Hyperpolarized helium‐3 magnetic resonance imaging of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation

A chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exsmoker underwent pulmonary function tests and hyperpolarized helium‐3 (³He) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) serially over 4 years, twice prior to and twice following an acute exacerbation (AE). About 2.5 years pre‐AE, ³He ventilation defect percent (VDP) was 16%, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was 0.34 cm²/s, and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV₁) was 41%_pred. Six months pre‐AE, VDP and ADC were worse (29% and 0.38 cm²/s, respectively) without worsening FEV₁ (47%_pred). After hospitalization and AE treatment, VDP was 20%, whereas FEV₁ did not improve (45%_pred); 16 months post‐AE, both VDP and ADC remained improved and similar to 4 years prior. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;37:1223–1227. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病影像组学研究进展

影像组学在探究慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）的发生、发展规律,拓展其评估方法以及提高对COPD病人异质性的分析及其肺功能,恶性事件发生和治疗疗效的预测能力等方面取得了一定进展,从而为COPD病人选择个性化治疗方案奠定了基础。就COPD的早期发现,肺气肿的识别、分类及评估,以及气道和心血管改变及肺部通气情况评估和COPD预测模型及其表型开发的影像组学研究进展予以综述,并阐述其局限性及未来的研究方向。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病病人右心室功能改变的影像学研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是临床常见的慢性呼吸系统疾病,常继发右心功能不全,增加病人死亡风险。COPD病人右心室功能改变的精准及多方式影像评价已成为研究的热点。超声心动图、CT、心脏MR成像、放射性核素等成像技术是目前无创性评价COPD右心室功能改变的主要方法。就COPD导致右心室功能改变的机制以及各种影像技术的应用进展及其优劣予以综述。     

Hyperpolarized 3He magnetic resonance imaging of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: reproducibility at 3.0 tesla

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: We assessed subjects with stage II and stage III chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and age-matched healthy volunteers at a single center using (3)He magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3.0 T. Measurements of the (3)He apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and center coronal slice (3)He ventilation defect volume (VDV) were examined for same-day and 7-day reproducibility as well as subgroup comparisons. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four subjects who provided written informed consent (15 males; mean age 67 +/-7 years) with stage II (n = 9), stage III COPD (n = 7), and age-matched healthy volunteers (n = 8) were enrolled based on their age and pulmonary function test results. All subjects underwent plethysmography, spirometry, and MRI at 3.0 T. The time frame between scans was 7 +/- 2 minutes (same-day rescan) and again 7 +/- 2 days later (7-day rescan). (3)He ADC and VDV reproducibility was evaluated using linear regression, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Lin's concordance correlation coefficients (CCC). RESULTS: ADC reproducibility was high for same-day rescan (r(2) = 0.934) and 7-day rescan (r(2) = 0.960, ICC and CCC of 0.96 and 0.98, respectively). Same-day rescan VDV reproducibility evaluated using the ICC and CCC (0.97 and 0.98, respectively) as well as linear regression (r(2) = 0.941) was also high, but VDV 7-day rescan reproducibility was lower and significantly different (r(2) = 0.576, P < .001, ICC 0.74, CCC 0.75, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Hyperpolarized (3)He MRI was well-tolerated in subjects with stage II and stage III COPD. Seven-day repeated scanning was highly reproducible for ADC and moderately reproducible for VDV.     

定量CT评估慢性阻塞性肺疾病的研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）的病理改变主要包括慢性支气管炎和肺气肿。定量CT（QCT）能够直接观察和量化肺实质的细微变化,有助于推测COPD的病理生理过程,对COPD的诊断和疗效评价具有重要价值。就QCT在评估肺气肿、气道病变、血管损伤及COPD表型上的应用研究进展予以综述。     

Quantitative H and hyperpolarized He magnetic resonance imaging: Comparison in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and healthy never-smokers

Objective

The aim of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the relationship between short echo time pulmonary ¹H magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity (SI) and ³He MRI apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC), high-resolution computed tomography (CT) measurements of emphysema, and pulmonary function measurements.

Materials and methods

Nine healthy never-smokers and 11 COPD subjects underwent same-day plethysmography, spirometry, short echo time ((TE) = 1.2 ms) ¹H and diffusion-weighted hyperpolarized ³He MRI (b = 1.6 s/cm²) at 3.0 T. In addition, for COPD subjects only, CT densitometry was also performed.

