Scarlet fever in Poland in 1999

Following the last compensatory epidemic of scarlet fever in 1995 the number of cases decreased, although the decrease rate was low. In 1999 the incidence rate for the entire country was 25.1 per 100,000 (range from 11.5 to 38.6 in different voivodeships). Incidence in urban areas was 92% higher than in rural areas. Two percent of cases were hospitalized. No scarlet fever deaths were noted. Children and adolescents under 14 years of age accounted for 96% cases. As in previous years, the highest incidence rates were noted among children aged 5 (247.4 per 100,000), 6 (277.3 per 100,000), and 7 years (242.3 per 100,000). In the last decade incidence peak has shifted from 4-6 to 6-7 year old age group. It was probably due to demographic and socioeconomic changes taking place in Poland.     

Scarlet fever in Poland in 2002

Following the last epidemic in 1995 the scarlet fever incidence in Poland has been gradually decreasing, on average 20% per year. The downward trend continued in 2002, the overall incidence rate being 10.6 per 100,000. It was the lowest incidence registered in Poland since the introduction of mandatory reporting of scarlet fever in 1918 (the lowest so far registered incidence rates were 15.2 in 2001 and 17.5 in 1918). Spatial distribution of cases was relatively even--incidence ranged from 5.0 per 100,000 in ?ódzkie voivodeship to 25.1 in opolskie voivodeship. As observed previously incidence in the urban areas (12.0) was significantly higher then in the rural areas (8.4) and the incidence in men (11.7) exceeded the incidence in women (9.6). The majority of cases occurred in children and adolescents younger then 15 years (mode--6 years). Two percent of cases were hospitalized. There were no deaths due to scarlet fever reported in 2002.     

Scarlet fever in Poland in 2003

Following the last epidemic in 1995 the scarlet fever incidence in Poland has been gradually decreasing. The downward trend continued in 2003, with overall incidence rate of 10.1 per 100,000. The incidence registered during 2001-2003 dropped below the lowest level noted ever sine the introduction of mandatory reporting in 1918. Regionally the incidence ranged from 3.4 per 100,000 in lódzkie voivodeship to 21.8 in opolskie voivodeship. As observed previously incidence in the urban areas (11.8) was significantly higher then in the rural areas (7.5) and the incidence in men (11.1) exceeded the incidence in women (9.2). The majority of cases occurred in children and adolescents younger then 15 years (mode--6 years; incidence 132.3). Approximately 3% of cases were hospitalized. There were no deaths due to scarlet fever reported in 2003.     

Scarlet fever in Poland in 2001

In 2001, as compared to 2000, a 29.5% decrease in the number of scarlet fever cases was noted. The incidence was 15.2 per 100,000 population and was one of the lowest since the World War I. In particular voivodeships incidence ranged from 5.7 to 28.8 per 100,000 population. In urban areas the incidence was 32.3% higher than in rural ones. Of all registered cases 91.9% were children under 15 years of age. The age distribution of scarlet fever cases in 2001 was similar to the distribution observed in the last decade. The highest incidence was noted among children aged 6 and 5,169.1 and 155.1 per 100,000 respectively. About 2.1% of all cases were hospitalised. No scarlet fever deaths were noted.     

Scarlet fever in 1998

Following last compensatory epidemic of scarlet fever in 1995 number of cases decreases more slowly then after earlier epidemics. In 1998 incidence for the whole country was 41.9 per 100,000 with a range of 9.2 to 72.5 for individual voivodeships. Relations between incidence and age, gender and habitation (rural vs. urban areas) did not change. In 1998 the highest incidence was noted among children 6 years old (462.4) and 7 years old (440.5). Incidence among men was slightly higher (44.5) then women (39.4). Incidence in urban areas (52.8) more than twofold surpassed incidence in rural areas (24.2). 1% of cases were hospitalized. There were not any fatalities noted.     

Botulism in Poland in 2000

A total of 72 cases of botulism were registered in Poland in 2000, with corresponding incidence 0.19 per 100,000 population. In the rural areas 56 (incidence 0.38), and in the urban areas 16 (incidence 0.07) cases were registered. In 2000, there were 46 outbreaks of one person, 7 outbreaks of two people, and 4 of three people noted. Meat dishes were the main vehicle of the botulinum toxin (41 cases; 56.9%). Of them, prevailed homemade conserves (bottling jars) prepared from pork meat (18.1%). Home made sausages were associated with 13.9%, canned fish with 12.5%, sausages of commercial production--with 12.5%, and dishes from poultry with 11.1% cases. Two deaths from botulism were registered in Poland in 2000.     

