GE256排CT头颈CTA联合扫描的作用价值

目的:以短暂性脑缺血发作患者为研究对象,探讨为患者实施GE256排CT头颈联合CT血管成像(CTA)扫描的价值。方法:随机抽取在我院进行短暂性脑缺血发作诊治的患者41例,为所有患者实施GE256排CT头颈联合CTA扫描。结果:41例患者应用血管探针技术、MIP、MPR、VR等图像重建技术,椎动脉、颈内动脉、脑内各动脉及主要分支均可获得清晰显示。单纯颅外动脉狭窄患者占19.51%,单纯颅内动脉狭窄患者占34.15%,颅内动脉伴颅外颈动脉狭窄患者占46.34%。颅内动脉狭窄中,4例椎动脉颅内段狭窄,5例基底动脉狭窄,2例大脑后动脉狭窄,4例颈内动脉颅内段闭塞伴大脑中动脉狭窄,14例大脑中动脉M1段狭窄,6例M2段狭窄。颅外颈动脉狭窄中,1例单侧椎动脉发育细小,5例椎动脉C2、C3水平狭窄,5例颈内动脉起始部狭窄、8例颈内动脉分叉部狭窄。斑块血管共计29支,基本位于大脑中动脉及颈内动脉部位。累及血管中中重度狭窄伴闭塞患者33例、轻度狭窄患者8例。结论:为短暂性脑缺血发作患者实施GE256排CT头颈联合CTA扫描能够使病变部位程度、类型以及部位等得到准确显示,可为临床进行病情诊断提供参考。     

超声造影对颅外段颈动脉狭窄的评估价值

目的 探讨超声造影评估颅外段颈动脉狭窄的价值.方法 用常规超声和超声造影(CEUS)检查108例颅外段颈动脉狭窄患者,判断狭窄的部位及程度,并与数字减影血管造影(DSA)结果相对比.结果 108例患者经DSA确诊存在颅外段颈动脉轻中度狭窄62例,共81条血管(颈总动脉33条,颈内动脉43条,颈外动脉5条);重度狭窄39例,共51条血管(颈内动脉46条,颈总动脉5条);完全闭塞7例,共7条血管(均为颈内动脉).CEUS明显改善了对血管内膜面和中膜一外膜界面的显像.以DSA结果为金标准,常规超声和CEUS对轻中度狭窄、重度狭窄、完全闭塞的判断符合率分别为76.5%和91.4%(P＜0.05)、60.8%和94.1%(P＜0.001)、28.6%和100%(P＜0.05).CEUS和DSA对狭窄率计算值呈显著线性正相关(r=0.975,P＜0.001).结论 CEUS能够较为准确、无创地评估颅外段颈动脉狭窄,优于常规超声,且与DSA相关性较高.     

经颅彩色多普勒超声联合造影技术对颈内动脉颅内段狭窄闭塞部位的研究

目的探讨经颅彩色多普勒超声联合经颅超声造影技术诊断颈内动脉颅内段狭窄闭塞部位的价值。方法 112例脑血管病患者,利用经颅彩色多普勒超声联合经颅超声造影技术,采用冠状面和轴断面相结合的方法,依次检查颈内动脉颅内各段,记录血流动力学测值。超声检查与磁共振脑血管造影比较,总结超声和磁共振脑血管造影诊断颈内动脉狭窄闭塞性部位的价值。结果经过筛选共40例患者符合条件,所有颈内动脉根据解剖分为5段,即颈段、C1~2段、C3~4段、C5~6段和大脑中动脉(MCA1)段,共分析了400段。经颅彩色多普勒超声联合经颅超声造影技术诊断的颈内动脉颅内段狭窄闭塞者有48段,狭窄分布部位如下:大脑中动脉(MCA1)26段、C1~2段10段、C3~4段10段、C5~6段2段;合并颈内动脉颅外段狭窄闭塞者有18段,大脑后动脉狭窄2例。MRA诊断颈内动脉颅内段狭窄闭塞者有54段,其中大脑中动脉(MCA1)28段、C1~2段6段、C3~4段20段、C5~6段0段;合并颈内动脉颅外段狭窄闭塞者有18段,大脑后动脉狭窄2例,岩骨段小动脉瘤2例。结论超声与磁共振脑血管造影两种无创检查方法均能有效判断颈内动脉颅内段狭窄闭塞部位,经颅彩色多普勒超声联合经颅超声造影技术能提供颅内血流动力学状况,超声与磁共振脑血管造影结合使用对颈内动脉颅内段狭窄闭塞部位的诊断能提供更全面客观的评价。     

