舍曲林胶囊和片剂的药动学及生物等效性

目的:研究舍曲林胶囊和片剂的药动学和相对生物利用度,评价其生物等效性。方法:健康志愿者 18名随机分3组,按三周期三交叉口服舍曲林试验胶囊和片剂与舍曲林参比制剂,剂量分别为100 mg,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中舍曲林的浓度。计算相对生物利用度并评价试验制剂与参比制剂的生物等效性。结果:口服舍曲林胶囊、片剂和参比制剂后血浆中的舍曲林的c_(max)分别为(48±s 8),(44±8)和(46±8)μg·L-1; t_(max)分别为(4．7±1．3),(5．2±1．0)和(5．0±1．3)h;AUC_(0-120)分别为(1 372±426),(1 338±216)和(1 450± 370)μg·h·L~(-1);AUC_(0-∞)分别为(1 486±441),(1 462±216)和(1 573±391)μg·h·L~(-1)。胶囊制剂与参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(95 ±18)％,片剂与参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(96±18)％。结论:舍曲林胶囊和片剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

环酯红霉素干混悬剂、胶囊与片剂的生物等效性研究

目的:评价环酯红霉素干混悬剂、胶囊与片剂的生物等效性。方法:18名健康志愿者采用开放、随机、三周期交叉的单中心试验。采用HPLC-MS法测定口服给药后不同时间环酯红霉素的血药浓度。利用DAS 2．0计算药动学参数和进行统计分析。结果:受试者口服750 mg参比制剂环酯红霉素片,受试制剂环酯红霉素干混悬剂和胶囊的C_(max)分别为(1375±s 261)Ixg·L~(-1),(1303土356)μg·L~(-1)和(1307±305)μg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别是(2．4±0．8)h,(2．4±1．0)h和(2．9±0．9)h;4UC_(0～48)分别是(13302±4 369)μg·h·L~(-1),(13596±5519)μg·h·L~(-1)和(13564±4 825)μg·h·L~(-1)。受试制剂的相对生物利用度分别为(102±17)％,(102±15)％。结论:环酯红霉素干混悬剂和胶囊与剂量相同的环酯红霉素片参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

利巴韦林片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的评价利巴韦林2种片剂的生物等效性。方法20例男性健康受试者采用随机双交叉设计试验,用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定单剂量口服利巴韦林片受试制剂和参比制剂各300 mg后利巴韦林的血药浓度,所得数据采用软件BAPP2.0计算主要药动学参数。结果利巴韦林参比制剂与受试制剂主要药动学参数:t_(max)分别为(1.4±s 0.5)h,(1.9±1.0)h;c_(max)分别为(610±183)μg·L~(-1)和(598±194);μg·L~(-1),t(1/2)分别为(38±4)h和(36±5)h,AUC_(0～96)分别为(8 035±1795)μg·h·L~(-1)和(7 868±1 756)μg·h·L~(-1)。以AUC~(0～t)计算,利巴韦林受试制剂的平均相对生物利用度为(98±11)%,统计学结果表明2种制剂主要药动学参数c_(max)、AUC_(0～t)和t_(max)均无显著差异。结论本方法准确、专属、灵敏,2种制剂在人体内具有生物等效性。     

三种替米沙坦制剂在中国健康人体的药动学及生物等效性

目的:评价健康受试者单剂量口服受试替米沙坦胶囊,片剂以及参比替米沙坦片剂的人体药动学与生物等效性。方法:采用3种制剂3周期随机交叉试验设计,LC-MS-MS法测定18例男性健康受试者单剂量口服80 mg国产替米沙坦胶囊、替米沙坦片和进口替米沙坦片后替米沙坦的血药浓度。采用非室模型计算药动学参数。AUC,Cmax对数转换后进行方差分析并计算90％置信区间。结果:国产替米沙坦胶囊、替米沙坦片剂,进口替米沙坦片剂的主要药动学参数分别为:Cmax=(1 016．3±571．7),(869．7±623．8)和(905．7±583．4)ng·mL-1, Tmax=(1．5±1．0),(1．5±0．6)和(1．6±1．1)h,AUC0-t=(7 372±3 955),(7 373±4 347)和(6 774±3 758)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞=(8 432±4 946),(8 623±5 687)和(7 502±4 663)ng·h·mL-1,t1/2=(24．9±9．2),(24．5±11．9)和(23．0±6．5)h。结论:国产替米沙坦胶囊、替米沙坦片与进口替米沙坦片具有生物等效性。     

