大豆多肽的毒性研究

目的研究大豆多肽的毒性。方法小鼠急性毒性试验、Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验、大鼠30d喂养试验。结果Ames试验、微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均为阴性;大鼠30d喂养试验结果显示该样品30d喂养对大鼠各项观察指标未见毒性作用。结论在本次实验条件下,大豆多肽为无毒物质,未显示有遗传毒性和亚急性毒性作用。     

金诃伽维胶囊的毒理学安全性评价

目的:对金诃?伽维胶囊的食用安全性进行毒理学评价。方法:依据食品安全性毒理学评价程序和方法进行急性毒性试验、遗传毒性试验(Ames试验、骨髓细胞微核试验和精子畸形试验)、大鼠30 d喂养试验。结果:小鼠急性毒性试验经口最大耐受剂量(MTD)均10g/kg·bw,属无毒级。Ames试验、骨髓细胞微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均为阴性,表明受试物无致突变作用,30d喂养试验,试验动物均生长发育良好,体重、摄食量、血液学、血液生化学、脏器系数及病理组织学相关指标均未见异常变化。结论:金诃?伽维胶囊急性毒理分级属无毒级,无遗传毒性,在本实验剂量范围内,金诃?伽维胶囊属于安全性保健食品。     

灵芝孢子油急性毒性及致突变性研究

目的了解灵芝孢子油的毒理学安全性。方法小鼠急性毒性试验和遗传毒性试验(Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验)。结果灵芝孢子油的小鼠经口LD50>20 g.kg-1BW,为实际无毒级物质;在Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验中均呈阴性反应,未显示致突变作用。结论灵芝孢子油基本无毒性和无致突变性。     

复方虫草合剂的急性毒性和致突变性研究

目的研究复方虫草合剂的急性毒性和致突变性。方法小鼠急性毒性试验、Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸变试验。结果该复方虫草合剂对雌雄小鼠经口的最大耐受剂量均大于15g.kg-1BW,属于无毒级。Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸变试验结果均为阴性。结论在本次试验条件下,该复方虫草合剂为无毒物质,未显示有遗传毒性作用。     

葛明胶囊的毒理学安全性评价

目的评价葛明胶囊的安全性。方法依据毒理学评价程序和方法进行急性毒性试验、遗传毒性试验和30d喂养试验。结果葛明胶囊经口毒性试验最大耐受剂量(MTD)>10g/kg,属实际无毒级;Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验结果均为阴性;30d喂养试验中各项指标均未见异常。结论葛明胶囊有较好的安全性。     

桑黄发酵多糖胶囊急性毒性和遗传毒性研究

本文通过急性毒性试验、小鼠精子畸形试验和骨髓微核试验,研究桑黄发酵多糖胶囊的急性毒性和遗传毒性的影响。试验结果表明,小鼠对桑黄发酵多糖胶囊的最大耐受量大于20g/kg,与空白组相比,胶囊组小鼠的精子畸形率和骨髓细胞微核率无显著性差异。结果表明,桑黄发酵多糖胶囊属实际无毒物质,无遗传毒性。     

灵芝孢子粉胶囊急性毒性及遗传毒性实验研究

目的：了解灵芝孢子粉胶囊的毒理学，评价其安全性。方法：小鼠急性毒性试验和遗传毒性试验（Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验）。结果与结论：灵芝孢子粉胶囊的小鼠经口LDs。〉10g／kg，在Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验中均呈阴性反应，未显示有遗传毒性作用，表明灵芝孢子粉胶囊基本无毒性。     

聚酰胺微胶囊对小鼠细胞的遗传毒理学研究

目的:为确保聚酰胺微胶囊的生物安全性,对其进行了急性毒性和遗传毒性试验。方法:根据《食品安全性毒性评价程序》进行小鼠经口急性毒性试验、Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验。结果:小鼠经口LD_(50)>50g·kg~(-1)体重,属无毒剂级,小鼠微核试验、Ames试验及小鼠精子畸形试验3项结果均为阴性。结论:受试物未见遗传毒性。     

薏苡仁多糖急性毒性及遗传毒性试验研究

目的了解薏苡仁多糖的毒理学安全性。方法小鼠急性毒性试验和遗传毒性试验（Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验）。结果薏苡仁多糖的小鼠经口LD50〉20g·kg^-1;在Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验中均呈阴性反应,未显示有遗传毒性作用。结论薏苡仁多糖基本无毒性。     

转乙肝抗原蛋白基因苜蓿毒理学安全性的研究

目的对转乙肝抗原蛋白基因苜蓿进行安全性评价试验研究,为其进一步研发提供依据。方法采用急性毒性试验、遗传毒性试验（包括V79细胞基因突变试验、Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验）对转乙肝抗原蛋白基因苜蓿进行系统的安全性研究。结果转乙肝抗原蛋白基因苜蓿最大耐受剂量〉10．0g·kg-1,属实际无毒级。V79细胞基因突变试验、Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验结果均为阴性。结论转乙肝抗原蛋白基因苜蓿属实际无毒类物质,在本试验条件下无致基因突变和染色体畸变作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.