症状性大脑中动脉狭窄的介入治疗

目的评价血管内支架植人术和球囊扩张术对症状性大脑中动脉狭窄的疗效。方法对37例反复发生短暂性脑缺血（TIA）的大脑中动脉狭窄患者,根据Mori和治疗路径分型选择手术方式：路径I、Ⅱ型且MoriA型行支架植入术;路径III型或MoriB、C型采用球囊扩张术。结果21例行支架植入术,16例行球囊扩张术。支架植入术组成功扩张20例,狭窄率由76％降至12％;1例术后因血管破裂而死亡。球囊扩张术组成功扩张14例,狭窄率由69％降至15％,1例由于路径过度纡曲失败。术后随访,支架植入组17例TIA症状消失,2例症状有明显改善,2例TIA复发;球囊扩张术组12例TIA消失,4例TIA复发。结论两种方法治疗MCA狭窄均有效,根据Mori及手术入路分型合理选择介入手术方式可能是提高手术成功率的较好策略。     

肠系膜上动脉狭窄的血管腔内治疗

目的探讨介入治疗肠系膜上动脉狭窄的安全性及临床疗效。方法对12例肠系膜上动脉狭窄的患者行选择性肠系膜上动脉造影,然后行球囊扩张或支架植入治疗,评价疗效。结果 12例肠系膜上动脉狭窄的患者技术成功率100%,其中单纯球囊扩张2例,球囊扩张+内支架植入术10例。对所有患者随访6~24个月,平均16个月,其中10例无明显症状,2例有腹痛症状,经再次腔内治疗,症状得到明显改善。随访中所有患者均未出现肠坏死、死亡等严重并发症。结论血管腔内介入治疗肠系膜上动脉狭窄是一种安全、有效的方法。     

肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的内支架治疗

目的 对内支架植入术治疗肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的价值进行初步的探讨。方法 对34例肝移植发生肝动脉狭窄、闭塞患者行球囊扩张治疗，其中5例患者接受内支架植入治疗，3例为球囊扩张治疗无效患者，1例为球囊扩张后出现肝动脉内膜撕裂，另1例为肝动脉狭窄伴吻合口破裂出血。结果 5例患者均成功进行了内支架植入治疗，其中1例肝动脉狭窄伴吻合口破裂出血的患者植入支架后24h内发生支架内急性血栓形成，经手术行肝动脉重建治疗，其余4例术后治疗效果良好。结论 介入方法治疗肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄具有微创、安全、有效的优势，对于球囊扩张治疗无效或合并吻合口破裂出血的病例，可采用内支架植入治疗。     

肝移植术后并发症的介入治疗

目的评价肝移植术后多种并发症的介入治疗。方法回顾性的分析肝移植术后出现各种并发症并进行介入治疗的82例患者,胆管病变62例;肝动脉病变8例;下腔静脉病变13例;肝静脉狭窄7例;门静脉病变9例。胆管并发症采用经T管置入引流管、经皮肝穿刺胆管行胆汁引流或球囊扩张术。球囊扩张成形术或(和)金属支架植入术处理血管狭窄的患者;局部溶栓治疗用于术后血管内血栓形成的病例。结果在胆管并发症患者中,41例经T管置入引流管,34例行经皮穿刺胆汁引流(PTBD),球囊扩张胆道成形术9例。3例肝动脉狭窄的患者接受了球囊扩张成形术或支架植入术,1例肝动脉形成血栓者行插管溶栓,效果良好。9例下腔静脉狭窄患者行支架植入术,1例接受了球囊扩张成形术。5例肝静脉狭窄患者接受了球囊扩张成形术或支架治疗。门静脉狭窄患者中6例接受支架治疗,1例门脉血栓形成行局部溶栓,治疗不满意。结论介入治疗是处理肝移植术后胆管和血管并发症不可或缺的临床治疗方法。     