Results

Mean ¹H SI was significantly greater for never-smokers (12.1 ± 1.1 arbitrary units (AU)) compared to COPD subjects (10.9 ± 1.3 AU, p = 0.04). The ¹H SI AP-gradient was also significantly greater for never-smokers (0.40 AU/cm, R² = 0.94) compared to COPD subjects (0.29 AU/cm, R² = 0.968, p = 0.05). There was a significant correlation between ¹H SI and ³He ADC (r = −0.58, p = 0.008) and significant correlations between ¹H MR SI and CT measurements of emphysema (RA₉₅₀, r = −0.69, p = 0.02 and HU₁₅, r = 0.66, p = 0.03).

Conclusions

The significant and moderately strong relationship between ¹H SI and ³He ADC, as well as between ¹H SI and CT measurements of emphysema suggests that these imaging methods and measurements may be quantifying similar tissue changes in COPD and that pulmonary ¹H SI may be used to monitor emphysema as a complement to CT and noble gas MRI.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病右心室功能影像学研究新进展

右心室功能的准确评估对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）的临床诊断及治疗至关重要。鉴于右心室几何形状复杂,传统影像检查方法对于其功能评价的准确性受到制约。近年来随着超声心动图组织多普勒成像(TDI)及应变率成像（SRI）技术的临床应用,多层螺旋ＣＴ时间分辨率提高及对比剂注射方案的优化,CMRI电影及相位对比技术的发展,放射性核素的各种新技术在心脏形态和功能评价中取得突破,使得影像技术客观、准确、定量地评估COPD病人右心室功能成为可能。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病的病理基础与HRCT的对比研究

目的:通过HRCT的表现来揭示慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的病理进程,为临床及早干预及选择治疗方案提供依据。方法:分析96例临床确诊的COPD病例的HRCT表现与56例无COPD病史的外伤病例作对照,从中央气道病变,外周气道病变,肺实质病变及肺血管病变等四方面来评估COPD的病理学改变。结果:COPD的中央气道T,T/D,Ai,WA%及TI等指标与对照组比较,差异有显著性(P<0.01),外周气道的显示率,肺气肿及“马赛克灌注”的发生率均较对照组高,经统计学检验,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论:HRCT可以从影像学角度反映COPD的病理改变,结合肺功能检查,可更准确地揭示COPD的病程发展,从而为临床选择治疗方案提供客观依据。     

Hyperpolarized 3He magnetic resonance imaging of ventilation defects in healthy elderly volunteers: initial findings at 3.0 Tesla

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Hyperpolarized (3)He magnetic resonance imaging ventilation defects have been observed in subjects with respiratory disorders. We quantified (3)He ventilation defects in elderly and middle-aged subjects who had no history of smoking, respiratory, or cardiovascular disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hyperpolarized (3)He magnetic resonance imaging ventilation defect volume (VDV) and ventilation defect score (VDS) were assessed in eight elderly healthy volunteers (mean 67+/-6 years) scanned twice within 7+/-2 minutes and again 7+/-2 days later. A younger cohort of 24 subjects (mean 44+/-10 years) was also scanned for direct comparison. Four observers blinded to scan timepoint and subject identity scored VDS and manually segmented VDV in all center coronal slices. RESULTS: Center coronal slice ventilation defects were observed in six of eight elderly subjects (ages 63-74 years, 5 males) in all scans acquired and in no middle-aged subjects. At the scan timepoint, mean VDS was 2.7 (mean VDV 52+/-34 cm(3)), whereas for same-day rescan, mean VDS was 2.5 (mean VDV 53+/-35 cm(3)) and at 7-day rescan, mean VDS was 3.6 (mean VDV 48+/-39 cm(3)). Interscan coefficients of variation (COV) for mean VDV was 1.8% (same-day rescan) and 5.3% (7-day rescan) and interobserver COV ranged from 10-12%. CONCLUSION: Elderly subjects have ventilation defects that are reproducible in same-day scanning and 7-day scanning visits. The observation of reproducible pulmonary ventilation defects in otherwise healthy elderly volunteers suggests caution must be used in interpreting results from (3)He studies of elderly subjects.     

