长途客车司机神经行为功能及职业紧张因素的调查

目的 探讨长途客车司机神经行为功能的改变与职业紧张之间的关系。方法 采用WHO推荐的神经行为核心测试组合（NCTB）对152名长途客车司机及92名汽车维修工进行神经行为功能测试,并采用NOISH推荐的一般工作紧张问卷进行职业紧张因素调查。结果 数字跨度、数字译码得分观察组均低于对照组;目标追踪错误得分观察组高于对照组,正确得分反之,差异具有显著性;技术应用、应付策略、工作危险、工作责任得分观察组与对照组差异具显著性。结论 长途客车司机职业对神经行为功能有一定程度的影响。     

职业紧张对长途客车司机血压的影响

为探讨职业紧张对长途客车司机血压的影响,我们以某市长途客车司机为对象,以同一客运站汽车维修工为对照,进行一般状况及患病调查,测定血压和血脂。采用ＮＩＯＳＨ一般工作紧张问卷,调查职业紧张因素、中间调解因素及紧张反应。调查表明,司机组工作冲突、工作责任、工作需求、工作控制得分均大于对照组,应付策略得分低于对照组。司机组高血压患病率（１９．７％）高于对照组（９．８％）,躯体焦虑得分也高于对照组。结果提示     

火车司机职业紧张因素分析

采用ＮＩＯＳＨ的一般工作紧张问卷等量表对４８２名火车司机的职业紧张因素和紧张反应进行调查，发现工作危险，工作单调性，工作人际冲突，工作前景的未知性，定量负荷，角色冲突和角色模糊是火车机车司机的主要职业紧张因素。     

职业紧张对巡警和刑警心理健康的影响

目的 探讨警察暴露的职业紧张因素及其对心理健康的影响。方法 采用职业紧张问卷对某市公安局巡警支队和武警支队的全体男性警察进行了职业紧张因素和紧张反应调查,并对紧张反应进行了逐步回归分析。结果 兼职、工作冲突、倒班、工作控制武警和巡警的主要职业紧张因素;自尊感、应付策略、社会支持是主要缓解因素。存在差异的紧张因素与紧张反应中,武警组工作需求、工作控制、工作角色、工作负荷与责任、应付策略、社会支持、工作满意感、心理卫生、躯体不适得分高于巡警组;而角色模糊、组间冲突、工作前景未知性、家庭支持得分低于巡警组;武警组工作满意感、躯体不适、抑郁症、日常紧张感逐步回归方程的预测力低于巡警组,负性情绪方程预测力于巡警组。结论 武警和巡警的职业紧张因素及心理健康的影响因素不同,紧张程度亦存在差异。     

石油化工工人职业紧张及相关影响因素

目的 了解石油化工企业工人职业紧张的来源及相关影响因素.方法 采用职业紧张量表(OSI),对某市石油化工企业532名职工(化工组345名,后勤组187名)进行职业紧张因素、个性特征、缓解因素和紧张反应调查.结果 化工组工作场所中物理环境差,工作缺乏控制,工作危险性大,工作单调,角色冲突、角色模糊较对照组严重;化工组的职业紧张程度高于后勤组(P<0.05).结论 石油化工工人工作中存在紧张因素,这些因素与个性特征、缓解紧张因素相互作用影响工人的身心健康.     

视屏作业人员职业紧张分析

目的　探讨视屏作业者的职业紧张程度、紧张反应及有关的影响因素。方法　采用职业紧张调查表 (OSI)对宁夏某银行 177名视屏作业者进行问卷调查。结果　视屏作业者的紧张因素总分、工作负荷、人际关系以及家庭 /工作平衡因素的得分显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1) ,工作满意感及工作本身满意感与工作组织满意感的得分显著低于对照组 (均P <0 0 1)。逐步回归分析结果显示 ,视屏作业人员的工作满意感与心理卫生的强预测因素均为人际关系 ,躯体不适的强预测因素为工作负荷。视屏作业人员紧张水平的主要影响因素为对工作的影响力。结论　视屏作业者的紧张水平高于对照组 ,主要的职业紧张因素有工作负荷、人际关系与家庭 /工作平衡 ,紧张反应主要为工作满意度的降低 ;其紧张程度与紧张反应除受职业紧张因素与中和缓解因素的影响外 ,也受个人背景特征的影响     