Dysentery in Poland in 2000

The notified number of dysentery cases is still falling down since the year 1995 when bacteriological examination of feces for diagnostic purposes lost free of charge status obtained in 1928 under the legislation act of infectious disease investigation and obligatory registration. Only 121 dysentery cases were notified in the year 2000 (incidence 0.31/100,000 population), while 292 cases were notified in 1999 (incidence 0.76/100,000). No one death case was notified. Only 2 outbreaks (one due to S. flexneri 4a and one due to S. sonnei), both involving 26 patients, were notified in 2000, less than in 1999 when four outbreaks involving 146 patients were registered. In the year 2000, S. sonnei was the dominant etiological agent in 80% of notified dysentery cases and S. flexneri only in 20% of cases was the next. S. dysenteriae 3 was found only in one patient S. boydii in no one. All Shigella strains were susceptible to nitrofurans (ex.nifuroxaside), gentamicin, nalidixic acid, cefotaxime, and imipenem. Only two strains, including the one important from India, were susceptible to co-trimoxasole, but not to doxycycline.     

Rabies in Poland in 2000

In Poland in 2000, one case of human rabies was reported. It has been the first case of human rabies since 1986. The person with rabies was bitten by cat and has not received post-exposure treatment. Mass oral vaccination of wild animals against rabies which was introduced in 1993, showed a positive impact on the epizootic situation of rabies in Poland. However, we observed two-fold increase of animal rabies cases this year. Sources of wild and domestic animal rabies are present on the north-east, east, and south-east parts of the country, uncovered by oral vaccination. Out of 9,210 persons vaccinated in Poland against rabies, 2,587 (19%) were bitten by or were in contact with a rabid animals. Main reason for vaccination against rabies were contacts with animals category C (rabies not excluded, 5,741 cases; 62%) or category D (animals healthy during the exposition, 882 cases; 10%).     

Influenza in Poland in 2000

In 2000 the number of cases of influenza and influenza-like illness (ILI) registered in Poland amounted to 1,596,920 (68.1% of 1999 cases). The highest influenza incidence was reported in ?ódzkie voivodship (9,388.8 cases per 100,000). Among children aged 0 to 14 years the number of influenza and ILI cases amounted to 408,495 (incidence 5,518.8 cases per 100,000) and was 25.5% of the total number of cases recorded in 2000. The number of patients referred to hospital was 7,028 and 358 persons died due to influenza and its complications. No influenza strains were isolated in 2000. Immunofluorescence test confirmed infection with influenza type A in 39 patients, while with type B--in 2 patients. Sero-surveys carried out in the epidemic season 2000/2001 showed that the highest antihemagglutinin antibody levels were produced for influenza strain A(H3N2) and B. The highest antibody titers were recorded in the age group 15-25, while the lowest levels--in the age group 0-3 years.     

Measles in Poland in 2000

The decreasing tendency in the number of measles cases has been observed (incidence 0.2 per 100,000). No cases were noted in two voivodeships, in 6 voivodeship from one to two cases were noted. In the remaining 8 voivodeships the highest incidence was noted in Slaskie and Wielkopolskie voivodeships (0.4 per 100,000). Comparing to 1999 the incidence among children aged 0-4 decreased nearly three times from 1.4 to 0.5 per 100,000 whereas the incidence among children aged 8 and 9 and adults aged 20-24 increased. Serological confirmation of cases suspected for measles improved too slowly (assay for IgM)--out of 107 suspected cases only 49 (47.6%) were serologically tested.     

Malaria in Poland in 2000

In 2000, 24 malaria cases were registered in Poland. All of them were imported, mainly from Africa (15 cases). Plasmodium falciparum infection was confirmed in 15 cases, P. vivax--in seven. Among 24 malaria cases 22 were men and 20 in 20-49 years old group. Eleven persons travelled abroad in the connection with their job, six--as tourists, three--came from malaria endemic or epidemic countries. In 2000, 25-year old man with malaria falciparum died.     

Tetanus in Poland in 2000

In last decade gradual decrease in numbers of reported cases of tetanus has been observed. In 2000, 14 cases of tetanus (10 women and 4 men) were reported in Poland. All those cases occurred among people of age 40 or more, 35.7% of cases died. Case fatality increased with age. All cases were unvaccinated or vaccination status was unknown. The data show effectiveness of vaccination program in younger age groups, but they also show need for promotion of post exposure prophylaxis, especially among older people both in rural and in urban areas. No case of neonatal tetanus was noted in Poland since 1984.     