氨酚伪麻美芬片Ⅱ在健康人体内的药动学和生物等效性

目的研究2种国产氨酚伪麻美芬片Ⅱ在健康人体内的药动学及生物等效性。方法20名健康男性受试者按2制剂双周期交叉试验设计口服受试制剂和参比制剂各2片,采用高效液相色谱-紫外法测定血浆中对乙酰氨基酚的浓度,高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定血浆中伪麻黄碱和右啡烷的浓度,使用DAS软件计算药动学参数并进行生物等效性统计分析。结果参比制剂和受试制剂中对乙酰氨基酚的c_(max)分别为(6 600±s 1200),(7600±2100)μg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为(1.1±0.6),(0.9±0.6)h;A4 UC_(0～16)分别为(27 900±4700),(28 700±4 400)μg·h·L~(-1);t(1/2)分别为(4.0±1.0),(4.2±1.4)h;伪麻黄碱的C_(max)分别为(213±33),(222±34)μg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为(1.8±0.5),(1.6±0.6)h;AUC_(0～24)分别为(1 676±261),(1 659±282)μg·h·L~(-1);t_(1/2)分别为(4.6±0.5),(4.6±0.5)h;右啡烷的c_(max)分别为(7±4),(7.5±2.9)μg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为(2.1±0.6),(1.9±0.7)h;AUC_(0～24)分别为(38±15),(39±12)μg·h·L~(-1);t_(1/2)分别为(6±3),(5.1±2.7)h。以AUC_(0～t)计算,受试制剂中对乙酰氡基酚、伪麻黄碱和右美沙芬的相对生物利用度分别为(103±8)%,(100±18)%,(109±27)%,2种制剂的主要药动学参数经统计学检验,差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。结论2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定美托洛尔缓释片的人体药动学及生物等效性

目的建立测定人血浆中美托洛尔浓度的液相色谱-串联质谱(LC—MS/MS)法,研究健康受试者单剂量和多剂量口服美托洛尔受试制剂和参比制剂后的药动学和生物等效性。方法40名男性健康志愿者进行随机双交叉试验,分别单剂量和多剂量口服美托洛尔受试制剂和参比制剂100 mg,采用LC—MS/ MS法测定血药浓度,用DAS软件计算主要药动学参数。结果单剂量时受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数如下:c_(max)分别为(144±s 43)和(164±40)μg·L~(-1),t_(max)分别为(3.7±1.2)和(3.5±0.8)h,t_(1/2)分别为(6.0±2.5)和(4.9±2.0)h,AUC_(0～24)分别为(1 639±787)和(1 658±636)μg·h·L~(-1),相对生物利用度为(97±21)%。多剂量达稳态时受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数如下:c_(max)分别为(241±170)和(232±75)μg·L~(-1),c_(min)分别为(115±66)和(121±64)μg·L~(-1),t_(max)分别为(3.7±1.0)和(3.5±1.6)h,AUC_(ss)分别为(1 905±882)和(1 992±834)μg·h·L~(-1),c_(av)分别为(159±73)和(166±69)μg·L~(-1),DF分别为(77±30)%和(75±31)%。受试制剂与参比制剂的AUC_(0～t),AUC_(0～∞)或AUC_(ss),c_(max)和t_(max)均符合生物等效性要求。结论建立的LC—MS/MS法专属、准确、灵敏度适宜。测定的美托洛尔受试制剂和参比制剂生物等效。     

