髋臼骨折手术内固定治疗探讨

目的探讨手术内固定治疗有移位髋臼骨折的疗效。方法回顾性总结21例有移位髋臼骨折手术治疗的经验，21例损伤严重程度评分(ISS)平均21．1分，根据骨折类型选用髂腹股沟入路8例，Kocher-Langenbeck入路8例，前后联合入路3例，延长的髂腹股沟入路和三射入路各1例。复位后应用骨盆重建钢板及拉力螺钉内固定。结果21例经12～56个月平均36个月随访，发生感染2例，创伤性关节炎6例，异位骨化5例，股骨头无菌性坏死1例。复位按Matta方法评估，解剖复位6例，满意复位12例，不满意复位3例。按Matta髋关节功能评分标准评估疗效，优7例，良10例，一般3例，差1例，优良率80．9％。结论对有移位的髋臼骨折，应根据骨折类型采取不同手术入路，掌握手术时机、术的经验、术中良好的复位是提高疗效的关键。     

髋臼骨折的手术治疗

目的 探讨对髋臼骨折的手术治疗方法。方法 总结1999年8月～2001年6月对32例有移位的髋臼骨折患进行手术治疗的经验。所有骨折均按Letnurnel-Judet的方法进行分型。根据不同骨折类型，分别采用Kocher-Langenbeck入路、髂腹股沟入路及前后联合入路进行骨折复位，以骨盆重建钢板和螺丝钉进行固定。结果 32例患平均随访时间21．3个月。根据Matta评分，优11例(34．4％)，良16例(50％)，一般3例(9．4％)，差2例(6．2％)。发生股骨头坏死2例(6％)，异位骨化ll例(34％)，有4例发生创伤性关节炎(12．5％)，无手术死亡及感染发生。结论 术前正确分析骨折类型、选择恰当的手术人路和及时手术是提高髋臼骨折治疗效果的关键。     

复杂移位型髋臼骨折的临床研究

目的：探讨复杂移位型髋臼骨折的临床治疗效果。方法：从2000年2月—2002年7月收治23例髋臼骨折患者，其中后柱合并后壁骨折11例，前柱合并后半横形骨折6例，双柱骨折5例，“T”形骨折1例。本组复杂移位型髋臼骨折均采用手术治疗。手术采用髂腹股沟入路11例，Kocher—Langen—beck(K—L)入路5例，髂骨股骨入路4例，前后联合入路3例。结果：根据Matta评分标准，解剖复位16例(69．6％)，满意复位6例(26．1％)，不满意复位1例(4．3％)。昕有病例随访6～26个月，平均19．6个月，随访疗效与X线优良率分别为81．8％，83．9％。结论：复杂移化型髋臼骨折尽早手术治疗可取得满意的骨折复位和临床疗效，手术医师的手术技巧和临床经验与疗效密切相关。     

复杂髋臼骨折的手术治疗方法探讨

目的探讨复杂髋臼骨折的手术治疗方法及其并发症防治。方法对26例复杂髋臼骨折采用的手术入路分别为Kocher—Langenbeck入路（K—L入路）、髂腹股沟入路及前后联合入路。根据不同骨折类型采用重建钢板及拉力螺钉固定。结果经6～66个月随访，根据Matra评分髋关节功能：优9例，良11例，一般4例．差2例。结论复杂髋臼骨折术前正确分析骨折类型．选择合适的手术入路和内固定方法．早期手术是提高治疗效果的关键。     

切开复位内固定治疗复杂髋臼骨折

目的探讨切开复位内固定手术治疗复杂髋臼骨折的疗效。方法 15例经Letournel分型确诊为复杂髋臼骨折,分别采用Kocher-Langenbeck入路、髂腹股沟入路或前后联合入路显露和复位,应用重建钢板内固定治疗。结果本组均获4～24个月随访,平均12个月。按Matta标准:解剖复位14例,满意复位1例;根据美国矫形外科研究院评分系统评估疗效:优13例,良1例,可1例。结论术前完善的影像学检查,对骨折进行正确的分型,选择合适的手术入路,良好的复位和内固定都是提高复杂髋臼骨折手术疗效的关键。     