Salmonellosis in Poland in 2000

In 2000, 22,799 cases of salmonellosis were reported to the sanitary epidemiological stations, incidence rate = 59.0 per 100,000 population. Above 65% of patients were hospitalized. The seasonal peak was noted in May and June. Most of cases (70%) were laboratory confirmed by isolation Salmonella strains types. Salmonella Enteriditis was the most frequent type: 91% of cases and 70% of infected healthy persons. Other serotypes--Typhimurium, Infantis, Hadar and Virchow, caused 5% Salmonella cases only. Seven types not registered in the country up to 2000 were identified (S. Bargny, Kimuenza, Kisii, Limete, Nitra, Rissen, Winterthur). The most affected age group were children under five (337.3/100,000). The most serious clinical syndromes and extraintestinal manifestations like septicaemia, arthritis, meningitis, osteomyelitis pneumonia and other, were observed in 87 patients with at least one non-fecal specimen culture-positive for non-typhoidal Salmonella. In older patients, other diseases like carcinoma, leukaemia, lupus erythematosus, contributed to Salmonella infection. Twelve of those patients had died.     

Rubella in Poland in 2000

In 2000, as compared with 1999, a 49% increase in the number of rubella cases was noted. It corresponded to the development a new compensatory epidemic (the peak of the last epidemic was observed in 1997). A total of 49,181 cases were registered, including 1 case of congenital rubella. Incidence on the country level was 119.5 per 100,000 population. In particular voivodeships it ranged from 24.0 to 314.8. Incidence in urban areas was 35% higher than in rural areas. Incidence among women (109.0) was 16% lower than among men (130.6). One of the probable reasons of this difference was intensive immunization of 13-year old girls, which have been providing for several years. Among all registered rubella cases 94.2% were children under 15 years of age. The highest incidence was noted among 7-year old (1,216.0) and 6-year old (1,148.9) children. About 0.3% of rubella cases were hospitalized. No rubella deaths were noted.     

Mumps in Poland in 2000

A total of 17,548 mumps cases were reported in Poland in 2000. A 5-fold decrease in incidence of the disease (from 233.4 to 45.4 per 100,000 population) was noted, when compared with 1999. Approximately 4.8% of mumps cases were hospitalized (849 cases). The majority of the reported cases were children aged 5-9 (51.4% of all cases). In all voivodships the incidence was lower than in previous years. The probable cause of the decline of mumps cases was a marked amelioration of MMR vaccination coverage among 3-year old children. The MMR vaccine is not included into the national program of immunization, the vaccination is recommended for 2-year and 7-year old children.     

Trichinellosis in Poland in 2000

In the year 2000 thirty six cases of trichinellosis were reported and registered in Poland. Most of them (26 cases) were noted in western region of the country (wielkopolskie voivodeship). Consumption of meat from four pigs and six boars caused 32 infections. In four sporadic cases--sources of the infection were not discovered. A total of 19 men and 17 women were infected (including three children up to 14 years of age). Twenty-six persons were hospitalized. No deaths from trichinellosis were reported in the year 2000.     

天津市2004-2012年猩红热流行特征分析

目的了解天津市河北区2012-2018年猩红热发病情况,为完善防控措施提供依据。方法采用描述性流行病学方法对\     

Hepatitis C in Poland in 2000

In 2000, a total of 2,086 (5.4 per 100,000 population) acute and chronic hepatitis C cases were noted. The differences in incidence between groups were observed: incidence in urban areas (7.2 per 100,000) was 190% those in rural areas (2.5 per 100,000) and among men (6.4/100,000) was 40% those among women (4.5/100,000). Hepatitis C cases aged 40-49 constituted the most predominant group (475 cases, 22.8%). Because of development of diagnosis and reporting presented data can be a subject to the information bias and thus should be taken cautiously.     

Hepatitis B in Poland in 2000

A total of 2,825 (7.3 per 100,000 population) cases of hepatitis B (including 130 co-infections with both HBV and HCV) were reported in 2000 in Poland. Comparing to 1999 the total number of cases decreased by 683 and incidence by 1.8. This decline resulted mainly from vaccination of children and high risk patients though the improvement of sterilization procedures could be also of significance, especially in persons below 60 years of age. The number of hospitalizations in 2000 increased by 15%. Regional differences in both incidence and percentage of hospitalizations were observed. The incidence of hepatitis B per 100,000 was higher in urban (8.3) than in rural (7.4) population. The lowest incidence (0.6) was observed in children aged 0-4 years; in older children (5-9 years of age) the incidence rates were 8.6 in boys and 3.4 in girls. The highest incidence, ranging from 4.5 to 9.1 was found in the age group 14-24 years, especially in boys and young men living in urban areas.     

Hepatitis A in Poland in 2000

A total of 262 cases of hepatitis A were reported in 1999. The incidence was estimated to be 0.7 per 100,000 and represented 74% decrease compared to the preceding year. The incidence rates within rural and urban populations were similar. The highest incidence was reported among persons 20-24 years old. Patients in this age group constituted 20.2% of the total number of cases. The above data shows that since 1997 epidemiological situation of hepatitis A is making for low endemicity pattern.