经颅超声造影在颅内动脉狭窄闭塞性疾病的应用

目的探讨经颅超声造影在颅内动脉狭窄闭塞性疾病的应用价值。方法 59例患者超声造影前、后分别经颅超声探查颅内动脉及颈内动脉颅内段,比较造影前、后颅内动脉的显示率,总结经颅超声造影在颅内动脉狭窄闭塞性疾病的血流特点,并与MRA或DSA结果对比。结果造影增强经颅彩色多普勒(CE-TCCS)对于大脑前动脉(ACA)、大脑中动脉(MCA)、大脑后动脉(PCA)显示率较常规经颅彩色多普勒(TCCS)明显提高,其中对于MCA(M2段)、ACA(A1、A2段)、PCA(P1、P2段)的显示率与TCCS比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。21例椎-基底动脉造影前显示率为71.3%(15/21),造影后显示率为100%;CE-TCCS检出3例MCA闭塞,15例MCA狭窄,3例ACA狭窄,2例PCA狭窄;4例颈内动脉颅内段闭塞,7例颈内动脉颅内段狭窄。颈内动脉颅外段闭塞3例和狭窄8例,患者同侧颅内动脉血流灌注减少,血流速度减低。2例MCA狭窄支架置入术后,CE-TCCS显示血流通畅,速度在正常范围,所有结果均经MRA、DSA证实。结论经颅超声造影可以提高颅内动脉的显示率;有助于判断颅内动脉狭窄,也可用于颅内动脉狭窄支架置入术后疗效评价。     

短暂性脑缺血发作患者全脑血管造影临床应用分析

目的 通过对短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者行全脑血管造影检查,了解国人缺血性脑血管病患者的血管学资料,为更好地认识和防治缺血性脑血管病提供临床依据.方法 选择82例TIA患者行全脑血管造影检查.每位患者的影像学资料经过有经验的专家诊断,提供脑的颅内、外血管的狭窄部位、狭窄程度、单发或者多发狭窄病变、血管狭窄病变位于颅内或颅外、狭窄病变血管的多少、侧枝循环情况等.结果 前循环组共有血管狭窄111处,其中双侧颈动脉虹吸部狭窄16处,颈动脉颅内段及左、右、双侧大脑中动脉水平段狭窄95处;后循环组共有血管狭窄103处,左、右及双侧椎动脉起始部狭窄64处,左、右及双侧颅内后循环狭窄39处.前循环组全脑血管造影阴性例数为5例,后循环组为21例,两组比较差异有统计学意义(x2=17.806,P＜0.05).结论 前循环责任血管病变以颈内动脉虹吸部和大脑中动脉的水平段为多;后循环狭窄病变则以椎动脉起始部、大脑后动脉和基底动脉较多.     

