creatinine clearance (eCCl) from pre-operative baseline at 48 h after surgery.ResultsOf the 112 patients, 18 patients (16.1%) developed AKI; four of them needed acute dialysis treatment and three AKI patients died. In the AKI compared to the non-AKI group, sCysC at 2 h, and uNGAL and uL-FABP at 2–48 h were significantly increased, as well as CPB, aortic cross clamp time and length of hospital stay. Biomarkers increased with worsening AKI severity. At 2 h after CPB the best accuracy for diagnosis of AKI had uL-FABP and sCysC with area under the receiver operator curve (AUC) of 0.89 and 0.73, respectively. At 6 and 24 h after CPB the best AUC was found for uL-FABP (0.75 and 0.87 respectively) and for uNGAL (0.70 and 0.93, respectively).ConclusionssCysC, uNGAL and uL-FABP are reliable early predictors for AKI after CPB. By allowing earlier timing of injury and earlier intervention, they could improve AKI outcome.     

Incidence, timing, symptoms, and risk factors for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation is the most common complication after cardiac surgery and a major cause of morbidity and increased cost of care. OBJECTIVES: To examine the incidence, timing, symptoms, and risk factors for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. METHODS: A total of 302 patients were continuously monitored for atrial fibrillation with standard hardwire and telemetry devices during hospitalization after coronary artery bypass graft and/or valve surgery and with wearable cardiac event recorders for 2 weeks after discharge from the hospital. After discharge, patients recorded and transmitted their rhythm by telephone daily and whenever they had symptoms suggestive of atrial fibrillation. RESULTS: Of the 302 patients, 127 (42%) had atrial fibrillation; 41 had it after discharge, and for 10 it was their first episode. The first episode occurred at a mean of 2.9 days after surgery (SD, 3.1; range, day of surgery to 21 days after surgery). Although palpitations was the most common symptom (17%), most episodes of atrial fibrillation (69%) were not associated with symptoms. Independent predictors of atrial fibrillation were age 65 years or greater, history of intermittent atrial fibrillation, atrial pacing, male sex, white race, and not having hyperlipidemia. Independent predictors of atrial fibrillation after discharge from the hospital were having atrial fibrillation while hospitalized, valve surgery, and pulmonary hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Atrial fibrillation is common after cardiac surgery and often occurs after discharge from the hospital and without accompanying symptoms. Outpatient monitoring may be warranted in patients with characteristics that place them at increased risk for atrial fibrillation.     

Prevalence and risk factors for acute kidney injury among trauma patients: a multicenter cohort study

Background

Organ failure, including acute kidney injury (AKI), is the third leading cause of death after bleeding and brain injury in trauma patients. We sought to assess the prevalence, the risk factors and the impact of AKI on outcome after trauma.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from a multicenter trauma registry. AKI was defined according to the risk, injury, failure, loss of kidney function and end-stage kidney disease (RIFLE) classification from serum creatinine only. Prehospital and early hospital risk factors for AKI were identified using logistic regression analysis. The predictive models were internally validated using bootstrapping resampling technique.

Results

We included 3111 patients in the analysis. The incidence of AKI was 13% including 7% stage R, 3.7% stage I and 2.3% stage F. AKI incidence rose to 42.5% in patients presenting with hemorrhagic shock; 96% of AKI occurred within the 5 first days after trauma. In multivariate analysis, prehospital variables including minimum prehospital mean arterial pressure, maximum prehospital heart rate, secondary transfer to the trauma center and data early collected after hospital admission including injury severity score, renal trauma, blood lactate and hemorrhagic shock were independent risk factors in the models predicting AKI. The model had good discrimination with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.85 (0.82–0.88) to predict AKI stage I or F and 0.80 (0.77–0.83) to predict AKI of all stages. Rhabdomyolysis severity, assessed by the creatine kinase peak, was an additional independent risk factor for AKI when it was forced into the model (OR 1.041 (1.015–1.069) per step of 1000?U/mL, p <?0.001). AKI was independently associated with a twofold increase in ICU mortality.

Conclusions

AKI has an early onset and is independently associated with mortality in trauma patients. Its prevalence varies by a factor 3 according to the severity of injuries and hemorrhage. Prehospital and early hospital risk factors can provide good performance for early prediction of AKI after trauma. Hence, studies aiming to prevent AKI should target patients at high risk of AKI and investigate therapies early in the course of trauma care.

