肺功能在诊断支气管哮喘合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的应用

支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)和慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)在临床实践中具有部分共存现象。该类患者的病史、临床体征、辅助检查等方面与单纯COPD的患者有许多相似之处,但哮喘合并COPD患者在生活质量、疾病的严重程度、死亡风险、经济负担和治疗措施等方面均与单纯COPD患者有所不同,如何鉴别支气管哮喘合并COPD与COPD患者成为临床医师亟待解决的问题。目前肺功能检查作为呼吸系统最常用的检查手段,其中MMEF、FEV1、气道阻力、气道反应性、弥散功能等内容在这两项疾病的鉴别中具有重要的意义,且肺功能检查具有无创、简便、准确等优势,对肺功能的进一步研究可使它在诊断哮喘合并COPD中发挥更大的作用。     

肺功能在诊断支气管哮喘合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的应用

支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)和慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)在临床实践中具有部分共存现象.该类患者的病史、临床体征、辅助检查等方面与单纯COPD的患者有许多相似之处,但哮喘合并COPD患者在生活质量、疾病的严重程度、死亡风险、经济负担和治疗措施等方面均与单纯COPD患者有所不同,如何鉴别支气管哮喘合并COPD与COPD患者成为临床医师亟待解决的问题.目前肺功能检查作为呼吸系统最常用的检查手段,其中MMEF、FEV1、气道阻力、气道反应性、弥散功能等内容在这两项疾病的鉴别中具有重要的意义,且肺功能检查具有无创、简便、准确等优势,对肺功能的进一步研究可使它在诊断哮喘合并COPD中发挥更大的作用.     

肺部振动反应成像系统在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的应用

振动反应成像系统是本世纪重要发明之一,为呼吸疾病的诊断提供了一个动态客观的依据,慢性阻塞性肺疾病目前已成为全球关注的疾病,社会负担较重,因此对于该病的早期诊断和治疗尤为重要.本文就振动反应成像系统在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的应用的最新进展作一综述.     

支气管哮喘-慢性阻塞性肺疾病重叠综合征的研究进展

<正>支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)与慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是两种不同的疾病。但临床观察到哮喘和COPD患者的临床特征会出现重叠表现,导致两种疾病鉴别困难。为解释此现象,人们提出了哮喘-COPD重叠综合征(ACOS)的概念。ACOS的病因及发病机制极为复杂,临床表现也不尽相同,至今尚未完全阐明。本文依据目前对ACOS的研究作一综述。1 ACOS的诊断标准ACOS缺乏明确的诊断标准。Zeki等~(〔1〕)定义ACOS为:1     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病-哮喘重叠综合征慢性阻塞性肺疾病和支气管哮喘临床特征差异研究

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病-哮喘重叠综合征(ACOS)、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(慢阻肺)和支气管哮喘(哮喘)临床特征的差异。方法收集2011年3月至2014年4月广州医科大学第一附属医院收治的47例ACOS、59例慢阻肺及53例哮喘患者的一般情况、肺功能检查结果、诱导痰细胞嗜酸粒细胞(EOS)百分比、呼出气一氧化氮(FENO)水平、圣乔治呼吸问卷(SGRQ)评定和2年内急性加重和住院次数。结果 ACOS组和慢阻肺组平均年龄分别为(68.0±12.3)岁和(62.0±9.7)岁,均大于哮喘组(43.0±6.2)岁(P0.05)。ACOS组和慢阻肺组吸烟指数分别为(387±127)年支和(472±91)年支(P0.05),均大于哮喘组[(72±16)年支](P0.05)。ACOS和慢阻肺患者儿童时期下呼吸道感染频繁者(每年≥1次)比例分别为21.3%和15.3%,而哮喘患者为7.5%。ACOS组患者2年内第一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)为(53.7±6.6)m L,下降较慢阻肺(42.8±10.4)m L和哮喘患者(24.2±7.9)m L明显。ACOS和慢阻肺患者一氧化氮肺泡弥散量占预计值(DLCO/VA%)分别为(58.4±9.2)%和(64.7±7.1)%,均低于哮喘患者(91.0±7.3)%(P0.05)。ACOS和哮喘患者诱导痰EOS百分比分别为(11.3±3.9)%和(14.9±11.7)%,均高于慢阻肺组(1.4±0.8)%(P0.05)。ACOS和哮喘患者FENO水平分别为(39.2±18.7)×10-9mol/L和(46.6±15.4)×10-9mol/L,均高于慢阻肺组(19.5±5.2)×10-9mol/L(P0.05)。ACOS患者的SGRQ为69.5±9.2,高于慢阻肺组47.0±11.7和哮喘组(31.3±9.7)(P0.05)。ACOS患者2年内急性加重次数为(3.1±1.2)次,多于慢阻肺组(1.4±0.6)次(P0.05);ACOS患者因急性加重住院次数为(2.83±0.96)次,多于慢阻肺组(1.10±0.72)次(P0.05)。结论 ACOS常见于有特应症特征基础上常年吸烟的老年患者。ACOS临床上肺功能下降更快,健康相关生活质量差,易于反复急性加重。     