组织多普勒成像技术在慢性阻塞性肺病患者左室功能评价中应用

目的探讨组织多普勒成像(TDI)技术的时间间隔指标在评价慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者左室功能中的应用。方法选取临床确诊且病情稳定的COPD患者68例为COPD组,计算常规超声心动指标和TDI时间间隔指标,包括收缩时间(ST),射血时间(ET),充盈时间(FT)等容收缩时间(IVCT),并计算IVCT/ET,IVRT/FT和心肌组织性能指标(MPI),即(IVCT+IVRT)/ET。选择同期健康老人(年龄>60岁)50例为对照组。结果在常规超声心动指标中,COPD患者较对照组E峰速度减低,A峰速度升高,E/A比值减小,E峰减速时间(EDT)延长,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。TDI时间间隔指标中,IVCT与IVRT明显延长,ET、ST、FT明显缩短,IVCT/ET及IVRT/FT均明显增加,MPI明显增大,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 TDI技术时间间隔指标能够为评价COPD患者左室功能提供有价值信息。     

CT肺动脉成像在COPD中的应用

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)呈进行性恶化性发展,随病情进展将发生肺血管结构重塑、肺循环血流动力学改变、慢性肺源性心脏病,甚至导致死亡。CT肺动脉成像(CTPA)通过测量肺动脉及右心室各径线,可观察双肺及胸腔的情况,从而对COPD的病变过程进行动态监测,同时能够提供右心改变的信息,完成诊断并评估其严重程度。当CTPA联合超声及MRI检查时,可为临床选择治疗决策提供更多信息。就CTPA在COPD中的应用作一综述。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病的早期诊断

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD）是一种严重影响人类健康的疾病,且其发病率逐年上升,而COPD的早期诊断可能对于防止疾病进一步恶化及随后众多并发症的出现具有重要意义。因此,为探讨COPD早期诊断的方法及其意义,作者综合分析近几年关于COPD早期诊断的国内外文献,为日后人们认识、诊断和治疗COPD提供新思路。     

烟雾病的MRI、MRA诊断价值

 目的探讨MRI、MRA对烟雾病(Moyamoya病)的诊断价值.方法对11例Moyamoya病患者行MRI和MRA检查,MRI包括横轴位和矢状位T1WI、T2WI、FLAIR;MRA采用3D TOF法,3例行增强MRA.结果MRI表现为:(1)Moyamoya血管:双侧3例,单侧8例;(2)脑梗死和脑软化灶11例;(3)局部脑萎缩3例.MRA表现为3例双侧颈内动脉狭窄,双侧大脑中、前动脉闭塞,大脑后动脉形成异常血管网;6例右侧颈内动脉、大脑中动脉狭窄;2例左侧颈内动脉、大脑中动脉狭窄.结论MRI能良好的显示脑内病变,MRA能较完整的显示异常血管,MRI与MRA相结合可作为烟雾病诊断的首选检查方法.     

Evaluation of right ventricular function by 64-row CT in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cor pulmonale

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical application value of right ventricle (RV) function measured by 64 multi-detector row CT (MDCT) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cor pulmonale.

Materials and methods

Sixty-three consecutive patients with COPD and cor pulmonale were referred for electrocardiographically gated MDCT for evaluation of suspected or known coronary artery disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for cardiac function analysis was performed on the same day. The MDCT and MRI examinations were successfully completed in 58 patients. Forty-six patients with COPD were divided into three groups according to the severity of disease by the pulmonary function test (PFT). Twelve patients diagnosed as cor pulmonale and 32 control subjects were also included. The RV function and myocardial mass (MM) were obtained by 64-MDCT and 1.5 T cardiac MRI in all of the groups. The results were compared among the groups using the Newman–Keuls method. Pearson's correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between the right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) and MM with the PFT results in COPD and cor pulmonale patients.

Results

The RVEF was significantly lower in patients with severe COPD and cor pulmonale than it was in those patients with mild or moderate COPD (P < 0.01). There were strong correlations between MDCT and MRI (r = 0.826 for RV MM, r = 0.982 and 0.969 for RV EDV and RV ESV, r = 0.899 for RVEF) and between MDCT results and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (r = 0.787 for RVEF, r = −0.774 for RV MM) in all patients.

Conclusion

MDCT can accurately quantify RV function and MM. The RVEF and RV MM measured by MDCT correlate well with the severity of disease as determined by PFT in patients with COPD and cor pulmonale. The assessment of right ventricular function is clinically important for evaluation of the severity of COPD, which may provide an objective basis for therapeutic strategy.     

