新生儿溶血病红细胞血型免疫性抗体的特异性分析

目的:观察母婴血型不合新生儿溶血病(HDN)红细胞血型免疫性抗体的检出率及其特异性.方法:采用试管法和微柱凝胶法对母婴血标本进行ABO、Rh血型鉴定及不规则抗体筛查,对有黄疸症状的新生儿血标本进行直接抗人球蛋白试验、抗体游离试验、抗体放散试验、抗体特异性鉴定及其效价测定.结果:在298例由红细胞血型免疫性抗体引起的HDN患儿中,检出抗A 62例(20.8％),抗B 65例(21.8％),抗A+抗AB 87例(29.2％),抗B+抗AB 6例(2.0％);抗M4例(1.3％),抗N1例(0.3％);抗D4例(1.3％),抗E7例(2.3％),抗cE 3例(1.0％).由ABO及MN血型免疫性抗体引起HDN者,直接抗人球蛋白试验多为弱阳性,由Rh血型免疫性抗体引起HDN者,直接抗人球蛋白试验多为强阳性;微柱凝胶法的凝集强度高于试管法;HDN患儿出生后24 h内阳性检出率为91.5％.结论:HDN血型免疫性抗体的特异性主要为ABO系统的抗A、抗B、抗AB,其次为Rh系统的抗E、抗D、抗cE及MN系统的抗M、抗N.     

56例不规则抗体引起ABO血型正反定型不相符的分析

目的探讨引起ABO血型正反定型不相符的不规则抗体特异性及其免疫球蛋白类型。方法采用微柱凝胶法对患者进行ABO和Rh D血型鉴定,对ABO血型正反定型不相符的血标本再采用传统试管法进行复检,并采用微柱凝胶法进行不规则抗体筛选、特异性鉴定、抗体效价及免疫球蛋白类型检测。结果在引起ABO血型正反定型不相符的56例不规则抗体中,MNS血型系统19例(33.9%)、P血型系统1例(1.8%)、Lewis血型系统15例(26.8%)、Kidd血型系统4例(7.1%)、Rh血型系统10例(17.9%)、冷自身抗体7例(12.5%)。免疫球蛋白类型为Ig M型42例(75.0%),抗体效价为1∶16~1∶8192;Ig G型10例(17.9%),抗体效价为1∶128~1∶1024;Ig M、Ig G混合型4例(7.1%),抗体效价为1∶32~1∶256。37℃反应性:±~4~+。结论 Ig M型不规则抗体是引起ABO血型正反定型不相符的主要原因,高效价的Ig G型不规则抗体也可引起ABO血型正反定型不相符,在ABO血型鉴定中必须正反定型,同时进行不规则抗体筛选才能保证检测结果的准确性和输血安全。     

血型不规则抗体的筛查和抗体特异性分析

目的确证微柱凝胶法血型不规则抗体筛检阳性患者的抗体特异性。方法应用微柱凝胶法对患者血浆(血清)进行血型不规则抗体筛查,对抗体筛查阳性患者的血标本再用凝聚胺法及间接抗人球蛋白试验进行抗体特异性鉴定和效价测定。结果在微柱凝胶法血型不规则抗体筛查阳性210例中,由非特异性抗体引起假阳性35例(16.7%),由血型不规则抗体引起阳性175例(83.3%)。在175例血型不规则抗体阳性患者中,Rh血型系统抗体156例(89.1%),MNSs血型系统抗体10例(5.7%),Lewis血型系统抗体5例(2.9%),Kidd血型系统抗体3例(1.7%),其中Rh血型系统合并Kidd血型系统抗体1例。结论对孕妇产前及受血者进行血型不规则抗体筛查、特异性鉴定及其效价测定,早期进行预防及选择不含相应抗原的血液输注,是防治新生儿溶血病和确保输血安全和有效的重要措施。     

