内镜超声引导下胆囊穿刺引流术治疗高危急性胆囊炎的初步研究

目的 评价内镜超声引导下胆囊穿刺引流术（EUS-GBD）治疗高危急性胆囊炎的临床疗效和安全性。方法 以2015年4月至2016年12月在杭州市第一人民医院行EUS-GBD的高危急性胆囊炎患者为研究对象,回顾性收集患者的临床资料,分析治疗效果及并发症情况。结果 研究共纳入5例患者,均成功置入支架引流,平均操作时间（26.0±3.1）min。4例患者置入双猪尾型塑料支架;1例患者Ⅰ期植入鼻胆引流管,5 d后在内镜下剪断引流管作内引流。5例患者术后胆囊炎症状明显改善,无明显并发症发生,无一例死亡。术后随访46~692 d,所有患者未出现胆囊炎复发和支架移位。结论 在有经验的内镜中心,对于无手术条件的高危急性胆囊炎患者行EUS-GBD是一种安全、有效的微创治疗方法。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管取石术后留置鼻胆管对于预防并发症的作用

目的明确经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）取石术后留置鼻胆管能否降低术后并发症发生率。方法回顾性分析697例因胆总管结石行ERCP治疗的患者资料,根据是否行鼻胆管引流分为鼻胆管组（538例）及对照组（159例）,总结术后两组患者胰腺炎、胆管炎及出血的发生率。结果鼻胆管组与对照组之间,术后胰腺炎（4．3％比6．3％,P〉0．05）及出血（1．3％比1．9％,P〉0．05）发生率无统计学差异,术后胆管炎发生率明显降低（1．3％比3．8％,P〈0．05）。结论ERCP取石术后留置鼻胆管可以降低胆管炎的发生率。     

ERCP在胆道外科治疗中的应用

目的探讨ERCP在胆道外科治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析近3年（2003年1月至2006年1月间）胆道术后残余结石及再生结石行乳头括约肌切开取石122例,腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）术后胆瘘行鼻胆管引流（ENBD）13例,原位肝移植术后胆管狭窄行胆管球囊扩张,放置胆管内支架或鼻胆管引流6例。结果122例胆道术后残余结石及再生结石患者经十二指肠镜胆道造影（ERC）成功率95.9%,取石成功率91.5%,其中有5例经2次操作取尽结石。13例胆瘘患者经鼻胆管引流2～3周后,胆瘘处均闭合,无严重并发症发生。6例胆管狭窄患者经ERC胆道介入（球囊扩张、ENBD或内支架）均治愈。结论ERCP在胆道外科治疗中具有重要应用价值,是术后残余结石或再生结石、术后胆瘘及术后胆管狭窄的有效介入方法。     

鼻胆管引流预防经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症临床分析

目的 探讨经内镜鼻胆管引流术（ENBD）预防经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）术后并发急性胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血症的临床疗效.方法 将成功完成ERCP术并有可能发生胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症的75例患者分成A、B两组,A组35例,术后均行鼻胆管引流,并与B组（40例,非引流患者）比较,观察术后2小时和24小时血清淀粉酶变化及急性胰腺炎的发生情况.结果 A组患者ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症发生率为12.6%,明显低于B组的32.2%（P＜0.05）;A组无急性胰腺炎发生,亦明显低于B组的6.85%（P＜0.05）.结论 经内镜鼻胆管引流能够有效地预防ERCP术后急性胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症的发生.     

超声引导经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流治疗老年急性非结石性胆囊炎的可行性及疗效

[目的]探讨超声引导经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流治疗老年急性非结石性胆囊炎的可行性及疗效。[方法]对21例急性非结石性胆囊炎的老年患者,入院后急诊行超声引导经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术,术后常规禁食水、补液、对症支持治疗,术后3~4周择期拔管。[结果]21例均在超声引导下顺利完成穿刺置管引流术,无胆瘘、出血、胃肠道损伤、血气胸等严重并发症发生,术后1例引流管自行脱出、1例出现胆囊区局限性积液、1例出现引流管阻塞;术后患者症状消失、复查超声胆囊均基本恢复正常。[结论]老年急性非结石性胆囊炎患者经超声引导经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流安全可行、效果良好。     