     

半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C在心脏术后急性肾损伤早期诊断中的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨血半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C(Cystatin C,CyC)和尿CyC在早期诊断心脏术后急性肾损伤(acute kjidney injury,AKI)中的价值.方法 收集符合入选条件的南通大学附属医院心脏外科患者36例,按以下时间点同时收集所有入选患者的血和尿标本:手术当天术前(麻醉诱导后即刻)、术后即刻(体外循环后即刻或非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术的最后一支旁路移植血管再灌注后)、达ICU时、入ICU 6 h、术后1～7 d每天一次.采用颗粒增强散射免疫比浊法(PENIA)检测血和尿中的CyC浓度,采用酶法测定血和尿中肌酐的浓度.AKI定义为术后48 h内血肌酐峰值较术前基础值上升50%.结果 ①AKI组血CyC随时间的变化与非AKI组比较差异有统计学意义(F=16.03,P<0.0001).ROC分析表达入ICU 6 h血CyC在AKI诊断中准确性高(AUC=0.779).当以入ICU 6 h的血CyC为诊断AKI的指标(血CyC截断值为0.845)时,灵敏度为0.80,特异度为0.714.②AKI组尿CyC随时间的变化与非AKI组比较差异有统计学意义(F=2.39,P=0.038).ROC分析表达尿CyC在术后早期各时间点的AUC值均低于0.70(P均>0.05),表明尿CyC不是AKI早期有效的诊断指标.结论 血CyC是诊断心脏术后AKI早期有效的生物学标志物;尿CyC是诊断心脏术后AKI的指标,但不是早期有效的生物学标志物.     

目标导向肾脏替代疗法治疗心脏术后急性肾损伤

目的 比较目标导向肾脏替代疗法(GDRRT)与每日高容量血液滤过(dHVHF)治疗心脏手术后急性肾损伤(AKI)的疗效及其安全性.方法 回顾性分析2002年1月至2010年9月128例心脏手术后发生AKI,并接受肾脏替代治疗(RRT)患者的临床资料,比较GDRRT与dHVHF后的临床转归和不良事件发生率等.结果 GDRRT组(64例)和dHVHF组(64例)患者院内病死率均为43.75％;28 d病死率GDRRT组略低,但差异无统计学意义(43.75％比57.81％,P=0.055),dHVHF组住重症监护病房(ICU)时间(h)和机械通气时间(d)均明显长于GDRRT组[356.5(176.3,554.6)比238.3(119.6,440.9),P=0.023;8.0(5.0,16.0)比6.0(3.0,13.5),P=0.042].两组住院时间无明显差异.采用logistic多因素回归分析校正混杂因素后,GDRRT组肾功能完全恢复率显著高于dHVHF组(39.1％比18.8％,P＜0.01);肾功能部分恢复率低于dHVHF组,但差异无统计学意义(3.1％比9.4％,P＞0.05).dHVHF组RRT治疗期间血肌酐(SCr)最高值及出院时SCr值均显著高于GDRRT组(μmol/L:最高值559.0±236.0比440.4±192.0,出院值381.4±267.0比271.2±164.4,均P＜0.01).RRT治疗72 h内GDRRT组和dHVHF组低血压发生率、平均动脉压(mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)差异无统计学意义(35.9％比37.5％,82±13比81±15,均P＞0.05);dHVHF组心动过速及凝血事件发生率高于GDRRT组(78.1％比59.4％,35.9％比20.3％,均P＜0.05).dHVHF组住院期间治疗费用(万元)明显高于GDRRT组(1.500±0.280比0.985±0.300,P＜0.01).结论 GDRRT治疗心脏术后AKI安全有效,短期生存率及安全性与dHVHF相近,而在改善肾脏预后方面的作用 及降低治疗费用均优于dHVHF.     