球囊扩张联合支架植入术治疗食管狭窄的临床疗效观察

目的 探讨球囊扩张联合支架植入术治疗食管狭窄的治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析66例食管狭窄患者的临床资料，为苍南县第三人民医院和温州医科大学附属苍南医院2018年6月至2022年6月收治病例，根据不同的治疗方法分入观察组与对照组均33例。对照组行单纯球囊扩张术；观察组行球囊扩张联合支架植入术。比较两组食管狭窄段直径、疗效、营养状况、并发症情况。结果 术后2个月，观察组食管狭窄段直径显著低于对照组（P<0.01）；术后2个月，观察组（96.97%）食管狭窄总有效率显著高于对照组（75.76%）(P<0.05)；术后2个月，两组血红蛋白、白蛋白、转铁蛋白含量显著增加，但观察组增加更显著（P<0.01）；观察组与对照组的并发症发生率分别为18.18%、12.12%，组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 球囊扩张联合支架植入术治疗食管狭窄的疗效明显，能显著增加食管狭窄段直径，改善营养状况，安全性良好。     

症状性椎基底动脉狭窄经皮腔内支架成形的初步研究

目的探讨经皮腔内支架成形治疗椎基底动脉狭窄的临床疗效及适应证。方法2004年4月-2006年12月共收治22例患者：优势侧椎动脉狭窄4例；双侧椎动脉狭窄3例；一侧椎动脉狭窄、对侧椎动脉闭塞8例；单纯基底动脉狭窄5例；优势或“孤立”椎动脉狭窄合并基底动脉串联病变2例。治疗的24处病变：椎动脉开口8例，V4段椎动脉9例，基底动脉7例；Mori A型病变16例，B型病变8例。结果22例患者技术成功率95％，术前平均狭窄率为78．3％，术后残余狭窄率平均15％（P〈0．01）。除1例基底动脉支架成形致血管破裂出血死亡，余病例在围手术期内未发生严重并发症。17例患者随访1～24个月（平均13．5个月），Malek评分为1分者12例，2分者4例，3分者1例。结论症状性椎基动脉狭窄支架成形术疗效确切，但手术的难度和风险仍较大，临床就其适应证和长期疗效需要进一步积累经验。     

症状性椎基底动脉供血不足老年患者的临床干预研究

目的探讨症状性椎基底动脉供血不足老年患者的支架成形术或（和）药物治疗的可行性、安全性和短期疗效。方法选择我院2001年4月至2006年6月诊治的有后循环缺血症状且经血管造影证实有相关椎基底动脉狭窄（狭窄I〉50％）的老年患者（年龄≥60岁）,所有患者均行内科药物治疗,部分患者还给予椎基底动脉支架成形术治疗,分析其临床、影像学、治疗和随访观察资料。结果共有81例入选本研究,其中男68例,女13例;年龄60～87岁,平均70岁;平均随访28．1个月,81．5％（66／81）的患者临床症状改善或消失;住院及随访期间总卒中发生率为4．9％（4／81）,卒中相关死亡率为2．5％（2／81）。本组中有48例（59．3％）患者行支架成形术治疗,52例次,技术成功率为98．1％,动脉狭窄率由术前（82．4±13．1）％降至（6．4±3．2）％（t=22．4,P=0．00）。结论症状性椎基底动脉狭窄老年患者的支架成形术或（和）内科药物治疗的短期疗效良好。     

对比观察血管支架植入术与药物治疗青年脑梗死合并大脑中动脉狭窄效果

目的 对比观察脑血管支架植入术与药物治疗青年脑梗死合并大脑中动脉狭窄的效果。方法 71例（30~44岁）脑梗死合并大脑中动脉重度狭窄（狭窄率>70%）患者,分别接受常规口服药物治疗（药物组,n=39）和支架植入术（支架组,n=32）,比较2组相关指标。结果 支架组手术成功率100%,共植入32枚支架。2组患者入组时及随访3、6、12、24个月,改良Rankin量表（mRS）评分、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）评分组内比较差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.01）,mRS、NIHSS评分组间比较差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。随访期间药物组终点事件发生率、卒中再发率及再发卒中致残率（mRS评分≥ 2分）分别为20.51%（8/39）、20.51%（8/39）及20.51%（8/39）,支架组分别为6.25%（2/32）、3.13%（1/32）及3.13%（1/32）,2组间终点事件发生率差异无统计学意义（P=0.17）,支架组卒中复发率（P=0.04）及再发卒中致残率（P=0.04）均低于药物组。结论 相比药物治疗,植入支架可降低青年脑梗死合并大脑中动脉狭窄患者卒中复发率及致残率。     

