几种药物对高原脱适应者血液流变学的影响

目的探讨银杏叶片、复方红景天、复方党参和刺五加片对高原脱适应者血液流变学的影响。方法将驻守海拔5170m 1年的57名健康青年于返回平原前5天随机分为5组,分别口服银杏叶片(12人)、复方红景天(12人)、刺五加 (11人)、复方党参(11人)和安慰剂(11人),返回平原后第7天停药。停约后清晨采空腹静脉血检测全血粘度、全血还原粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞刚性指数、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞变形指数。结果复方红景天组和复方党参组较安慰剂组全血粘度、红细胞压积、全血还原粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞刚性指数、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞变形指数均降低,有显著性意义(P<0．01或0．05),银杏叶片组较安慰剂组全血粘度中切(30s-1)、全血低切还原粘度、血浆粘度降低,有显著性意义(P<0．01或0．05);复方红景天组和复方党参组较刺五加组全血粘度、全血低切还原粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞刚性指数均降低,有显著性意义(P<0．01或0．05)。结论复方红景天、复方党参和银杏叶片三种药物均具有改善组织微循环及血液流变性的作用,使红细胞变形能力增强,血液粘度下降,血流速度增加。且复方红景天和复方党参要优于银杏叶片。     

西藏高原先心病患者围心脏手术期血液流变学分析

目的探讨西藏高原先心病患者心脏手术期间的血液流变学变化.方法观察高原组(12例)和平原组(12例)患者术前、转流30分、停机后、术后1天、术后3天、术后5天及术后7天的不同切变率下的全血粘度、血浆粘度、全血还原粘度、红细胞压积、红细胞刚性指数及红细胞聚集指数.结果转流期间的各切变率下的全血粘度、血浆粘度均降低(P<0.05),术后1天恢复;红细胞压积、红细胞聚集指数也降低(P<0.05),术后7天才恢复;红细胞刚性指数升高(P<0.05),术后7天恢复.除红细胞刚性指数高原组小于平原组(P<0.05),其他指标高原组均大于平原组(P<0.01).结论高原先心病患者围心脏手术期全血粘度、红细胞聚集性高,红细胞变形性较好,采用控制性稀释技术,有利于微循环灌注.     

高压氧对急进高原和高原人体运动血液流变学的影响

目的探讨高压氧对高原人体血液流变学的影响。方法①在海拔3,700m选择20名已习服半年的男性士兵,分别采用高压氧前(对照组)和高压氧预治疗2次(A组,n=10)及5次(B组,n=10)后(实验组)第2、8天自身对比运动负荷实验,运动结束检测全血粘度、全血还原粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞刚性指数、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞变形指数等血液流变学指标。②对进驻海拔5,380m的20名受试者自海拔1,400m处乘车2天到达海拔3,700m,随机分为高压氧预治疗组(实验组,n=10)和对照组(n=10),实验组连续高压氧预治疗3d,每天1次,第4天历时1天乘车进驻海拔5,380m,进驻第5天清晨空腹采静脉血检测血液流变学指标。⑧对进驻海拔5,200m的29名受试者将其分为高压氧预治疗组(实验组,n=11)和对照组(n=18)。实验组于进入高原前2天在平原(海拔1,400m)接受高压氧预治疗,每天1次,连续预治疗2天,历时5天乘车进驻海拔5,200m,进驻第5天清晨空腹采静脉血检测血液流变学指标。结果①高压氧预治疗可明显降低运动后血液粘度,减少红细胞压积(P<0.01或0.05),并可持续保留5d。②进驻海拔5,200m和5,380m的青年,实验组较对照组全血粘度、红细胞压积、红细胞刚性指数、红细胞变形指数、血浆粘度、全血还原粘度、红细胞高切相对指数和低切相对指数均降低,有显著性差异(P<0.01或0.05);红细胞聚集指数无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论高压氧预治疗可纠正组织缺氧,改善运动后血液流变学指标,预防急性高原病发生。     

富氧水对高原人体血液流变学的干预

目的探讨富氧水对高原人体血液流变学的影响。方法①在海拔3 700m选择10名已习服半年的男性士兵,在海拔5 380m选择10名已习服2个月的男性士兵,均采用口服富氧水前(对照组)后(实验组)的自身对比运动负荷双盲实验,实验组口服5%葡萄糖注射液制成的富氧水,对照组口服5%葡萄糖注射液,均每次500mL,一日2次。运动结束检测全血粘度、全血还原粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞刚性指数、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞变形指数等血液流变学指标。②对首次进驻海拔5 200m的36名男性青年,自海拔1 400m驻地乘汽车2天到达海拔3 700m当日随机分实验组(18人,口服富氧水)和对照组(18人口服5%葡萄糖注射液),口服富氧水,方法同前。直至进入海拔5 200m某哨卡第6 d,共服9d,检测血液流变学指标。结果①海拔3 700m和5 380m负荷运动,实验组较对照组全血粘度、全血还原粘度、红细胞压积、血浆粘度、红细胞刚性指数、红细胞变形指数均降低,有显著性差异(P<0.01或0.05);红细胞高切相对指数和低切相对指数无统计学差异(P>0.05)。海拔3 700m时红细胞聚集指数降低,有显著性差异(P<0.05),海拔5 380m时无统计学差异(P>0.05)。②进驻海拔5 200m的青年,实验组较对照组全血粘度、红细胞压积、红细胞刚性指数、红细胞变形指数、血浆粘度、全血还原粘度、红细胞高切相对指数和低切相对指数均降低,有显著性差异(P<0.01或0.05);红细胞聚集指数无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论富氧水可增加组织对氧的利用,改善微循环,预防急性高原病的发生。     