国产SA-120自动血型分析仪在血型鉴定中的应用价值

目的 评价国产SA-120自动血型分析仪在ABO及Rh(D)血型鉴定中的临床应用价值。方法 采用国产SA-120自动血型仪及进口Ortho Vision Max自动血型分析仪分别对我院2022年4月至2022年9月间住院患者5 862例血型样本进行ABO及Rh(D)血型鉴定。比对两种仪器检测结果的一致性,对仪器判读失败的原因进行分析,并进行仪器性能及配套试剂间的比较。结果 两种血型仪检测ABO及Rh(D)血型结果的一次判读成功率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两种血型仪在使用上各具优势。结论 SA-120自动血型仪能够准确有效地进行ABO及Rh(D)血型鉴定,特别适用于大批量样本的检测,但对于判读失败的结果仍应结合试管法进行鉴定。     

Rh抗e抗体的检测及其临床意义分析

目的 分析Rh血型抗e抗体的血型血清学检测结果及其临床意义。方法 采用微柱凝胶法(MGT)对患者进行ABO、 RhD血型鉴定及抗体筛查，对抗体筛查阳性、交叉配血不合或ABO血型正反定型不相符患者血标本再采用试管盐水法(NS)进行对比检测，采用直接抗人球蛋白试验(DAT)和间接抗人球蛋白试验(IAT)对患者血标本进行不规则抗体筛查、抗体特异性鉴定及交叉配血试验。结果 在22例抗体筛查阳性及交叉配血不合的患者中，男性4例，女性18例，年龄23～80岁。经抗体特异性鉴定为单独抗e抗体17例，抗e合并抗C抗体5例，凝集强度1+～2+,抗体效价1∶8～1∶32。结论 抗e、抗C抗体均为IgG型抗体，在血型血清学检测中可引起抗体筛查阳性、交叉配血不合或ABO血型正反定型不相符，在临床上可引起溶血性输血反应及新生儿溶血病的发生。     

225例住院患者血型血清学检测及其临床意义分析

目的 分析住院患者血型血清学检测结果及其临床意义。方法 对患者血标本采用微柱凝胶法(MGT)进行ABO及Rh血型鉴定和不规则抗体筛选,对抗体筛选阳性血标本再采用试管生理盐水法(NS)、间接抗人球蛋白法(IAT)进行抗体特异性鉴定、抗体类型及抗体效价测定。确定抗体特异性后,再检测红细胞是否含有相应抗原。采用NS、手工凝聚胺法(MPT)及IAT进行交叉配血试验。结果 225例抗体阳性中,不规则抗体197例(87.56%)。不规则抗体中Rh血型抗体检出率(164/197,83.25%)明显高于其他血型不规则抗体检出率(33/197,16.75%)。抗体效价1∶4～1∶64。在225例抗体阳性中,自身抗体20例(8.89%),自身抗体伴同种抗体8例(3.56%)。抗体类型IgG型201例(89.33%),IgM型24例(10.67%)。抗体效价1∶4～1∶64。A型59例(26.22%)、B型61例(27.11%)、O型72例(32.00%)、AB型33例(14.67%),RhD阳性216例(96.00%),RhD阴性9例(4.00%)。男82例(36.44%),女143例(63.56%),抗...     

红细胞血型不规则抗体筛选及其特异性鉴定

目的:观察ABO以外血型不规则抗体产生的频率及其特异性,为患者提前选择储备不含相应抗原的血液,以保证患者及时安全和有效的输血治疗。方法:应用抗人球蛋白法、凝聚胺法及微柱凝胶法对拟输血患者和供血者血清进行血型不规则抗体筛选、特异性鉴定及效价测定。结果:在12860例被检血清标本中检出血型不规则抗体阳性者125例,阳性率为0.97%,其中患者为1.1%(123/10904),献血员为0.1%(2/1956)。在125例血型不规则抗体中,Rh血型系统抗体102例(81.6%),MNSs血型系统抗体20例(16%),Lewis血型系统抗体2例(1.6%),Kidd血型系统抗体1例(0.8%)。Rh血型系统单一抗体79例(63.2%),Rh血型系统混合抗体23例(18.4%),Rh血型系统与其他血型系统的复合抗体11例(8.8%)。结论:在输血前对受血者和供血者血液进行血型不规则抗体筛选、特异性鉴定及效价测定,输注不含相应抗原的血液,对确保输血安全及有效均有重要的临床意义。     