27例多发性大动脉炎血管介入治疗

目的探讨血管介入治疗多发性大动脉炎(Takayasu arteritis,TA)所致血管狭窄或闭塞性病变的临床疗效。方法 2003年6月～2011年6月对27例TA经股动脉穿刺选择性血管造影,确定病变部位,明确诊断,并对因大动脉炎引起的锁骨下动脉、颈动脉、肾动脉、腹主动脉病变进行了选择性球囊扩张或支架植入手术。结果 27例施行血管腔内扩张成形术或支架植入术,其中颈总动脉扩张10例,支架2例;锁骨下动脉扩张6例;腹主动脉扩张4例;肾动脉扩张10例,支架4例;无名动脉扩张1例,支架1例;共置入支架7枚。2例颈动脉扩张时因并发症而终止治疗,其余病例病变血管均获得满意的治疗。27例随访5个月～7年,平均4年,其中<12个月6例,1～3年12例,3～5年6例,>5年3例:11例头晕、视觉异常等脑缺血症状改善;12例肾动脉狭窄所致高血压经球囊扩张及支架植入后血压控制正常;2例肾动脉狭窄在球囊扩张后14、18个月再次发生血压增高,造影显示扩张后肾动脉再次狭窄,再次行肾动脉球囊扩张成形术,扩张后高血压恢复正常。结论介入性血管内成形术治疗TA所致血管狭窄或闭塞性病变疗效满意。     

血管内支架成形术治疗基底动脉狭窄

目的 探讨血管内支架成形术治疗基底动脉狭窄的近期疗效。方法 20例症状性基底动脉狭窄应用球囊膨胀支架行血管内成形术治疗。结果 12例基底动脉恢复正常管径，8例狭窄程度减小80％以上，无手术相关并发症。无短暂性脑缺血发作(Transient ischemic sttack，TIA)或卒中再发作。脑血管造影随访13例，均无血管再狭窄。结论 血管内支架成形术治疗基底动脉狭窄的近期疗效令人满意。     

经皮血管内治疗症状性基底动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的探讨

目的 探讨经皮腔内血管成形支架置入术治疗症状性基底动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的可行性、安全性及有效性.方法 回顾性分析2003年8月至2009年12月,经皮腔内血管成形支架置入术治疗的40例基底动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者的临床资料及术后随访结果 .其中男性33例,女性7例;年龄30～75岁,平均58岁.患者均为经药物治疗无效、反复短暂性脑缺血发作或有明显脑缺血症状.结果 40例经皮腔内血管成形支架置入术均获成功,术后平均狭窄率由术前的82%±14%降为14%±11%,术后继续给予抗血小板聚集治疗.38例患者临床脑缺血症状和体征明显改善,2例术后发生脑干缺血症状加重,经治疗后临床症状好转但遗留神经功能障碍.无出血性并发症发生.随访2个月～7年,经颅多普勒复查26例,显示基底动脉血流速度增快2例.行全脑数字减影血管造影复查6例,1例支架内发生再狭窄,因有临床症状而行二次血管成形支架置入术;1例基底动脉支架内闭塞但侧支循环良好,临床上无后循环缺血症状.结论 经皮腔内血管成形支架置入术治疗基底动脉粥样硬化性狭窄是可行、安全、有效的;大样本的长期疗效有待于进一步观察.     