Volume of pulmonary lobes and segments in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases calculated using newly developed three-dimensional software

Purpose  The aim of this study was to measure the volume of each pulmonary segment by volumetric computed tomography (CT) data using a newly developed three-dimensional software application and to identify the differences between those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and controls. Materials and methods  CT scans of 11 COPD patients and 16 controls were included. The volume of each pulmonary segment was measured by each of two operators to evaluate the reproducibility of the software. This measured volume was then divided by the total lung volume to revise individual variations. Results  Volumes of the right (rt) S2, rt S5, left (lt) S1 + S2, lt S3, and lt S5 were significantly larger in COPD patients than in controls (P < 0.05). Regarding the ratio of the volume of each pulmonary segment per total lung volume, the areas of rt S2 and lt S1 + S2 were significantly larger in COPD patients than in controls (P < 0.05), whereas lt S10 was significantly smaller in COPD patients than in controls (P < 0.05). Conclusion  We measured the volume of each pulmonary segment based on volumetric CT data using this software. In addition, we demonstrated that the upper lung volume of COPD subjects was larger than that of controls, whereas the lower lung volumes were almost the same.     

Cat scratch disease: magnetic resonance imaging findings

Cat scratch disease is an infectious lymphadenitis frequently occurring in children and adolescents. We present the magnetic resonance imaging findings of two patients with this disease. In both cases, lymphadenopathy was characterized by extensive stranding of the surrounding soft tissues, consistent with the inflammatory nature of this condition. Magnetic resonance imaging can be diagnostic and may obviate the need for invasive means of evaluation in patients suspected of having cat scratch disease.     

平山病的MRI诊断

目的：探讨平山病（hirayama disease）的MR影像学表现,提高对该病的认识。方法通过查阅相关文献,回顾性分析2例临床已确诊的平山病MR自然位和过屈位影像表现,观察其低位颈髓的动态变化,并与健康自愿者的同条件扫描影像相比较,总结平山病的MR影像学表现。结果①自然位：曲线多有异常,下段颈髓萎缩,髓内可有异常信号,有失连接现象;②过屈位：所有患者均出现颈髓前移、变扁,硬脊膜后有月牙形、集簇状异常信号影;③2例患者强化检查示过屈位脊膜后异常信号影有强化;④志愿者自然位扫描显示颈椎曲度自然,颈髓粗细均匀,不存在失连接现象,过屈位脊膜后无异常信号影。结论MR颈椎检查特别是过屈位扫描能够显示出平山病的特征性影像学改变,对于平山病的早期诊断具有重大价值。     

增强超高速MRI在犬慢性心肌梗塞的初步应用

目的：应用超高速磁共振成像（ＭＲＩ）观察犬慢性心肌梗塞的心肌灌注。材料与方法：采用聚氯乙烯狭窄器闭胸制备犬慢性心肌梗塞模型。心肌灌注成像的参数包括预备反转脉冲１８０°；ＴＥ２毫秒；ＴＲ４．９毫秒；翻转角８°及采集矩阵６４×６４。静脉注射钆－二乙烯三胺五乙酸（Ｇｄ－ＤＴＰＡ）的同时，在３２秒内获得连续图像。结果：左旋支（ＬＣＸ）或左前降支（ＬＡＤ）致窄术５～１０个月后呈９５％狭窄或闭塞。４条犬左心室壁运动减弱，３条犬为运动消失。在光、电镜下见心肌发生纤维化。注射Ｇｄ－ＤＴＰＡ后，右室、左室及心肌信号逐渐明显增强，正常心肌信号远高于梗塞区心肌（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：本研究结果显示Ｇｄ－ＤＴＰＡ增强超高速ＭＲＩ能非创伤地评价心肌缺血     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病海马1H-MRS成像研究

目的 研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者海马氢质子磁共振波谱(1H-MRS)的特点.方法 随机选取32例COPD患者和30例健康志愿者分别纳入研究组和对照组.采用1H-MRS检测双侧海马的N-乙酰基天门冬氨酸(NAA)、胆碱复合物(Cho)和肌酸复合物(Cr).结果 研究组左右侧海马NAA/Cr值均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=4.963,P=0.007和t=4.856,P=0.023);研究组左右侧海马Cho/Cr值均显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=3.469,P=0.013和t=3.019,P=0.047).结论 COPD患者存在海马神经元的代谢异常.