80岁以上患者腹腔镜胆囊切除围手术期处理

目的探讨高龄（≥80岁）患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）围手术期处理原则。方法2001年6月至2006年6月解放军第451医院共行LC术13776例,对其中≥80岁的结石性胆囊炎病例共34份进行回顾性分析,对术前评估、降低并发症影响因素并减少其发生提出可行性依据。结果本组平均年龄82.1岁,26例有明确的术前合并症,占76.5%,合并有两种以上疾病者15例,占44.1%,胆囊炎急性发作17例,病理诊断为急性化脓性胆囊炎6例,急性发作患者起病48h内急诊手术7例,内科抗感染并治疗合并症后手术10例,住院时间（13.3±5.3）d,手术时间（28.4±8.6）min,全部病例均完成手术,术后第3天发生快速房颤并急性心衰1例,合并糖尿病切口延迟愈合1例,合并肝硬化急诊手术后出现肺部感染、肝功损害加重1例,其余患者均顺利治愈出院,无手术死亡。结论在高龄患者LC围术期,注意术前评估,慎重确定手术时机,充分术前准备,术中仔细处理,是保证高龄老人顺利度过LC围手术期的必要条件,从而降低高龄患者手术风险。     

胆胰疾病行治疗性内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术811例临床分析

目的探讨治疗性内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术(ERCP)在胆胰疾病中的应用价值及其并发症的防治。方法回顾性分析上海中医药大学附属普陀医院2001年9月至2006年9月行治疗性ERCP的811例胆胰疾病患者的临床资料。结果562例胆总管结石患者中行乳头切开术(EST)474例,行乳头气囊扩张术(EPBD)88例,结石总清除率为95%;244例恶性胆道梗阻患者中183例行鼻胆管引流(ENBD),61例行胆道内支架引流术(ERBD);5例恶性胆胰管梗阻患者行胆胰管双支架引流术。行胆道内支架引流可使血清胆红素明显下降,胰管支架置入可使上腹部疼痛有一定程度减轻。并发症:乳头切开处出血13例(1.6%),均发生于EST术后;急性胰腺炎43例(5.3%),其中发生于EST术后32例,EPBD术后7例,ENBD术后2例,ERBD术后2例;EST术后发生急性胆囊炎4例(0.5%);全组死亡2例(0.2%)。结论应用十二指肠镜行治疗性ERCP去除胆管结石,控制胆道炎症,解除胆胰管恶性梗阻是一种理想的微创外科方法,熟练的技术与细致的围手术期处理是防治并发症关键。     

超声引导下胆囊穿刺置管引流术治疗老年急性胆囊炎的临床疗效

目的探讨超声引导下经皮胆囊穿刺置管引流术(PGCD)治疗老年急性胆囊炎的临床疗效。方法分析89例老年急性胆囊炎患者应用PGCD治疗的临床资料,从操作、疗效、并发症及愈后等方面进行评价。结果 89例患者一次性置管成功率为100%,术后临床症状迅速缓解。89例患者中5例引流不畅,调整引流管;7例引流管脱落,行二次置管。其中85例结石性胆囊炎患者中71例择期行胆囊切除术,14例长期置管;4例非结石性胆囊炎患者4~7 w后拔管,治愈出院。结论 PGCD作为治疗老年急性胆囊炎的一种简便、安全、有效的方法,值得临床推广。     

老年结石性急性胆囊炎经皮肝胆囊穿刺引流联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术与单纯行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的比较分析

目的 探讨对老年结石性急性胆囊炎患者应用B超引导下经皮肝胆囊穿刺引流术（percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage,PTGD）联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）的临床意义.方法 回顾分析2004年1月到2011年12月我科室收治的130例老年结石性急性胆囊炎患者资料,其中行PTGD后联合LC的70例,单纯行LC的老年结石性急性胆囊炎患者60例,对两组进行对比分析.结果 在B超引导下PTGD联合LC组中,无并发症发生病例,中转开腹1例,腹腔引流10例,平均LC手术时间46min,术后平均住院时间7.7d;在单纯LC组中,并发症发生1例,中转开腹3例,腹腔引流36例,平均LC手术时间91 min,术后平均住院时间13.6d.两组比较,在中转开腹率、腹腔引流率、LC手术时间、腹腔镜胆囊切除术后住院时间,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,LC术后并发症率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 PTGD联合LC治疗老年胆囊结石伴急性胆囊炎较LC更具优势.     

