他达拉非联合复方玄驹胶囊治疗勃起功能障碍的疗效分析

目的探讨他达拉非联合复方玄驹胶囊治疗勃起功能障碍（ED）的临床疗效。方法将确诊为ED的87例患者随机分成两组,A组（他达拉非+复方玄驹胶囊）42例,B组（单用他达拉非）45例,均治疗8周。比较两组患者治疗前后国际勃起功能指数（IIEF-5）评估结果及药物不良反应发生率。结果A、B组治疗后IIEF-5评分均较治疗前明显升高（均P＜0.05）。治疗前,两组IIEF-5评分比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;治疗8周后,A组IIEF-5评分明显高于B组（P＜0.05）。治疗期间,A组出现头痛、消化不良、鼻塞等不良反应5、3、1例,B组出现头痛、消化不良、鼻塞等不良反应4、1、2例;两组患者药物不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论他达拉非联合复方玄驹胶囊治疗ED的疗效较单用他达拉非更好,且安全性也同样较好。     

针药结合治疗勃起功能障碍的临床研究

目的观察针药结合治疗勃起功能障碍(ED)的临床疗效和安全性。方法将80例符合纳入标准的ED患者,按随机数字表法随机分为两组,每组40例,对照组给予口服复方玄驹胶囊的同时口服西地那非片,治疗组在对照组的治疗基础上给予针刺治疗。观察两组患者治疗前、治疗3个月后的IIEF-5评分以及不良反应发生情况。结果两组病例治疗后愈显率比较,治疗组明显优于对照组(P0.05);治疗后两组IIEF-5评分均明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);两组治疗后IIEF-5评分和差值比较,治疗组明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论针药结合治疗ED的临床疗效明显,可改善患者的伴随症状及自信心,减少西地那非片的用量。     

芪贞颗粒对重型斑秃患者外周血糖皮质激素受体水平的影响

目的 观察芪贞颗粒治疗重型斑秃的临床疗效及探讨其作用机理.通过检测患者治疗前后外周血糖皮质激素受体(GR)含量,了解芪贞颗粒在治疗重型斑秃的过程中对患者外周血糖皮质激素受体(GR)含量的影响.方法 将90例合格纳入的重型斑秃患者随机分为单纯中药组(A组)、单纯西药组(B组)、中西药组(C组),分别接受相应治疗,3个月为1疗程,治疗2个疗程判定疗效.现察其临床疗效,并检测治疗前后外周血糖皮质激素受体(GR)含量.结果 (1)3组经药物治疗后,其中C组与A组、B组脱发症状积分及临床疗效比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),A组与B组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);(2)3组治疗前后GR含量比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);治疗后B组与A组、C组GR含量比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),A组与C组GR含量比较差异也有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 3种疗法治疗肝肾不足型重型斑秃均有效,其中芪贞颗粒联合泼尼松治疗肝肾不足型重型斑秃临床疗效显著,芪贞颗粒能提高肝肾不足型重型斑秃患者体内的GR水平、增强机体对糖皮质激素(GC)的敏感性.     

Ⅲ型慢性前列腺炎合并勃起功能障碍的中西结合治疗临床观察

目的 探讨花粉芪奴汤结合伐地那非治疗Ⅲ型慢性前列腺炎(CP/CPPS)合并勃起功能障碍(ED)的疗效.方法 CP/CPPS合并ED患者138例,随机分为两组:治疗组70例,使用花粉芪奴汤4周后加用伐地那非治疗;对照组68例持续使用花粉芪奴汤8周.分别于第4和第8周末进行NIH-CPSI评分和IIEF-5评分观察疗效.结果 4周末治疗组和对照组NIH-CPSI分别为13.1±4.7和13.3±4.5,较治疗前均显著下降(P＜0.01),两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),两组IIEF-5评分分别为14.1±3.3和14.3±5.0,较治疗前有所上升(P＜0.01),但两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).8周后治疗组NIH-CPSI评分7.8±2.8、IIEF-5评分20.1±4.4与4周末比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01);对照组NIH-CPSI评分12.7±2.3、IIEF-5评分14.3±4.5、与4周末比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);两组间NIH-CPSI与IIEF-5评分比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),治疗组IIEF-5评分值与NIH-CPSI值呈负相关关系.结论 对CP/CPPS合并ED患者在使用花粉芪奴汤加用伐地那非能有效治疗ED,同时使NIH-CPSI评分降低,促进CP/CPPS恢复.     

