股骨粗隆间骨折的围手术期护理

目的 探讨股骨粗隆间骨折的围手术期护理.方法采取术前、术后、以及康复锻炼的综合护理措施,促进患者早日康复.结果 本组患者无一例护理并发症的发生结论通过加强对手术患者的围手术期护理,可明显降低患者的并发症.     

1例下颌骨造釉细胞瘤患者围手术期护理

目的：总结腓骨瓣修复下颌骨缺损术的围手术期护理方法。方法对首例应用腓骨瓣修复下颌骨缺损患者,术前做好心理指导,供皮区、口腔准备;术后严密观察患者生命体征、皮瓣血运情况,加强皮肤护理及功能锻炼,积极预防血栓、感染等并发症,出院加强康复期的功能锻炼指导。结果患者的腓骨瓣完全成活,住院期间未发生血栓、感染等并发症。结论腓骨瓣修复下颌骨缺损术的围手术期精心护理对提高皮瓣存活率、手术成功率具有积极意义。     

54例乳腺癌患者的围手术期护理体会

目的 总结乳腺癌围手术期的护理措施,提高护理质量.方法 对54例乳腺癌患者进行术前心理护理,术中稳定情绪,术后加强病情观察及功能锻炼;出院指导,定期复查和化疗.从术前及术后两方面进行综合分析.结果 54例患者均痊愈出院,无护理并发症发生.结论 有效的围术期护理是确保手术成功的重要因素之一,可减少并发症的发生,采取相应的护理措施是保证手术成功的重要环节.     

62例股骨粗隆间骨折患者的围手术期护理

目的总结股骨粗隆间骨折患者行DHS+PFN内固定术的围手术期护理方法。方法对62例股骨粗隆间骨折患者的健康状态进行全面评估,根据患者的生理和心理特点,实施有针对性围手术期护理方法,制定切实可行的功能锻炼的方法,有效地预防和控制并发症。结果所有患者的合并症经术前处理相对稳定,术后无1例发生严重并发症,围手术期间护理效果良好。结论股骨粗隆间骨折患者行DHS+PFN内固定治疗,根据患者的生理和心理特点有针对性地实施围手术期护理是提高手术成功率、减少并发症、促进骨折愈合和病死率的重要保证。     

膝关节镜治疗半月板损伤84例围手术期护理

目的 探讨膝关节镜治疗半月板损伤围手术期护理,提高护理水平.方法 通过对84例患者的术前、术后综合护理及功能锻炼情况进行观察,总结关节镜治疗半月板损伤的护理经验.结果 对84例应用关节镜治疗半月板损伤患者,随访8 ～13个月,术前症状消失,关节功能明显改善.结论 科学的护理方法,正确有效的功能锻炼,防止术后并发症的发生,保证了关节镜手术效果,患者术后关节功能恢复满意,提高了生活质量.     

后路椎间融合治疗低度腰椎滑脱的围手术期护理

目的：观察后路椎弓根内固定加椎间融合治疗低度腰椎滑脱的围手术期护理效果。方法对纳入的35例因低度腰椎滑脱行单节段融合的患者加强术前心理护理及相关的术前准备,并做好术后体位护理、生命体征及病情观察、神经功能护理、并发症的预防、康复锻炼及出院指导。结果35例腰椎滑脱患者均顺利完成手术,所有患者的疼痛症状消失或缓解,均无护理相关并发症。结论腰椎滑脱症患者围手术期的良好护理和正确指导对于提高手术治疗效果、降低并发症及改善患者生活质量具有重要意义。     

人工髋关节置换术的康复护理

目的 探讨人工髋关节置换术的康复护理.方法 全面评估58例人工髋关节置换术患者的健康状况,术前加强心理及生理的护理,术后密切观察生命体征,对患者进行功能锻炼,预防并发症的指导训练.结果 全部患者合并症经术前处理相对稳定.能积极理解并配合,58例平稳度过围手术期.结论 在人工髋关节置换术中,注意加强围手术期护理及康复工作,能够提高病人对治疗康复的积极性,有效改善患者的信心和生活质量,对患者的术后康复具有重要的意义.     

颈椎前路手术围手术期的护理

目的：总结颈椎前路手术围手术期有效的护理措施。方法对151例颈椎前路手术患者进行系统的、有效的心理护理、术前宣教、呼吸功能和气管推移训练;术后严密的呼吸道管理、病情观察及康复指导。结果本组患者无1例护理并发症发生,均治愈出院。结论优质的围手术期护理方法对降低手术并发症和促进患者早期康复具有重要的临床意义。     

膝关节镜手术围手术期的护理

目的探讨膝关节镜手术的围手术期护理,为今后临床治疗和护理提供依据。方法采集我科2012年9月~2013年12月对19例膝关节镜手术患者的术前、术后护理,并发症的预防及科学的康复训练。结果减轻患者的心理恐惧,19例患者全部顺利康复出院,无感染,无并发症发生,膝关节功能恢复良好。结论规范化的围手术期护理及康复指导是膝关节镜手术成功的重要保证。     

29例先天并指畸形患儿围手术期的护理

目的探讨先天并指畸形患儿围手术期的护理经验。方法回顾性分析29例先天并指畸形患儿的临床资料,总结其围绕手术分指、指蹼重建、创面闭合手术的术前护理、术中密切配合、术后伤口观察护理及后期功能锻炼的经验。结果 29例先天并指畸形患儿经过整形手术和恰当的围手术期护理,手功能恢复,外观改善,生活自理能力提高。结论针对先天并指畸形患儿病例,正确实施手术方法,在护理过程中加强对患儿围手术期的心理护理、营养支持、伤口的观察、创面护理及康复期功能锻炼至关重要。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.