四方区弹性钢板技术在髋关节中心性脱位并髋臼内壁骨折手术中的应用

[目的]探讨弹性钢板技术在髋关节中心性脱位并髋臼内壁骨折手术中的入路、方法及效果。[方法]总结2007年10月²012年10月经双向牵引治疗,髋关节脱位已复位,髋臼内壁骨折片移位严重的12例患者,根据髋臼骨折类型,选择髂腹股沟入路或联合Kocher-Langenbeck切口前后入路进行复位,采用四方区弹性钢板技术复位固定髋臼内壁骨折。[结果]根据Matta评价标准,术后解剖复位12例。所有患者术后随访时间122012年10月经双向牵引治疗,髋关节脱位已复位,髋臼内壁骨折片移位严重的12例患者,根据髋臼骨折类型,选择髂腹股沟入路或联合Kocher-Langenbeck切口前后入路进行复位,采用四方区弹性钢板技术复位固定髋臼内壁骨折。[结果]根据Matta评价标准,术后解剖复位12例。所有患者术后随访时间12⁴0个月,平均20个月。根据髋关节评价标准,术后髋关节疗效:优9例,良2例,可1例。本组无深静脉血栓形成、切口感染及骨折不愈合病例,切口均Ⅰ期愈合,术后合并股骨头坏死1例。[结论]髋臼内壁骨折为关节内骨折,复位与固定均十分困难,运用四方区弹性钢板技术,通过预弯钢板弹簧作用使髋臼内壁骨折获得理想的复位及固定,显著改善了骨折的复位和固定质量,提高了临床疗效。     

复杂髋臼骨折脱位40例手术治疗及疗效分析

[目的]探讨提高复杂髋臼骨折手术治疗疗效的方法和要点.[方法]总结40例复杂髋臼骨折脱位的围手术期处理及手术治疗要点和治疗效果.充分做好围手术期的各项检查和治疗,做好术前和术后的病情评估.手术中根据不同的骨折类型,分别采用不同的入路[其中Kocher-Langenbeck入路21例,髂腹股沟入路6例,前后联合入路(髂腹股沟加K-L入路)13例],充分暴露骨折,准确复位,牢固内固定.[结果]平均随访时间为29个月(26 ～42个月).根据Matta影像学评分,解剖复位30例,良好复位7例,差3例;优良率92.5％.局部感染2例,发生创伤性关节炎4例,异位骨化1例.[结论]充分做好髋臼骨折围手术期的治疗和处理,是手术的必要条件;正确的手术入路和术中对骨折的良好复位固定,是提高治疗疗效的关键.     

髋臼骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨髋臼骨折的诊断和手术治疗方法与技巧,以提高髋臼骨折的诊疗水平。方法对64例移位髋臼骨折选择最佳的手术入路进行骨折复位,以骨盆重建钢板和螺钉固定治疗。结果56例获得随访,按Matta的疗效标准评定：优28例．良18例,可8例,差2例。结论尽量早期手术,术前正确判断骨折类型,选择最佳的手术入路,术中准确复位和妥善固定是提高髋臼骨折疗效的关键。     

髋臼骨折的CT分型与手术入路选择

目的探讨应用髋臼骨折的CT分型指导手术入路选择，提高髋臼骨折的治疗水平。方法2002年12月至2007年9月间对21例髋臼骨折患者术前应用CT扫描，按髋臼骨折的Judet—Letoumel分型选择手术入路，4例后壁骨折、5例后柱骨折及2例横行骨折采用Kocher—Langeneback入路，2例前柱骨折、5例双柱骨折采用髂腹股沟入路；2例移位较重双柱骨折，采用前后联合入路；1例前壁骨折伴股骨头前上方骨折，采用髂股入路。采用专用器械及骨盆重建钢板和螺丝钉对骨折进行复位和固定；骨折距手术的时间为6—10d。结果随访6～57个月，平均18个月。术后骨折复位的质量按Matta影像学评定：解剖复位12例，良好复位8例，不满意复位1例。根据Merledd’Aubigne和Postel评分标准：临床疗效优13例，良5例，一般2例，差1例。结论CT扫描能明确髋臼骨折移位和粉碎程度，用术前CT分型指导手术入路的选择能提高手术治疗的临床效果。     

96例髋臼骨折手术治疗临床分析

目的对移位复杂的髋臼骨折采用不同手术入路与方法,探讨提高髋臼骨折复位质量的方法,制定对移位复杂的髋臼骨折的治疗程序。方法我院自2001年10月至2006年10月对96例有移位的髋臼骨折根据不同的情况选择合适的手术方法,疗效满意。本文通过对本组患者的随访结果,探讨髋臼骨折的治疗方法及效果。结果96例平均随访18个月,采用美国矫形外科医生学会髋关节功能评价标准和Matta标准进行评定,优72例（75%）,良18例（18.75%）,可6例（6.25%）。结论术前正确判断骨折类型及移位方向,选择恰当的手术入路,切开复位采取合适的内固定治疗是行之有效的方法,手术医师的经验、内固定的选择、骨折的类型、手术的时机和切口的选择直接影响到手术后的疗效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.