氯喹那多/普罗雌烯治疗老年性阴道炎疗效观察

目的 分析探讨门诊不同方案治疗老年性阴道炎的临床疗效.方法 收集180例老年性阴道炎患者,分为A组、B组与C组,每组60例,A组患者应用氯喹那多/普罗雌烯治疗,B组应用替硝唑泡腾片治疗,C组应用雌三醇栓治疗,两个疗程后比较3组患者临床疗效、症状及阴道健康评分,疾病治愈时间,并进行统计学分析.结果 A组临床有效率为91.67％,明显优于B组的76.67％与C组的81.67％,而B组与C组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);A组患者症状评分低于B组与C组(均P＜0.05),而B组同C组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);A组阴道健康评分明显高于B组与C组(均P＜0.05),而B组与C组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);A组疾病治愈时间最短,C组次之,B组最长,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 氯喹那多/普罗雌烯治疗老年性阴道炎效果肯定,可明显改善症状及阴道环境,减少患者痛苦,缩短疗程,且应用方法简单易行,临床值得推广应用.     

氨溴特罗联合孟鲁司特对儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘的症状评分和肺功能的影响

目的 评价氨溴特罗联合孟鲁司特对儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)的症状评分和肺功能的影响.方法将90例CVA患儿随机分为A、B、C 3组,每组30例.A组给予孟鲁司特治疗,B组给予孟鲁司特联合氨溴特罗治疗,C组给予氨溴特罗治疗.观察3组治疗后的哮喘控制测试评分(C-ACT)及肺功能(PEF变异率)的改变.结果 治疗后2周B组C-ACT评分明显高于A组和C组,差异均有统计学意义( P ＜0.05);A组和C组比较差异无统计学意义( P ＞0.05).治疗后4周C-ACT评分A、B、C 3组比较差异无统计学意义( P ＞0.05).治疗后2周PEF变异率B组明显低于A组和C组,差异均有统计学意义( P ＜0.05);A组和C组比较差异无统计学意义( P ＞0.05).治疗后4周PEF变异率A、B、C 3组比较差异无统计学意义( P ＞0.05).结论 氨溴特罗能显著改善CVA患儿的C-ACT评分和肺功能,与孟鲁司特联合使用,有叠加作用.     

银质针导热疗法与整骨理筋疗法对腰椎间盘突出症的治疗研究

目的探讨整骨理筋疗法与银质针导热疗法治疗腰椎间盘突出症的互补作用及机制。方法选择2007年2月—2011年8月我科收治的腰椎间盘突出症患者90例。按随机数字表法分成三组：整骨理筋组（A组）,银质针导热组（B组）,整骨理筋联合银质针导热组（C组）,每组30例。A组采用整骨理筋疗法,1次/周。B组采用银质针导热疗法1次/周。C组先后采用整骨理筋疗法和银质针导热疗法,各1次。比较三组患者治疗前、治疗后3个月和6个月疼痛数字评分及治疗后3个月的临床体征改善情况。结果所有患者均完成治疗和指标评定。（1）治疗后3个月三组疼痛数字评分值与治疗前比较均有降低,而C组更为明显（P〈0.01）。治疗后6个月,三组患者的疼痛症状大多数获得控制,以C组更为明显（P〈0.01）。其中A、B组与C组比较,以及A组与B组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。（2）治疗后3个月各组临床体征均较治疗前明显改善,尤其是直腿抬高试验阳性率,C组与A组、B组比较差异均有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）,A组与B组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。（3）A、B、C三组的有效率（痊愈及有效）分别为56.7%、56.7%和80.0%,C组与A、B组比较差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论银质针导热疗法与整骨理筋疗法均是治疗腰椎间盘突出症的有效疗法,联合应用效果更好。     