超声在缺血性脑血管病介入治疗中的诊断价值

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声（CDI）、经颅多普勒超声（TCD）对缺血性脑血管病的诊断及在脑血管成形支架植入术后随访中的价值，并与全脑数字减影血管造影（DSA）比较。方法：对261例缺血性脑血管病患者行颈部血管听诊、CDI、TCD检查，其中175例加行DSA检查，对有手术指征49例患者行脑血管成形支架植入术并随访。结果：①CDI证实颅外段脑血管狭窄〉50％的患者血管杂音的阳性率高达82％。TCD提示颅内段脑血管狭窄患者血管杂音阳性率达50％。②CDI及TCD示颅外段颈、椎动脉狭窄〉50％的患者中DSA符合率达82％；TCD提示颈内动脉虹吸段或大脉中动脉狭窄〉50％的患者中DSA符合率达98％。③脑血管成形支架植入术后患者CDI可清楚显示支架位置形态及支架内膜增生情况。CDI及TCD在术后监测发现狭窄段血流速度较术前明显降低；而术后支架内再狭窄的发生则表现为血流速度的再度增快。结论：CDI、TCD联合应用对缺血性脑血管病介入治疗前的诊断及术后随访提供了一种可靠的无创性综合检查方法。     

颈内动脉颅外段重度狭窄或闭塞后颅内循环的经颅多普勒超声分析

目的:应用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)对颈内动脉颅外段重度狭窄或闭塞的颅内血流动力学进行分析。方法:采用64层螺旋CT血管造影(CTA)筛查单侧重度颈动脉狭窄或闭塞的患者,用TCD对颅内动脉的血流动力学改变进行评价。结果:(1)重度颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞病变同侧的大脑中动脉平均血流速度和搏动指数均低于对侧。(2)侧支循环开放形成,前交通动脉开放占63.5%,后交通动脉开放占46%,颈内外动脉开放占44%。结论:重度颈内动脉颅外段狭窄或闭塞使同侧半球血流速度下降,侧支循环建立,TCD与CTA从不同角度对颈动脉病变提供诊断治疗依据。     

椎动脉颅内段血流速度及频谱波形异常的分析与诊断

目的探讨椎动脉颅内段血流异常的类型、病变部位及产生原因。方法对299例经磁共振血管成像和/或数字减影血管造影证实的颅内外动脉严重狭窄或闭塞患者,采用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)和颈动脉连续波多普勒超声(CWD)评估椎动脉颅内段血流异常。结果299例患者共检测598支椎动脉颅内段,其中508支血流异常:狭窄血流(32支)、无血流(17支)、低流速低阻力(58支)、低流速高阻力(42支)、代偿血流(287支)和窃血频谱(72支)。狭窄血流或无血流均在病变部位直接检出,其他4种类型血流异常则是病变部位近端或远端动脉的间接血流改变。结论采用TCD和CWD评估椎动脉颅内段血流异常可为临床寻找后循环缺血的原因和更深入研究缺血性脑血管病的发病机制提供重要的客观依据。     

146例缺血性脑血管病患者颅内外动脉狭窄结果分析

脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄是脑血管病发病的重要因素之一，了解粥样硬化性狭窄在颅内外颈动脉和椎动脉的发生率，对于预防和治疗缺血性脑血管病具有重要的指导意义。我国对脑动脉狭窄的检测，多采用经颅多普勒超声、彩色双功能超声及磁共振血管造影，很少有金标准数字减影脑血管造影(DSA)的资料。     

三维颈动脉超声在缺血性脑血管病中的应用

目的 评价三维颈动脉超声成像在颈动脉狭窄诊断中与数字减影脑血管造影(DSA)的一致性,并分析其在缺血性脑血管病中的应用价值.方法 选取我院住院的缺血性脑血管病患者42例(共54条血管),首先行DSA检查及常规颈动脉超声,再利用三维颈动脉超声扫描系统进行扫查,并进行颈动脉三维重建,测量斑块数目及管腔狭窄率,与DSA进行对比分析,得出一致性.结果 三维颈动脉超声对颅外段颈动脉的斑块检出率高于DSA.对于颈动脉直径狭窄率超过70％的重度狭窄,三维超声与DSA检查的一致性Kappa值为0.908,提示三维超声结果可靠.结论 三维颈动脉超声无创、无放射性,可直观显示颈动脉颅外段详细的三维解剖结构,斑块形态及位置,并能较准确判定颈动脉狭窄程度,有望成为评价颈动脉斑块及狭窄的重要检查方法.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.