深圳市外来工职业紧张的现状及其影响因素

目的 :了解外来工职业紧张的现状及其影响因素。方法 :应用职业紧张量表修订版 (OSI -R)对深圳市不同行业的外来工 (研究组 ) 6 4 4名及户籍员工 (对照组 ) 32 2名进行调查。结果 :外来工组职业任务和紧张反应得分高于对照组有非常显著差异 (P <0 0 1)。外业工的主要紧张源为任务过重、任务不适和工作环境 ,主要紧张反应为业务紧张反应和躯体紧张反应。个体应对资源对照组得分非常显著高于外来工组 ((P <0 0 1) ,表现在休闲、自我保健和社会支持方面。外来工紧张反应的主要影响因素为受教育年数、工作时间、任务过重、任务不适、工作环境、休闲、社会支持和理性处事。结论 :外来工是一个存在紧张的职业群体 ,增强个体应对能力可降低紧张反应 ,有必要在整个外来工职业人群中积极开展职业卫生服务 ,以促进职业人群的身心健康和工作能力。     

技术人员职业紧张状况及影响因素研究

目的探索技术人员职业紧张及其影响因素。方法采用职业紧张量表(OSI-R),选择技术人员857人为研究组,另外,随机抽取工厂、机关、服务和商业等行业的职工319人为对照组,共计1 176人进行研究。结果技术人员的职业任务、紧张反应总均分及各子项(除工作环境子项外)得分均显著高于对照组(P<0.01),但应对资源各子项中,仅自我保健子项得分显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。紧张反应与职业任务呈明显正相关(r=0.518,P<0.01),与应对资源呈明显负相关(r=-0.254,P<0.01)。个体紧张反应的主要影响因素:职业任务、任务冲突、理性处事、社会支持、工龄;业务紧张反应的主要影响因素:职业任务、理性处事、任务冲突、社会支持、任务不适、个体应对资源、工龄、任务过重、性别;心理紧张反应的主要影响因素:个体应对资源、任务冲突、自我保健、工作环境、责任感、年龄、任务不适;人际关系紧张反应的主要影响因素:任务冲突、职业任务、工龄、理性处事、任务模糊、婚姻;躯体紧张反应的主要影响因素:职业任务、个体应对资源、任务模糊、理性处事、娱乐休闲、任务冲突。结论将职业紧张的模式结合技术人员职业紧张常模及应用表、图,针对技术人员的主要紧张源、紧张反应及其影响因素,采取有针对性的干预(组织、个体)措施,以降低技术人员的职业紧张程度,保护和促进职工的工作能力,这是职业卫生领域面临的重要任务之一。     

油田作业人员职业紧张因素、工作能力与紧张反应的关系

[目的]研究新疆干旱沙漠油田作业人员工作中存在的职业紧张因素、工作能力及其与紧张反应的关系。[方法]采用整群随机抽样的方法抽取油田作业人员共1 425名为研究对象,平均年龄(37.69±7.68)岁。利用工作紧张因素、工作能力指数和职业紧张量表调查油田作业人员的职业紧张因素、工作能力和紧张反应水平;采用方差分析和卡方检验进行组间比较,用多元线性回归分析评价紧张反应的影响因素。[结果]输油工参与、合作的可能性及工作组织问题的得分均较高(P<0.05),炼化工合作的可能性得分高于采油工和其他工种(P<0.05),采油工的时间压力得分高于其他工种(P<0.05)。任务界限、责任、个体紧张反应、业务紧张反应、人际关系紧张、休闲和自我保健的得分,输油工均高于炼化工和其他工种(P<0.05)。不同工种油田作业人员的工作能力得分和分级均无显著差异(P>0.05)。职业紧张因素中的任务控制、工作组织问题、环境紧张因素、任务过重、责任和工作环境,以及应对资源中的休闲为紧张反应的主要影响因素(P<0.05)。[结论]任务控制等职业紧张因素对油田作业人员的紧张反应有影响。改善工作中存在的相关职业紧张因素,并增加娱乐活动等休闲内容,可减少油田作业人员的紧张反应。     