中老年高血压病人血液流变学指标观察

对34例高血压组患者，进行血液流变学指标观察，同时收集30例来我院体验的健康者作为正常对照组两者进行比较有统计学意义，主要表现在：（1）全血表现粘度在高切，中切，低切，全血坟还原粘度在低切（3．00S^-1,1.00S^-1)及红细胞聚集指数与对照组比较有非常显著性差异（P＜0．01），（2）全血还原粘度在高切（180．0S^-1)，低切（10．00S^-1)有显著性差异（P＜0．05）；（3）红细胞压积，血浆粘度，血沉，血沉方程K值，红细胞刚性指数及切变率为100．00S^-1,30.00S^-1时的全血还原粘度无差异性（P＞0．05）。     

5km越野运动中的体液转移和胰岛素敏感性改变及其与血液粘度升高间关系

目的观察剧烈运动人体血液流变性改变,并探讨其与体液转移及胰岛素敏感性改变间关系。方法对在上海平原地区作5km越野运动的青年,测试运动前、运动后即刻及运动后1h的血糖、血浆胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数、红细胞压积、切变率为110s-1及10s-1的全血粘度、血浆粘度和全血还原粘度,等。结果运动后即刻血糖、血浆胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数、红细胞压积、全血粘度、全血还原粘度比运动前明显升高(P<0．01)。运动后1h红细胞压积恢复到运动前水平,但血糖、血清胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数、全血粘度、全血还原粘度仍比运动前明显升高(P<0．05),但低于运动后即刻水平(P<0．05-0．01)。运动前后血浆粘度无明显变化。结论剧烈运动短期内人体血液粘度升高,体液转移及胰岛素敏感性下降可能是重要因素。     

前列腺素E1对急性胰腺炎血液流变性的影响

目的：探讨前列腺素E1对急性胰腺炎血液流变性的影响。方法：应用国产前列腺素E1——前列地尔结合传统治疗方法治疗急性胰腺炎36例，设立传统治疗组对照共36例，检测两组血液流变性指标的变化。结果：前列腺素E1组治疗前、后血液流变学指标比较，结果显示PGE4，组用药后除纤维蛋白原外，全血粘度、全血还原粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞压积、红细胞聚集指数均降低，用药前后差异有显著性(P＜0．05或P＜0．01)。与对照组治疗后比较，急性水肿性胰腺炎组全血粘度、全血还原粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞聚集指数的降低有显著差异(P＜0．05或P＜0．01)。结论：前列腺素E1能有效改善症状，降低血液粘度，改善微循环。     

抑郁症血液流变学变化分析

目的探讨抑郁症患者血液流变学及血小板聚集性的改变。方法对38例抑郁症患者及80例正常对照者的血液流变学指标进行了检测。结果患者组在全血低切粘度、全血高切粘度、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞刚性指数、红细胞压积和还原粘度以及纤维蛋白原和血小板聚集性等方面显著高于对照组(P<0．05),而血沉虽有变化但末见明显异常。结论抑郁症患者存在着血液流变学和血小板聚集性的异常。     

西藏高原移居昆明藏族青年血液流变学检测分析

目的了解从西藏高原(海拔3 000～4 600m)进入昆明(1 880m)6个月后的67例藏族青年血液流变学指标状况.方法用R80A全自动血液流变分析仪检测藏族青年血液流变学指标并与对照组(昆明汉族健康青年)血液流变学指标结果进行比较.结果藏族组5项指标高于对照组,6项指标低于对照组,1项指标两组无显著差异.高于指标是:低剪切率全血粘度(ηb1s-1)、红细胞压积(HCT)、全血低切还原粘度(Lηr)、全血低切相对粘度(VIP)、红细胞聚集指数(VAI),P均<0.05;低于指标是:高剪切率全血粘度(ηb200s-1)、中剪切率全血粘度(ηb65s-1)、高切还原粘度(Hηr)、高切相对粘度(VIb)、红细胞刚性指数(IR)、红细胞变形指数TK,6项中除红细胞刚性指数(IR)P<0.01外,其它P<0.05; 无显著差异指标是血浆粘度(ηp),P>0.05.结论藏族青年其血液流变指标与当地汉族青年相比存在明显异常,西藏高原环境对世居藏族青年的血液流变学影响进入平原生活短期内不易改变;藏族青年血液流变学存在的主要问题是红细胞聚集性过强而变形性较弱.     

西地那非对高原人体运动血液流变学的影响

目的探讨西地那非对高原人体运动血液流变学的影响。方法在海拔3,700m选择10名已习服半年的男性士兵,在海拔5,380m选择10名已习服2个月的男性士兵,均采用服药前(对照组)后(实验组)的自身对比运动负荷双盲实验。运动结束检测全血粘度、全血还原粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞刚性指数、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞变形指数等血液流变学指标。结果海拔3,700m和5,380m负荷运动,实验组较对照组全血粘度、全血还原粘度、红细胞压积、血浆粘度、红细胞刚性指数、红细胞变形指数均降低,有显著性差异(P&;lt;0.01或0.05);红细胞高切相对指数和低切相对指数无统计学差异(P&;gt;0.05)。海拔3,700m时红细胞聚集指数降低,有显著性差异(P&;lt;0.05),海拔5,380m时无统计学差异(P&;gt;0.05)。结论西地那非可增加组织对氧的利用,改善微循环,提高机体有氧运动能力。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.