体外冲击波碎石联合经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术治疗高龄困难胆总管结石的临床分析

目的 探讨体外冲击波碎石（extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy，ESWL）联合经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)治疗高龄困难胆总管结石的疗效及安全性。 方法 回顾性分析2016年11月—2020年1月在浙江大学医学院附属杭州市第一人民医院通过ESWL联合ERCP治疗的87例高龄（70~93岁）困难胆总管结石患者的临床资料，分析碎石成功率、结石取尽率和并发症发生情况。 结果 87例患者共行189个疗程ESWL，平均碎石（2.51±0.78）个疗程。碎石成功82例（94.25%），其中完全碎石54例（62.07%），部分碎石28例（32.18%），未完成碎石5例（5.75%）。共84例（96.55%）ERCP取尽结石，3例（3.45%）未取尽结石,予取出部分结石后留置胆道支架。术后发生轻微并发症9例（10.34%），其中胆管炎2例（2.30%）、胰腺炎1例（1.15%）、高淀粉酶血症3例（3.45%）、一过性鼻胆管淡血性胆汁3例（3.45%）。 结论 ESWL联合ERCP治疗高龄患者的困难胆总管结石安全有效。     

Endoscopic naso-gallbladder drainage in the treatment of acute cholecystitis: alleviates inflammation and fixes operator's aim during early laparoscopic cholecystectomy

In 1984, Kozarek first reported the use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to perform selective cannulation of the cystic duct, and since then this procedure has also been reported by others. With this procedure, disorders in the gallbladder can be examined in detail, using, for example, selective cytology, and drainage for acute cholecytitis can also be performed. With this procedure, we were able to successfully perform early laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Although surgery is often problematic in patients with acute cholecystitis because of inflammation, making Callot's triangle difficult to distinguish, the use of endoscopic naso-gallbladder drainage (ENGBD) during surgery enables us to identify the cystic duct for catheter cannulation. We performed early LC for acute cholecystitis in 18 of 22 patients, while 18 other patients underwent open cholecystectomy during the same period (retrospective study). These two groups were then compared. The LC group had shorter pre- and postoperative periods and shorter hospitalization (P < 0.05). ENGBD resulted in very little bleeding. None of the ENGBD patients required conversion to open surgery, whereas 11.1% of the non-ENGBD patients were converted. ENGBD was successfully employed in 18 of the initial 22 (81.8%) patients. The favorable points in using ENGBD with LC were that (i) the gallbladder inflammation was alleviated even if patients had ascites, and (ii) use of ENGBD normally improved visualization and made cystic duct identification easier. However, if ERCP cannot be carried out, the performance of ENGBD must also be ruled out.     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影十二指肠乳头括约肌切开取石诊治胆总管结石163例体会

目的探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）十二指肠乳头括约肌切开（EST）诊断、治疗胆总管结石的临床效果和价值。方法163例临床诊断胆总管结石者行ERCP检查，造影成功159例，150例确诊为胆总管结石并经内镜行乳头括约肌切开术。结果胆总管结石ERCP与临床诊断符合率为94．3％；胆总管结石150例，取石成功141例，成功率94．0％；EST术后发生急性胰腺炎4例，少到中等量肠道出血3例，高淀粉酶血症5例，无肠穿孔、大出血及死亡等并发症发生。结论ERCP可提高胆管结石的诊断准确率；EST取石是肝外胆管结石治疗的优良方法，对已作胆囊切除后肝外胆管残留或复发结石并应为首选治疗方法。     