振动反应成像在轻中度慢性阻塞性肺疾病综合评估中的意义

目的探讨振动反应成像(VRI)动态图像特征在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)综合评估中的作用。方法观察42例肺功能轻-中度损伤的COPD患者,依据CAT评分将其分为轻度、重度症状组,对照组为16例健康志愿者,比较组间VRI动态图像特征的差异。结果重度症状组动态图像评分2.00±0.71,高于轻度症状组0.95±0.53及对照组0.06±0.25;振动曲线异常评分重度症状组为2.82±1.13高于轻度症状组2.00±0.71与对照组0.68±0.79。MEF形态评分重度症状组最为3.47±1.42,高于轻度症状组0.88±0.81与对照组0.18±0.40;CAT评分与曲线异常评分、图像异常评分、共振频率呈线性关系,R20.767,P0.05。结论在轻中度COPD综合评估中,VRI能较好反映COPD症状程度,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

肺功能测定在支气管哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性发作期鉴别中的应用价值

目的探讨肺功能测定在支气管哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）急性发作期鉴别中的应用价值。方法应用一口气法测定支气管哮喘和COPD患者急性发作期的肺功能（肺通气功能、容量测定、弥散功能、脉冲振荡）。结果COPD组各项通气功能均明显低于哮喘组,COPD组中的功能残气量及残总比明显高于哮喘组（P均〈0．05）,哮喘组的弥散功能正常或轻度降低,呼吸总阻抗、外周气道阻力及响应频率在两组之间亦存在统计学差异（P均〈0．05）。结论除肺通气功能以外,肺容量测定、弥散功能及脉冲振荡在支气管哮喘和COPD急性发作期鉴别诊断中亦具有一定的应用价值。     

诱导痰技术及其在支气管哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺疾病鉴别中的应用

支气管哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺疾病均为气道炎症性疾病,它们的共同病理特征为气道炎症,由多种细胞及细胞组分参与,因此对参与产生这些疾病的炎症细胞及其细胞因子进行研究,具有重要的价值,本文主要总结了目前使用的诱导痰技术的基本原理及其安全性和可靠性,并综述了运用此技术分析哮喘与慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者痰中细胞成分与细胞因子的异同,对检测指标进行了系统的总结,展望了该技术的应用前景,并分析其不足之处。     

振动反应成像在老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者疗效评估中的价值

目的探讨振动反应成像（VRI）在老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者疗效评估中的应用价值。方法2012年1月至6月在南京医科大学附属南京医院（南京市第一医院）呼吸科住院的41例老年COPD急性加重期患者在治疗前后进行呼吸困难分级、动脉血气、肺功能和VRI检查。结果治疗后患者的呼吸困难评分显著降低[（3.46±0.87） vs （2.17±0.80）,P＜0.01],动脉血气PaO2明显提高、肺功能改善。治疗后VRI图像明显改善,振动曲线异常评分由（3.61±1.09）降至[（2.85±1.26）, P＜0.01],动态图像异常评分由（10.54±2.91）降至[（6.15±2.23）,P＜0.01],肺部啰音数从（9.98±7.51）减少至[（3.15±4.44）, P＜0.01]。结论 VRI可用于动态监测和评估老年COPD患者的疗效。     

Evaluation of Obstructive Lung Disease with Vibration Response Imaging

As optimal treatment and prognosis differ between asthma and COPD, a new diagnostic approach to differentiating between the two disorders would be clinically desirable. We evaluated the utility of vibration response imaging in differentiating between asthma and COPD. Sixty-six subjects with asthma or COPD were recorded, before and after the administration of a short-acting bronchodilator, using a computerized lung sound analysis device. Gray-scale images of breath sound distribution in the lungs, quantitative data in breath sound graphs (timing, amplitude) and automatic crackle and wheeze detection programs were used to differentiate between asthma and COPD subjects. Imaging data were compared with the clinical diagnosis, made by the standard methods (medical history, physical examination, and spirometric indices). Blinded evaluation of images demonstrated a significantly higher rate of improvement in image dynamics, shape and overall improvement following bronchodilator in subjects with asthma compared with those with COPD. Quantitative data showed distinct patterns in timing and amplitude for these two pathologies. Combined analyses based on qualitative image evaluation and quantitative data demonstrated an overall 85% accuracy (84% for asthma, 86% for COPD) in differentiating between asthma and COPD. Combined qualitative and quantitative evaluations of lung sounds are quite sensitive in distinguishing between lung sound recordings of COPD and asthma individuals. Lung sound features of synchronization in timing and intensity provide objective data that may further differentiate these two airway disorders.     