支架成形术治疗颅内血管狭窄的安全性及短期疗效分析

目的　评价血管内支架成形术治疗颅内动脉狭窄的安全性及短期疗效。方法　对 4 6例患者 5 0处颅内动脉狭窄病变行血管内支架成形术 ,其中基底动脉狭窄 16处 ,椎动脉颅内段狭窄12处 ,颈内动脉颅内段狭窄 13处 ,大脑中动脉狭窄 9处。结果　 5 0处狭窄中有 4 9处成功地进行了支架成形术 (98% ) ,动脉狭窄程度从治疗前的 (72 4± 12 3) %降为 (10 6± 7 8) %。本组患者无手术死亡及缺血性脑卒中 ;4例出现和操作有关的并发症 ,其中 1例发生近端颅外段颈内动脉夹层 ,1例微导丝引起颅内出血 ,2例穿刺部位出现皮下血肿。 37例患者临床随访超过 6个月 (平均 8 5个月 ) ,无缺血性脑卒中发生。结论　血管内支架成形术治疗颅内动脉狭窄的成功率高 ,具有一定的安全性 ,但长期疗效有待于进一步随访     

Staged stent-assisted angioplasty for symptomatic intracranial vertebrobasilar artery stenosis

OBJECT: Medically refractory symptomatic vertebrobasilar atherosclerotic disease has a poor prognosis. Studies have shown that longer (> or = 10 mm), eccentric, high-grade (> 70%) stenoses portend increased procedure-related morbidity. The authors reviewed their experience to determine whether a staged procedure consisting of angioplasty followed by delayed (> or = 1 month later) repeated angioplasty and stent placement reduces the morbidity associated with endovascular treatment of symptomatic basilar and/or intracranial vertebral artery (VA) stenoses. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records in a consecutive series of eight patients who underwent planned stent-assisted angioplasty for medically refractory, symptomatic atherosclerotic disease of the intracranial posterior circulation between February 1999 and January 2002. Staged stent-assisted angioplasty was planned for these patients because the extent and degree of stenosis of the VA and/or basilar artery (BA) lesion portended an excessive procedure-related risk. The degree of stenosis, recent onset of symptoms (unstable plaque), vessel tortuosity, and lesion length and morphological feaures were contributing factors in determining procedure-related risk. Patient records were analyzed for location and degree of stenosis, preprocedural regimen of antiplatelet and/or anticoagulation agents, devices used, procedure-related complications, and clinical and radiographic outcomes. Among the patients in whom staged stent-assisted angioplasty was planned, vessel dissection, which necessitated immediate stent placement, occurred during passage of the balloon in one of them. In a second patient, the stent could not be maneuvered through the tortuous VA. In a third patient, the VA and BAs remained widely patent after angioplasty alone, and therefore stent placement was not required. Significant complications among the eight patients included transient aphasia and hemiparesis in one and a groin hematoma that necessitated surgical intervention in another; there was no permanent neurological morbidity. The mean stenosis before treatment was 78%, which fell to 54% after angioplasty, and the mean residual stenosis after stent placement was 30%. At the last follow-up examination, none of the treated patients had further symptoms attributable to the treated stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: The novel combination of initial angioplasty followed by delayed endoluminal stent placement may reduce the neurological morbidity associated with endovascular treatment of long, high-grade stenotic lesions. Attempting to cross high-grade stenoses with higher-profile devices such as stents may result in an embolic shower. Furthermore, neointimal proliferation and scar formation after angioplasty result in a thickened fibrous layer, which may be protective during delayed stent deployment. Larger-scale studies involving multiple centers are needed to elucidate further the lesion morphological characteristics and patient population most likely to benefit from staged procedures.     

Transluminal stent-assisted angiplasty of the intracranial vertebrobasilar system for medically refractory, posterior circulation ischemia: early results