软双相心境障碍患者听觉P300研究

目的 探讨软双相抑郁患者的事件相关电位P300情况.方法 分别测定63例以抑郁为首发的双相障碍者（A组）、63例单相抑郁者（B组）及39例健康体检者（C组）的事件相关电位P300,并进行比较.结果 A、B组初诊时的汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评分差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.3组N2潜伏期差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;3组P3潜伏期差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,A、B组与C组差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）,而A组与B组间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;3组N2波幅及P3波幅差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）,其中A、B两组相对C组N2及P3波幅较低,且A组波幅降低更明显（均P＜0.05）.结论 软双相与单相抑郁者均存在认知功能障碍,软双相患者相对更为严重.     

不同手术对男性尿道狭窄手术患者术后勃起功能的影响

目的研究不同手术对男性尿道狭窄手术患者术后勃起功能的影响。方法选取河南科技大学第二附属医院2012年8月至2014年12月83例尿道狭窄的男性患者为研究对象,根据手术方式分为尿道内切开术31例(A组)、狭窄处阴茎皮瓣重建术28例(B组)、尿道端端吻合术24例(C组),比较3组术前和术后勃起功能(IIEF-5)及性生活质量(SLQQ)评分,并记录勃起功能障碍(ED)发生率。结果 3组术后IIEF-5和SLQQ评分均低于术前,差异有统计学意义(P>0.05);术后A组和B组IIEF-5和SLQQ评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),C组显著低于A组和B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组和B组ED发生率分别为6.45%和10.71%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),A组ED发生率显著低于C组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),B组ED发生率高于C组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论男性尿道狭窄手术均可导致患者术后勃起功能及性生活质量降低,而尿道端端吻合术术后勃起功能障碍的发生率较尿道内切开术、狭窄处阴茎皮瓣重建术更高,且性生活质量较低,临床需慎重使用。     

奥美沙坦酯对男性高血压患者性功能的影响

目的 探讨奥美沙坦酯及苯磺酸氨氯地平对男性高血压患者性功能的影响。方法 选取2012年1月-2014年6月在江阴市中医院门诊就诊的男性高血压患者160例（高血压分级为1～2级）,采用随机数字表法将患者分为奥美沙坦酯组和苯磺酸氨氯地平组,各80例。奥美沙坦酯组给予奥美沙坦酯20 mg/d口服,苯磺酸氨氯地平组给予苯磺酸氨氯地平5 mg/d口服,疗程均为24周。观察两组治疗前后性功能和血清睾酮、雌二醇水平的变化。性功能评定按照勃起功能国际问卷-5（IIEF-5）进行问卷调查,主要通过勃起功能、性交满意度、达到高潮能力、性欲、总体满意度分值评价男性性功能。结果 奥美沙坦酯组和苯磺酸氨氯地平组各有5例患者因血压持续不达标而退出。两组患者治疗后收缩压、舒张压比较,差异均无统计学意义（t=0.802、0.811,P＞0.05）。治疗前两组勃起功能、性交满意度、达到高潮能力、性欲、总体满意度分值比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;治疗后两组性交满意度、达到高潮能力、总体满意度分值比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;奥美沙坦酯组勃起功能、性欲评分均高于苯磺酸氨氯地平组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;奥美沙坦酯组治疗后勃起功能、性欲评分高于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。两组治疗前勃起功能障碍（ED）发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.027,P=0.870）;两组治疗后ED发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（χ2=2.807,P=0.094）。奥美沙坦酯组治疗后ED发生率低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义（χ2=4.120,P＜0.05）;苯磺酸氨氯地平组治疗后ED发生率与治疗前比较,差异无统计学意义（χ2=2.811,P=0.094）。治疗前两组睾酮、雌二醇水平比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;治疗后两组雌二醇水平比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;奥美沙坦酯组睾酮水平高于苯磺酸氨氯地平组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。奥美沙坦酯组治疗后睾酮水平高于治疗前,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 奥美沙坦酯能提高男性高血压患者睾酮水平,改善性功能。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.