急性胆源性胰腺炎早期内镜治疗价值

目的探讨急性胆源性胰腺炎早期内镜治疗的价值及其安全性。方法选择92例急性胆源性胰腺炎患者早期（72h内）行ERCP及内镜治疗（ERCP组），并与同期保守治疗40例（对照组）进行比较。结果ERCP组全部成功实施十二指肠乳头切开取石，72例胆总管结石者行网篮及气囊取石，所有92例均行鼻胆管引流，重症组10例同时行胰管支架引流。ERCP组平均腹痛消失时间、血清淀粉酶恢复时间、平均住院天数及平均费用均明显低于对照组。ERCP组重症组病死率8．3％，对照组重症组病死率33．3％。结论急性胆源性胰腺炎早期ERCP治疗是安全的，能降低患者的病死率，减少患者住院天数和费用。     

Hyperamylasaemia and acute pancreatitis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Hyperamylasaemia and acute pancreatitis are the more common complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Ninety patients who underwent ERCP +/- endoscopic papillotomy were monitored for rises in the serum amylase and the development of acute pancreatitis. The incidence of hyperamylasaemia (greater than 300 IU/L) was significantly greater (p = 0.01) when the pancreatic duct was imaged (75%) than with bile duct imaging alone (33%). The incidence of acute pancreatitis following imaging of the pancreatic duct +/- bile duct was 11.3% and was found to be significantly increased in those patients (n = 9) who also underwent endoscopic papillotomy. Imaging of the biliary tree only +/- endoscopic papillotomy carried no significant risk of acute pancreatitis. In those patients who developed pancreatitis, the rise in serum amylase occurred early and was significantly higher at 2 h following ERCP. These findings may help to identify patients who are at risk of developing this complication.     

Acute recurrent pancreatitis.

History, physical examination, simple laboratory and radiological tests, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are able to establish the cause of recurrent acute pancreatitis in 70% to 90% of patients. Dysfunction of the biliary and/or pancreatic sphincter, as identified by sphincter of Oddi manometry, accounts for the majority of the remaining cases. The diagnosis may be missed if the pancreatic sphincter is not evaluated. Pancreas divisum is a prevalent congenital abnormality that is usually innocuous but can lead to recurrent attacks of acute pancreatitis or abdominal pain. In select cases, endoscopic sphincterotomy of the minor papilla can provide relief of symptoms and prevent further attacks. A small proportion of patients with idiopathic pancreatitis have tiny stones in the common bile duct (microlithiasis). Crystals can be visualized during microscopic analysis of bile that is aspirated at the time of ERCP. Neoplasia is a rare cause of pancreatitis, and the diagnosis can usually be established by computerized tomography or ERCP. A wide variety of medications can also cause recurrent pancreatitis. ERCP, sphincter of Oddi manometry, and microscopy of aspirated bile should be undertaken in patients with recurrent pancreatitis in whom the diagnosis is not obvious.     

内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影术对胰腺分裂症的诊断、治疗价值研究

目的:探讨内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)对胰腺分裂症(PD)的诊断、治疗方法及其效果的价值。方法:回顾性分析本院2008年6月至2012年9月明确诊断的20例PD患者的临床表现、诊断及治疗方法,比较治疗前后患者的体重变化,用直观模拟标度尺(VAS)评分来评估腹痛症状改善的情况。结果:患者症状以腹痛为主,急性胰腺炎或慢性胰腺炎急性发作的发生率为75%。经ERCP确诊的患者中,磁共振胆胰管成像(MRCP)的检出率为24%。内镜下治疗包括行内镜下十二指肠主和(或)副乳头切开引流(95%)、胰管支架置入(65%)及鼻胰管引流(55%)。治疗后患者体重增加(P<0.05),疼痛VAS评分下降(P<0.05)。结论:PD患者主要症状为腹痛,急性胰腺炎或慢性胰腺炎急性发作的发生率较高,内镜下治疗可有效减少PD患者腹痛的程度并增加患者体重。     