自身免疫性溶血性贫血抗球蛋白试验阳性对ABO和Rh血型鉴定的干扰及其处理方法

目的探讨自身免疫性溶血性贫血(AIHA)抗球蛋白试验(AGT)阳性对ABO和Rh血型鉴定的干扰及其处理方法。方法采用微柱凝胶法对患者血标本进行ABO和Rh血型鉴定,对出现正反定型不相符的血标本再采用试管法进行复检、不规则抗体筛选及特异性鉴定,对AGT阳性患者红细胞采用45℃生理盐水温和洗脱或酸试剂放散,直接抗球蛋白试验(DAT)阴性后,再进行ABO和Rh血型鉴定;采用患者红细胞吸收血清中的自身抗体后,再进行ABO血型反定型和不规则抗体检测试验。结果 69例AGT阳性血标本在ABO血型鉴定中正定型受干扰10例(14.5%)、反定型受干扰9例(13.0%)、正反定型均受干扰50例(72.5%)。受干扰者正定型似AB型,反定型似O型,正反定型不相符,凝集强度为1+～2+。经45℃生理盐水洗脱或酸试剂放散患者红细胞DAT阴性及吸收自身抗体后,再进行血型鉴定,正反定型相符。结论 AIHA患者AGT阳性可干扰ABO和Rh血型鉴定,将患者红细胞进行放散和吸收血清中的自身抗体后再检测,可准确鉴定ABO和Rh血型及确保临床输血安全有效。     

1627例新生儿红细胞抗体筛查和鉴定试验的分析

目的红细胞血型抗体（即不规则抗体）筛查和鉴定试验在新生儿溶血病中的意义。方法采用微柱凝胶技术对1627例新生儿进行ABO、Rh血型定型、直接抗人球白试验、游离抗体测定、放散试验,红细胞血型抗体筛查试验,检测出6例有ABO以外的抗体,进一步用盐水、聚凝胺法、抗球蛋白试验进行抗体鉴定。结果6例红细胞血型抗体筛查阳性,进一步抗体鉴定,检测出抗-D4例,抗-E1例,抗-c1例。结论根据红细胞血型抗体的特性,可为患儿选择无相应抗原的血液进行换血和治疗。     

35例MNS血型抗体特异性及对ABO血型鉴定与交叉配血的影响

目的探讨MNS血型系统同种抗体特异性及对ABO血型鉴定与交叉配血试验的影响。方法采用微柱凝胶法对被检血标本进行ABO血型正反定型及交叉配血试验,对35例正反定型不相符或交叉配血不合的血标本采用试管法进行复检、吸收放散试验、不规则抗体筛查及特异性鉴定,对检测出的特异性抗体进行免疫球蛋白类型及抗体效价检测。结果在35例MNS血型系统同种抗体中,抗M抗体31例(88.6%)、抗N抗体2例(5.7%)、抗S抗体1例(2.9%)、抗Mur抗体1例(2.9%)。免疫球蛋白类型:Ig M型26例(74.3%)、IgG型7例(20.0%)、Ig M+IgG型2例(5.7%)。抗体效价1∶4~1∶32。对血型鉴定与交叉配血的影响:在ABO血型反定型中出现意外凝集,在交叉配血试验中出现主侧凝集。结论当ABO血型正反定型不相符与交叉配血不合时,应采用盐水试管法进行不规则抗体筛查及特异性鉴定,并结合患者病情综合分析,以确保血型鉴定结果的准确性和临床输血安全有效。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.