火车司机职业紧张及其影响因素分析

目的了解火车司机职业紧张现状及其影响因素。方法抽取福州、永安、邵武、漳平机务段初中文化以上、在职工龄≥1年、无精神疾患的火车司机1 077人,采用统一设计的调查表进行横断面流行病学调查,应用OSI-R量表、SDS自评量表、A型行为量表评价职业人群的职业应激、抑郁症状和A型行为,及职业紧张影响因素调查等;采用SPSS 18.0统计软件,运用t检验或方差分析、多元线性回归等统计方法,检验水准α=0.05。结果火车司机职业紧张评分为(252.19±38.16),在控制年龄、文化程度和婚姻状况下与列车员的职业紧张评分(253.88±41.49)比较,差异无统计学意义,但火车司机的紧张源评分(161.50±20.23)比列车员(154.27±21.79)高,紧张反应评分(90.69±20.73)比列车员(99.61±23.03)低,差异有统计学意义。不同的个体特征、行为/心理特征、应对资源和方式,职业紧张程度显著不同,逐步回归分析显示:抑郁障碍、生活情况、是否饮酒、适应能力、文化程度进入职业紧张回归方程,抑郁障碍的标准化偏回归系数最大,为0.537。火车司机紧张反应的影响因素分析显示,与朋友关系和个体适应能力与紧张反应呈负相关(r=-2.359,-2.702),对紧张反应呈正相关的有:抑郁障碍(r=0.452)与任务不适(r=0.912)、任务界限(r=0.680)、任务模糊(r=0.514)、责任感(r=0.710)、工作环境(r=0.364)这五个职业紧张因素。结论火车司机是高紧张状态的职业,调控措施可较好地控制紧张反应。火车司机职业紧张的主要影响因素是抑郁障碍、生活情况和适应能力、文化程度、饮酒,其中抑郁障碍对职业紧张的影响最大。职业紧张因素是紧张反应的重要危险因素,个体应对资源和方式是紧张反应的主要保护因素。     

职业紧张与高血压关系探讨

目的 探讨职业紧张与高血压的关系。方法 采用NIOSH一般工作紧张调查表，对某市客运公司全体长途客运司机151人，某钢铁公司设计院技术人员152人，市公安局全体刑警及巡警213人，飞机场地勤人员118人进行测试，全部为男性。结果 高血压组工作控制程度低，危险性大，工作前景存在较大的不确定性，应付策略少，自尊感和工作满意感差，负性情绪和抑郁症症状较多；控制了混杂因素后，工作满意感差、躯体不适多、抑郁症是高血压的危险因素。结论 职业紧张是高血压的危险因素之一。     

成都市公交司机职业紧张状况及影响因素分析

目的 探讨成都市公交司机的职业紧张状况及其影响因素。方法 采用职业紧张量表(OSI-R)对1500名成都市公交司机的职业紧张状况进行测量,对所测得的数据进行统计学分析。结果 成都公交司机的职业任务、紧张反应两个分量表总均分及多个子项得分均高于中国西南地区职业紧张常模(总均分181.2±18.6/162.9±27.0、98.2±16.5/91.0±17.2,P<0.01),但应对资源分量表总均分及各个子项得分(娱乐休闲除外)较低(总均分129.2±17.7/120.6±16.7,P<0.01)。男性公交司机职业任务和紧张反应分量表总均分及多个子项得分均高于女性公交司机(总均分189.2±19.1/176.2±17.5、102.5±15.7/94.7±16.4,P<0.01);但应对资源中自我保健、社会支持子项得分低于女性公交司机(32.2±3.9/23.1±4.0、33.4±6.4/25.3±7.2,P<0.01)。30~40岁年龄段公交司机的任务过重、任务不适、责任感、心理紧张反应、躯体紧张反应子项得分高于其他年龄段,此年龄段公交司机的社会支持子项得分低于其他年龄段(P<0.01)。结论 成都市公交司机职业紧张状况高于一般人群,应采取适当措施,减少职业紧张。     

Excess risk of sickness and disease in bus drivers: a review and synthesis of epidemiological studies