替米沙坦胶囊正常人体相对生物等效性研究

目的:研究替米沙坦胶囊正常人体相对生物等效性。方法:20名健康男性志愿受试者单剂量随机交叉口服替米沙坦胶囊(受试制剂)或替米沙坦片(参比制剂)80mg,采用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,以3p97程序计算药动学参数和相对生物等效性。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂在体内血药浓度均呈二室模型,tmax分别为(2.08±1.64)、(2.02±0.86)h,Cmax分别为(2.10±1.36)、(1.95±1.08)μg/ml,AUC0～t分别为(116.25±55.97)、(123.94±65.66)(μg·h)/ml,t1/2β分别为(74.23±25.11)、(79.18±23.27)h。经配对t检验,受试制剂与参比制剂药动学参数无显著性差异(P>0.05),受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(93.80±12.24)%。结论:2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

2种替米沙坦制剂的人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究替米沙坦胶囊与替米沙坦片在人体内的生物等效性。方法:20名志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服国产替米沙坦胶囊(受试制剂)或进口替米沙坦片(参比制剂)80mg后,采用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,用3p97软件计算二者的药动学参数,并评价其生物等效性。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的药-时曲线均符合口服吸收一室模型,药动学参数分别为:t1/2K(e74.23±25.11)、(79.18±23.27)h,tma(x2.08±1.64)、(2.02±0.86)h,cma(x2.10±1.36)、(1.95±1.08)μg·mL-1,AUC0～144(h116.25±55.97)、(123.94±65.66)μg·h·mL-1。国产替米沙坦胶囊的相对生物利用度为(93.80±12.24)%。经方差分析、双单侧t检验及1-2α置信区间法统计分析,各药动学参数无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:国产替米沙坦胶囊与进口替米沙坦片具有生物等效性。     

氯唑西林片剂与胶囊剂的人体生物等效性

目的评价氯唑西林片剂与胶囊剂在人体内的生物等效性。方法20名健康男性受试者随机交叉给药,单剂量口服500 mg受试制剂氯唑西林片和参比制剂氯唑西林钠胶囊,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定氯唑西林的血药浓度,用3P97软件进行药动学参数计算和生物等效性评价。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数:t_(1/2)分别为(1.3±s 0.3)和(1.21±0.26)h,c_(max)分别为(14±4)和(15±4) mg·L~(-1),t_(max)分别为(0.73±0.26)和(0.74±0.17)h,AUC_(0～t)分别为(23±5)和(24±6)mg·h·L~(-1),AUC_(0～∞)分别为(23±5)和(25±6)mg·h·L~(-1),经方差分析和双单侧t检验显示,主要药动学参数无显著差异;受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(98±27)%。结论2种氯唑西林制剂具有生物等效性。     

替米沙坦片人体生物等效性

目的 研究国产替米沙坦片与进口替米沙坦片的人体生物等效性。方法 用LC-MS法,测定20名健康男性单次交叉口服参比制剂及试验制剂80mg后血浆中不同时间点的药物浓度,经SPSS软件统计拟合,计算其药物动力学参数和相对生物利用度,评价两制剂的生物等效性。结果参比制剂及试验制剂的主要药代动力学参数C_(max)、t_(max)、AUC_(0→96)和AUC_(0→∞)分别为:347.2±41.1和352.4±42.9 μg·L~(-1);1.1±0.25和1.1±0.21h;2910.5±289.6和2866.8±235.5 μg·h·L~(-1);3044.8±307.2和3006.4±251.3 μg·h·L~(-1)。试验制剂对参比制剂的相对生物利用度F为(98.9±7.0)％。AUC_(0→96),C_(max)对数转换后,经双单侧t检验并计算AUC(0→96),C_(max)的90％可信区间。结论 两制剂具有生物等效性。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.