Childhood asthma and GOLD‐defined chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background: Current understanding of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is that it results from an interaction of genetic and environmental factors. This study aimed to investigate the strength of association of various known risk factors for COPD. Methods: Detailed written questionnaires, full pulmonary function tests and atopy testing were completed in 749 people, aged 25–75 years, recruited from a random population sample. COPD was defined, using Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines, as a post‐bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity (FEV₁/FVC) ratio <0.7. Results: The prevalence of COPD was higher in men (OR 1.7 (95% CI 1.1–2.7)) and increased with increasing age (OR per decade older 2.1 (95% CI 1.7–2.7)). COPD was more frequent in current and ex‐smokers and increased with increasing pack years (OR per 10 pack years 1.3 (95% CI 1.1–1.5)). On a logit scale, a diagnosis of asthma as a child conferred a similar risk as an increase in age of 22 years or 62 pack years of cigarette smoking. Conclusion: Childhood asthma emerged with the strongest association for GOLD‐defined COPD. Possible explanations for this are suggested, including limitations of the current GOLD spirometric definition of COPD, a chance observation because of the high prevalence of both disorders in this population, or alternatively childhood asthma is a risk factor for COPD.     

血清25-羟基维生素D3浓度水平与成人支气管哮喘及COPD的相互关系

目的通过检测支气管哮喘、COPD患者血清25（OH）D3水平,分析其与两种疾病的关系。方法随机选择哮喘患者59例、COPD患者35例,与之年龄、性别等相仿的健康对照组49例。通过电化学发光法检测25（OH）D3水平,并分析成人哮喘及COPD患者与对照组血清25（OH）D3水平的差异性。检测哮喘患者肺功能指标,分析与25（OH）D3水平相关性,以P〈0．05为有统计学意义。结果病例组血清25（OH）D3水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,哮喘患者血清25（OH）D,水平与FEV1、FEV1／FVC、FVC实测值之间无相关性（P〉0．05）。结论支气管哮喘及COPD患者均普遍存在维生素D缺乏现象。在成人支气管哮喘患者低的25（OH）D3水平与其肺功能之间无相关性。     

Airway hyperresponsiveness: the usefulness of airway hyperresponsiveness testing in epidemiology,in diagnosing asthma and in the assessment of asthma severity

The present PhD thesis was conducted at the Respiratory Research Unit at the Pulmonary Department L in Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark and describes airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma patients in four studies. The first study concerned risk factors for the development of asthma in young adults in a 12‐year prospective follow‐up study of a random population sample of 291 children and adolescents from Copenhagen, who were followed up from the age of 7–17 years (1986) until the age of 19–29 years (1998). During follow‐up, 16.1% developed asthma, and in these subjects, the most important predictor of asthma development was airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine at baseline. Airway hyperresponsiveness is associated with more severe asthma and a poorer prognosis in terms of more exacerbations and less chance of remission of the disease. The second study described the relation between airway hyper‐responsiveness to methacholine and the quality of life in 691 asthma patients: In asthma patients with airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, the quality of life measured with a validated questionnaire (Junipers Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire) was significantly reduced compared to asthma patients who did not respond to bronchial provocation with methacholine. Airway hyperresponsiveness is not uncommonly observed in non‐asthmatics, and the response to bronchial provocation with methacholine is therefore relatively non‐specific. The mannitol test is a relatively new bronchial provocation test that acts indirectly on the smooth airway muscle cells through the release of mediators from inflammatory cells in the airways; the mannitol could consequently be a more specific test compared with methacholine. The third study showed that out of 16 non‐asthmatics with airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, 15 did not respond to bronchial provocation with mannitol Because of the mechanism of action of mannitol, it seems plausible that the response to mannitol is more closely correlated to airway inflammation in asthma compared with the response to methacholine. The fourth study showed that in 53 adult asthma patients, who did not receive treatment with inhaled steroids, there was a positive correlation between the degree of airway inflammation and the degree of airway responsiveness to mannitol as well as to methacholine. The mannitol does, however, have the advantage of being a faster and simpler test to perform, requiring no additional equipment apart from a spirometer. Conclusions: Airway hyperresponsiveness in children and in adolescents without asthma predicts asthma development in adulthood. Asthma patients with airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine have a poorer quality of life as well as more severe disease and a poorer prognosis compared with asthma patients without airway hyperresponsiveness. Bronchial provocation with mannitol as well as with methacholine were useful for evaluating the severity of asthma and the degree of airway inflammation, and accordingly for determining the need for steroid statement. The mannitol test does, however, have practical advantages over the methacholine test that make it preferable for clinical use.     

受试者特征曲线评价脉冲振荡肺功能在支气管哮喘诊断中的应用价值

目的 应用受试者特征( ROC)曲线评价脉冲振荡(IOS)肺功能参数对各严重程度支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)的诊断价值.方法 测定64例哮喘患者及23名健康人的常规肺功能( FEV1％ pred、FEV1/FVC)及IOS参数(Z5、R5、Rc、Rp、R20、X5、Fres),并依据《支气管哮喘防治指南(支气管哮喘的定义、诊...