OBJECTIVE: Symptomatic vertebrobasilar artery stenosis portends a poor prognosis, even with medical therapy. Surgical intervention is associated with considerable morbidity, and percutaneous angioplasty alone has demonstrated mixed results, with significant complications. Recent advances in stent technology have allowed for a novel treatment of symptomatic, medically refractory, vertebrobasilar artery stenosis. We report on a series of patients with medically refractory, posterior circulation stenosis who were treated with transluminal angioplasty and stenting at two medical centers in the United States. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of data for 11 consecutive patients with symptomatic, medically refractory, intracranial, vertebral or basilar artery stenosis was performed. All patients were treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting. Short-term clinical and angiographic follow-up data were obtained. RESULTS: Among 11 patients who were treated with stent-assisted angioplasty of the basilar or vertebral arteries, there were three periprocedural deaths and one delayed death after a pontine stroke. Other complications included a second pontine infarction, with subsequent residual diplopia. The remaining seven patients (64%) experienced symptom resolution and have resumed their preprocedural activities of daily living. Angiographic follow-up examinations demonstrated good patency of the stented lesions for five of seven survivors (71%); one patient exhibited minimal intrastent intimal hyperplasia, and another patient developed new stenosis proximal to the stent and also developed an aneurysm within the stented portion of the basilar artery. The last patient exhibited 40% narrowing of the treated portion of the vessel lumen. CONCLUSION: Recent advances in stent technology allow negotiation of the proximal posterior circulation vasculature. Although the treatment of vertebrobasilar artery stenosis with angioplasty and stenting is promising, long-term angiographic and clinical follow-up monitoring of a larger patient population is needed.     

The use of a retrievable self-expanding stent in treating childhood benign esophageal strictures

Background/Purpose

Esophageal stenting is a popular form of treatment of esophageal strictures in adults but is not widely used in children. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether esophageal stents could be used safely and effectively in the treatment of esophageal stenosis in children.

Methods

Covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents were placed in 8 children with corrosive esophageal stenosis. The stents were removed 1 to 4 weeks after insertion.

Results

The stents were placed in all patients without complications and were later removed successfully. After stent placement, all patients could take solid food without dysphagia. Stent migration occurred in one patient and so the insertion procedure was repeated to reposition the stent. During the 3-month follow-up period after stent removal, all children could eat satisfactorily. After 6 months, 2 children required balloon dilation (3 times in one and 5 times in the other). The dysphagia score improved in all patients.

Conclusions

The use of the covered retrievable expandable stent is an effective and safe method in treating childhood corrosive esophageal stenosis.     

Comparison of periprocedure complications resulting from direct stent placement compared with those due to conventional and staged stent placement in the basilar artery

OBJECT: Medically refractory, symptomatic atherosclerotic disease of the basilar artery (BA) portends a poor prognosis. Studies have shown morbidity rates following placement of stents in these lesions to be quite variable, ranging from 0 to 30%. The authors review their experience with BA stent placement for severe atherosclerotic disease to determine whether an increase in neurological morbidity is associated with direct stent placement (that performed without predilation angioplasty) compared with conventional stent placement (that performed immediately after predilation angioplasty) or staged stent placement (angioplasty followed > or = 1 month later by stent placement with or without repeated angioplasty). METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records from a consecutive series of 10 patients who underwent stent placement for medically refractory, symptomatic atherosclerotic disease of the BA between February 1999 and November 2002. Patient records were analyzed for symptoms at presentation, percentage of angiographically visible stenosis, devices used, procedure-related morbidity, and clinical and radiographic outcomes. Patients with symptomatic intracranial vertebral artery stenosis but without concomitant severe (> 50%) BA stenosis were excluded from the study. Four patients were treated with direct stent placement, three with a staged procedure (these were included in a previous publication), and three with conventional stent placement. In the group treated with direct stent placement, a dense quadriparesis developed in two patients after the procedure. Computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging revealed infarction of the ventral pons in these patients. In the staged stent placement group, no permanent neurological complications occurred after the procedure and, in the conventional stent placement group, one of three patients experienced a neurological complication involving homonymous hemianopsia. CONCLUSIONS: Direct stent placement in the BA is associated with a relatively high complication rate, compared with a staged procedure. Complications may result from an embolic shower following disruption of atheromatous plaque debris attained using high-profile devices such as stents, as demonstrated by the postoperative imaging appearance of acute pontine infarctions. Additionally, displacement of debris by the stent into the ostia (snowplowing) of small brainstem perforating vessels may be responsible for the complications noted. Although direct stent placement in peripheral and coronary vessels has been shown to be safe, the authors suggest that direct stent placement in the BA should be avoided to minimize the risk of periprocedure morbidity.     