Incidence,characteristics and risk factors of medical device-related pressure injuries: An observational cohort study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the cumulative incidence, characteristics, and risk factors of medical device-related pressure injuries (MDRPIs), including patient outcomes, in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a university hospital.Research methodology/designA prospective observational cohort study.SettingThe study was conducted in an university hospital between November 2019 and October 2020.MethodsThe study included patients over the age of 18 years who had a device in situ and stayed in the ICU for more than 24 h. Each device was monitored twice a day for 15 days; the clinical assessment was performed daily until ICU discharge or death. The Case Report Form, MDRPI Monitoring Form, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE-II), Braden Scale, National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP) staging and categories, and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) were used for data collection. Patients with and without MDRPIs were compared for demographic and clinical characteristics, length of ICU stay, and mortality by using t-test and Chi-square test. Cumulative incidence was calculated. Logistic regression model was used to investigate risk factors.ResultsThe incidence rate of MDRPIs was 48.8% (84/172 patients). Most of the MDRPIs developed in the mucosa; hence, they could not be staged (63.7%). Of the remaining MDRPIs on the skin, 18.7%, 13%, and 4.6% were categorized as Stage I, II, and III, respectively. In terms of anatomical locations, most commonly occurred in the head and neck region (62.3%). Among the twelve medical devices that caused MDRPIs, endotracheal tubes (61 cases), urinary catheters (46 cases), nasogastric tubes (30 cases) and non-invasive masks (17 cases) were most commonly reported. In multivariate analysis, age (46–64 years) (p = 0.008, OR = 12.457), history of cardiovascular diseases (p = 0.021, OR = 0.044), administration of vasopressors (p = 0.013, OR = 0.089), length of ICU stay (≥22 days, p = 0.048, OR = 0.055) and requirement for mechanical ventilation (p = 0.028, OR = 10.252) were identified as independent risk factors of the occurrence of MDRPI.ConclusionsThis study provides a comprehensive understanding of the risk of MDRPI in critically ill adults. The incidence of MDRPIs was high and was associated with several factors. It is critical that MDRPIs are taken seriously by all members of the healthcare team, especially nurses, and that protocols should be established for improvements.     

Severe electrolyte disorders following cardiac surgery: a prospective controlled observational study

Introduction

Electrolyte disorders are an important cause of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias as well as various other complications in the intensive care unit. Patients undergoing cardiac surgery are at risk for development of tachyarrhythmias, especially in the period during and immediately after surgical intervention. Preventing electrolyte disorders is thus an important goal of therapy in such patients. However, although levels of potassium are usually measured regularly in these patients, other electrolytes such as magnesium, phosphate and calcium are measured far less frequently. We hypothesized that patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures might be at risk for electrolyte depletion, and we therefore conducted the present study to assess electrolyte levels in such patients.

Methods

Levels of magnesium, phosphate, potassium, calcium and sodium were measured in 500 consecutive patients undergoing various cardiac surgical procedures who required extracorporeal circulation (group 1). A total of 250 patients admitted to the intensive care unit following other major surgical procedures served as control individuals (group 2). Urine electrolyte excretion was measured in a subgroup of 50 patients in both groups.

Results

All cardiac patients received 1 l cardioplegia solution containing 16 mmol potassium and 16 mmol magnesium. In addition, intravenous potassium supplementation was greater in cardiac surgery patients (mean ± standard error: 10.2 ± 4.8 mmol/hour in cardiac surgery patients versus 1.3 ± 1.0 in control individuals; P < 0.01), and most (76% versus 2%; P < 0.01) received one or more doses of magnesium (on average 2.1 g) for clinical reasons, mostly intraoperative arrhythmia. Despite these differences in supplementation, electrolyte levels decreased significantly in cardiac surgery patients, most of whom (88% of cardiac surgery patients versus 20% of control individuals; P < 0.001) met criteria for clinical deficiency in one or more electrolytes. Electrolyte levels were as follows (mmol/l [mean ± standard error]; cardiac patients versus control individuals): phosphate 0.43 ± 0.22 versus 0.92 ± 0.32 (P < 0.001); magnesium 0.62 ± 0.24 versus 0.95 ± 0.27 (P < 0.001); calcium 1.96 ± 0.41 versus 2.12 ± 0.33 (P < 0.001); and potassium 3.6 ± 0.70 versus 3.9 ± 0.63 (P < 0.01). Magnesium levels in patients who had not received supplementation were 0.47 ± 0.16 mmol/l in group 1 and 0.95 ± 0.26 mmol/l in group 2 (P < 0.001). Urinary excretion of potassium, magnesium and phosphate was high in group 1 (data not shown), but this alone could not completely account for the observed electrolyte depletion.

Conclusion

Patients undergoing cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation are at high risk for electrolyte depletion, despite supplementation of some electrolytes, such as potassium. The probable mechanism is a combination of increased urinary excretion and intracellular shift induced by a combination of extracorporeal circulation and decreased body temperature during surgery (hypothermia induced diuresis). Our findings may partly explain the high risk of tachyarrhythmia in patients who have undergone cardiac surgery. Prophylactic supplementation of potassium, magnesium and phosphate should be seriously considered in all patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures, both during surgery and in the immediate postoperative period. Levels of these electrolytes should be monitored frequently in such patients.