输尿管结石患者的围手术期护理分析

目的分析输尿管结石患者的围手术期护理方法和效果。方法搜集2013年2月~2014年2月我院接收的输尿管结石44例患者,随机分为甲组和乙组。给予甲组围手术期常规护理,给予乙组围手术期综合护理。观察甲组和乙组的护理效果,并比较。结果与甲组相比,乙组手术时间较短,护理满意度较高,差异较大,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论输尿管结石患者的围手术期综合护理效果较好,可有效缩短手术时间,提高患者满意度,值得推广。     

小柴胡汤治疗小儿感冒的临床探析

目的：分析小柴胡汤治疗小儿感冒的临床效果。方法搜集2013年1月~9月我院接收的小儿感冒46例患儿，随机分为甲组和乙组。对甲组23例应用西药治疗，对乙组23例应用小柴胡汤，观察、比较甲组和乙组的临床效果。结果甲组治疗有效率为78.26%，乙组治疗有效率为95.65%。乙组治疗有效率高于甲组，差异较大，有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论小柴胡汤治疗小儿感冒效果显著，治疗有效率较高，值得推广。     

沐舒坦雾化吸入治疗慢性支气管炎的临床观察

目的：观察沐舒坦雾化吸入治疗慢性支气管炎的临床效果。方法搜集2012年8月~2014年4月我中心接收的慢性支气管炎52例患者，随机分为甲组和乙组。给予两组相同的常规治疗，并对甲组26例实施a-糜蛋白和庆大霉素雾化吸入，对乙组26例实施沐舒坦雾化吸入。观察并对比甲组和乙组的治疗效果。结果乙组不良反应的发生率低于甲组，治疗有效率高于甲组，差异显著，有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论沐舒坦雾化吸入治疗慢性支气管炎效果较好，治疗有效率较高，且不良反应较少，值得推广。     

先兆流产患者的心理分析及护理研究

目的：研究先兆流产患者的心理特征及护理方法。方法搜集2012年9月~2013年9月我院接收的先兆流产44例患者，随机分为甲组和乙组。对甲组22例和乙组22例心理特征进行分析，并对甲组进行常规指导，对乙组进行护理干预。观察甲组和乙组的临床效果。结果44例患者中，紧张焦虑30例，恐惧抑郁32例，失望悲观26例。乙组患者抑郁评分和焦虑评分低于甲组，差异较大，有统计学意义(<0.05)。结论先兆流产患者的心理特征表现为紧张焦虑、恐惧抑郁和失望悲观等，加强对患者的临床护理，可以改善患者的抑郁和焦虑，提高治疗效果，值得应用。     

对于优质护理用于顺产产妇第四产程产后出血的效果评价

目的探讨顺产产妇第四产程产后出血处理中采用优质护理的临床效果。方法回顾性分析我院2012年1月~12月与2013年1月~12月接收的经阴道分娩且第四产程产后出血的产妇资料，将2012年1月~12月时间段内行常规护理的研究对象设为对照组，将2013年1月~12月时间段内行优质护理研究对象设为观察组，对比两组患者的第四产程产后出血率与护理满意度。结果观察组行优质护理后，第四产程产后出血率以25.0%明显低于对照组的66.7%，护理满意度以91.7%明显高于对照组的70.7%，组间比较差异显著(P<0.05)。结论顺产产妇第四产程产后出血处理中采用优质护理后，可有效降低产后出血率，有利于护理满意度的提高，临床效果显著，值得推广。     

老年帕金森病临床治疗观察

目的：观察老年帕金森病的临床治疗方法和效果。方法搜集2012年3月~2013年4月我院接收的老年帕金森病34例患者，随机分为甲组和乙组。给予甲组17例常规治疗，对乙组17例进行常规治疗的同时应用甲钴胺和《酸。观察甲组和乙组的治疗效果，并对比。结果乙组治疗有效率高于甲组，症状指标评分低于甲组，症状改善良好，差异显著，有统计学意义(<0.05)。结论对老年帕金森病患者应用美多芭治疗的同时应用甲钴胺和《酸，治疗效果较好，症状改善明显，应予以推广。     

观察预防护理干预对于阴道分娩产后出血的临床影响

目的：探讨分析预防护理干预对于降低阴道分娩产后出血的临床价值。方法在我院2013年所收治的阴道分娩产妇中选取100例作为研究对象,分为观察组和对照组,对照组患者给予常规的护理,观察组患者则在对照组患者的基础上给予细致的预防护理干预,比较两组患者的护理效果。结果经过预防护理干预患者发生产后出血率明显比常规护理的患者低。同时,预防护理干预患者的第三产程出血量、产后2h出血量、产后24h出血量均少于常规护理患者,预防护理干预患者的护理满意度98.0%高于常规护理患者76.0%,差异比较均具有统计学意义(<0.05)。结论预防护理干预对于降低阴道分娩产后出血具有非常重要的临床价值,值得大力推广采使用。     

38例宫缩乏力性产后出血的护理及探讨

目的：探讨宫缩乏力性产后出血的护理方法及护理效果。方法选自2013年4月~2014年4月我院收治的宫缩乏力性产后出血患者38例,将这38例患者随机分成两组,每组19例,分别命名为观察组和对照组,观察组患者给予综合性护理,对照组患者给予常规护理。结果观察组临床护理的总有效率为100%,对照组临床护理的总有效率为94.8%。结论针对于宫缩乏力性产后出血患者采用综合护理的方式,能够显著的提高护理的效果,该种护理方法值得临床推广。     

产后出血的临床分析及护理措施

目的：探讨分析产后出血的原因及护理措施,为预防和护理产后出血提供参考依据。方法对2012年~2014年我院收治的50例产后出血产妇进行综合护理,分析产妇产后出血的原因,总结产后出血的应对举措。结果患者产后出血的原因主要有子宫收缩乏力和胎盘因素等。加强孕前指导工作、提供心理和产程护理和完善产后服务等能够有效的降低产后出血率。结论加强孕前指导工作,给予产妇产前、产时和产后护理,能有效降低产后出血的概率,值得在临床护理中推广。     

母婴同室新生护理模式的应用及探讨

目的：分析与研究母婴同室新生护理模式的临床应用效果。方法对我院2013年1月~12月收治的160例分娩产妇的临床资料进行回顾性分析，将160例产妇划分为对照组与研究组，两组各80例；对照组行常规护理模式，研究组行母婴同室新生护理模式。对比两组护理知识掌握状况、护理满意度以及新生儿并发症率。结果研究组产妇喂养知识掌握、沐浴抚触知识掌握、脐部知识掌握以及育儿信息掌握情况均优于对照组，两组差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)；研究组护理满意度明显高于对照组，角膜炎、胃肠道感染、脐部感染、皮肤感染、角膜炎以及呼吸道感染等一系列医院内感染率明显低于对照组，两组患者差异显著，具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论母婴同室新生护理模式在新生儿护理中的应用，具有显著的临床护理效果，值得在临床护理中推广使用。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.