10955例经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术患者临床总结分析

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）对胆胰疾病的诊疗价值。方法回顾性分析1995年1月至2013年7月间完成ERCP诊治的患者10955例,其中男6186例,女4769例,平均年龄（65．57±14．44）岁。总结并分析ERCP诊治病种、发病年龄、年度数量、麻醉方式及插管成功率等指标。结果10955例患者中,诊断性ERCP167例,治疗性ERCP10788例。2002年至2012年ERCP手术例数年平均增长率是19．58％。首次ERCP胆管插管成功率是97．23％,总ERCP胆管插管成功率是99．59％。常见的ERCP诊治疾病包括肝外胆管结石（40．85％）、肝门部胆管癌（10．53％）、化脓性胆管炎（10．44％）、胰头癌（10．04％）、慢性胰腺炎（8．24％）、肝外胆管癌（7．68％）、壶腹周围癌（6．96％）、胆源性胰腺炎（3．94％）、良性乳头狭窄（3．88％）、乳头癌（3．50％）。肝外胆管结石、化脓性胆管炎、良性乳头狭窄高发年龄是40～50岁,慢性胰腺炎高发年龄是50—60岁,胆源性胰腺炎、肝门部胆管癌、肝外胆管癌、胰头癌、壶腹周围癌、乳头癌的高发年龄是70—80岁。2011年至2013年中,98．74％患者行全凭静脉麻醉ERCP。结论ERCP已经成为胆胰疾病诊治的重要手段,适合于肝外胆管结石、化脓性胆管炎、恶性胆管梗阻等疾病,尤其是高龄患者的诊治。全凭静脉麻醉ERCP是安全、有效的。     

Acute biliary conditions

Acute biliary complications may result from several medical conditions such as gallstone pancreatitis, acute cholangitis, acute cholecystitis, bile leak, liver abscess and hepatic trauma. Gallstones are the most common cause of acute pancreatitis. About 25% of theses patients will develop clinically severe acute pancreatitis, usually due to necrotizing pancreatitis. Choledocholithiasis, malignant and benign biliary strictures, and stent dysfunction may cause partial or complete obstruction and infection in the biliary tract with acute cholangitis. Bile leaks are most commonly associated with hepatobiliary surgeries or invasive procedures such as open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy, hepatic resection, hepatic transplantation, liver biopsy, and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) may have an essential role in the management of these complications.     

Role of prophylactic endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients with acute biliary pancreatitis due to transient common bile duct obstruction

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The role of prophylactic endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients with transient common bile duct obstruction is controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the value of performing prophylactic endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients suffering from acute biliary pancreatitis and absent common bile duct stones on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). METHODS: Hospital notes of patients admitted to our unit with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis from January 2000 to January 2005 were reviewed. Endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed when patients were deemed unfit for cholecystectomy, suffering from a severe attack of acute pancreatitis and/or showing evidence of transient common bile duct obstruction. The outcomes of patients with and without endoscopic sphincterotomy were compared. RESULTS: A total of 427 patients were admitted with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis during the study period. Eighty-eight patients with absent common bile duct stones on ERCP were identified. Endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed in 71 patients and not performed in 17 patients. There was no significant difference in recurrent pancreatitis rates (1.4% vs 5.8%, P = 0.35), recurrent biliary complication rates (5.6% vs 5.9%, P = 1) or mortality rates (5.8% vs 1.5%, P = 0.35). The time to recurrent complications (38.4 days vs 41.0 days, P = 0.38) was not significantly different between the two groups. There was no ERCP-related morbidity or mortality. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic endoscopic sphincterotomy is not recommended in patients with transient common bile duct obstruction or as an option to cholecystectomy in elderly patients. Early cholecystectomy should be performed.     

ERCP在不明原因复发性急性胰腺炎诊治中的作用

目的探讨ERCP在不明原因复发性急性胰腺炎(RAP)诊治中的作用。方法收集15例不明原因RAP患者。其中男5例,女10例,年龄25～65岁,中位年龄38岁,病程1～2年,发病次数2～5次。10例在急性发作期,5例在发作间期行ERCP诊治。结果15例患者经ERCP明确病因者6例(3例胆管微结石,1例胆总管末端小囊肿,1例胰管小结石,1例胰管蛋白栓子),可疑病因者6例(乳头旁憩室2例,十二指肠乳头炎4例),未明确病因者3例。根据ERCP检查结果,9例行乳头括约肌切开术(EST),6例行胰管括约肌切开术。术后随访2年,15例患者均未复发胰腺炎。ERCP和EST术后2例出现一过性高淀粉酶血症,无其他并发症。结论ERCP对不明原因RAP有明确病因和指导治疗的作用。