In an extensive search of available literature, 22 epidemiological studies that have examined health risks of bus drivers were identified. These studies focus on three main disease categories: (1) cardiovascular disease, including hypertension, (2) gastrointestinal illnesses, including peptic ulcer and digestive problems, and (3) musculoskeletal problems including back and neck pain. The studies consistently report that bus drivers have higher raes of mortality, morbidity, and absence due to illness when compared to employees from a wide range of other occupational groups. Increased disease rates have been found for drivers regardless of the use of different research methodologies, measurement techniques and comparison groups. When evaluating the impact of bias on the estimates of risk, it appears likely that findings are conservative: strong systematic selective factors have probably favoured the elimination of those in poorer health both at the time of entry into and exit from the job of bus driving and other sources of bias have most likely caused underestimations of risk. Nevertheless, there remain questions that need careful assessment before firm conclusions can be made about whether increased disease rates result from driving a bus. Such questions, coupled with the consistent findings of heightened risk of disease, make urban bus drivers an appropriate and promising occupational group in which to study further the potential adverse effects of the work environment on employee health.     

Job strain and prevalence of hypertension in a biracial population of urban bus drivers.

OBJECTIVES. In this study we tested the association between occupational stress--as measured by job demands, decision latitude, and job strain--and hypertension in a population of 1396 Black and White bus drivers. METHODS. Height, weight, blood pressure, and medical history were assessed by physical exam. Drivers completed a questionnaire assessing their work schedules, personal habits, and self-perceptions about job demands and decision latitude. RESULTS. Univariate analyses revealed significant inverse associations; lower levels of job demands and job strain were associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension for Blacks and Whites. After 12 confounding variables were controlled for, the association between these two measures of occupational stress and hypertension became nonsignificant. Decision latitude was also not significantly associated with hypertension. CONCLUSIONS. Our findings are inconsistent with previous studies' findings of a positive association between job strain and chronic diseases. The difference in results may be explained by our incorporation of individuals' perceptions in the measurement of occupational stressors and our use of individuals from a single occupation with comparable job responsibilities and income, thus controlling for potential confounding by social class.     

Airborne particulate metals in the New York City subway: A pilot study to assess the potential for health impacts

A prior study in New York City observed that airborne concentrations of three metals found in steel - iron, manganese, and chromium - are more than 100 times higher in the subway system than in aboveground air. To investigate the potential for health effects of exposure at these levels, we conducted a pilot study of subway workers comparing personal exposures to steel dust with biomarkers of metal exposure, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in blood and urine samples. Workers wore a personal air sampler operating at 4 L/m for one to three work shifts with blood and urine samples collected at the end of the final shift. We found that PM_2.5 exposures varied among subway workers on the basis of job title and job activity. The subway workers’ mean time-weighted PM_2.5 exposure was 52 μg/m³, with a median of 27 μg/m³, and a range of 6-469 μg/m³. The observed concentrations of PM_2.5, iron, manganese, and chromium fell well below occupational standards. Biomarker concentrations among the 39 subway workers were compared with a group of 11 bus drivers, and a group of 25 suburban office workers. Concentrations of DNA-protein crosslinks and chromium in plasma were significantly higher in subway workers than in bus drivers, but no significant difference was observed for these biomarkers between subway workers and office workers. Urinary isoprostane concentrations were significantly correlated with the number of years working in the subway system, and were detected at higher, though not significantly higher, concentrations in subway workers than in bus drivers or office workers. At the group level, there was no consistent pattern of biomarker concentrations among subway workers significantly exceeding those of the bus drivers and office workers. At the individual level, steel dust exposure was not correlated with any of the biomarkers measured.     

Serum lipids and glucose disturbances at professional drivers exposed to occupational stressors

The aim of this study is to find association between some groups of occupational stressors and serum lipids and glucose concentrations in professional drivers in road traffic. The study included 417 male professional drivers (162 inter city bus drivers, 36 suburban bus drivers, 33 city bus drivers, 81 truck drivers, 71 official car drivers and 34 professional taxi drivers). Occupational stressors were identified and total occupational stress index score was measured by standardized questionnaire authorized by Karen Belkic. Occupational stressors were divided into seven groups (underload, high demand, strictness, extrinsic time pressure, noxious exposures, avoidance and conflict). Serum glucose and lipids concentrations (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triacylglycerols) were measured in study group of drivers. Maximal total OSI values were achieved in group of professional truck drivers. The highest values of serum glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triacylglycerols and the lowest values of serum HDL cholesterol were found at professional truck drivers. With the increase of occupational stress index, there is an increase of the serum glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triacylglycerols concentration in the exposed group of drivers. Specific analytes thresholds' level of occupational stress index exists.