脑保护下的颈动脉狭窄内支架治疗

目的 评价经皮血管内支架成形术联合应用颈动脉滤器对颈动脉狭窄的治疗效果。方法12例有临床症状的颅外颈动脉狭窄患者接受血管内支架植入治疗，术中同时使用颈动脉滤器进行脑保护，并对颈动脉滤器所回收的物质进行病理学分析。结果12例患者支架及滤器均成功植入，滤器均成功回收。回收物质为微小血栓颗粒、泡沫细胞、胆固醇颗粒。结论经皮血管内支架成形术联合应用颈动脉滤器，可有效缓解颈动脉狭窄所致的血流障碍，预防术中脱落的微小栓子进入脑内。     

颈动脉狭窄的介入治疗(附40例报告)

目的 总结我科40例颈动脉支架置入术治疗颈动脉狭窄的经验。方法2000年10月～2002年7月40例颈动脉狭窄行腔内成形、支架置入术，共放支架43个，其中Wallstent支架39个，Smart支架4个。应用脑保护装置5例。结果所有病人都完成支架置入，颈内动脉口都恢复到4min以上。术中出现轻度卒中2例，较重卒中2例：1例术中出现左眼视野缺损，3月后仍有残余症状；1例术中出现意识丧失、右侧肢体偏瘫，经救治神志恢复。并发症发生率10％(4／40)，严重卒中发生率5％(2／40)，应用脑保护装置的病人无并发症发生。结论颈动脉支架置入术是治疗颈动脉狭窄的有效手段，用脑保护装置时安全保证更高。     

Endovascular stenting of an acutely thrombosed basilar artery: technical case report and review of the literature

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: The goal of this report was to describe the successful percutaneous endovascular use of a Gianturco-Roubin-2 coronary stent in the treatment of an acute atherothrombotic occlusion of the basilar artery. To our knowledge, the percutaneous endovascular deployment of an intra-arterial stent for the treatment of an acute atherothrombotic occlusion of the basilar artery and the percutaneous endovascular placement of a Gianturco-Roubin-2 stent in the basilar artery have not been previously reported. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: An 83-year-old man presented with a recurrent, transient, locked-in syndrome resulting from a lower basilar artery occlusion caused by vertebrobasilar thrombosis superimposed on severe proximal basilar artery atheromatous stenosis. INTERVENTION: After successful superselective intra-arterial thrombolysis of the vertebrobasilar clot, balloon angioplasty of the underlying basilar artery stenosis was performed, without significant angiographic improvement. Percutaneous endovascular deployment of a Gianturco-Roubin-2 coronary stent of 4-mm diameter was subsequently performed, with excellent angiographic results. CONCLUSION: The patient made a very good neurological recovery but unfortunately died as a result of cardiogenic shock and sepsis. Detailed neuropathological follow-up results are presented; stent patency was revealed in the postmortem examination. The anatomic and pathophysiological considerations of basilar artery stent placement for the treatment of acute basilar artery occlusion related to atherosclerotic stenosis are discussed.     

Combined surgery and endovascular stenting for basilar artery stenosis refractory to balloon angioplasty: technical case report

Summary  The authors report a case of symptomatic basilar artery stenosis treated by stenting via the surgically exposed C1 vertebral artery. This case was initially treated by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty via a transfemoral route but resulted in unsatisfactory dilatation. Stenting via a transfemoral route also resulted in failure because of the coiling of the proximal vertebral artery. Direct puncture of the vertebral artery beyond the coiling portion was tried but a stent could not be delivered beyond the C2 vertebrae. Finally, the vertebral artery was surgically exposed between C1 and the occipital bone and a stent was introduced into the lesion from this portion under fluoroscopic control. The basilar artery was fully opened by stenting without new neurological deficits. Stenting of the basilar artery via a transfemoral route is not always possible even with newer generation stents if the vertebral artery has elongated tortuous curves. Combined surgery and endovascular stenting is one of the alternatives in such cases including our case.