肝叶切除术在肝门部胆管癌治疗中的作用

目的探讨肝叶切除术在肝门部胆管癌治疗中的作用。方法回顾性分析了１９９１年１月～１９９５年１２月间收治的５２例肝门部胆管癌的临床资料。结果５２例中手术切除１７例,切除率３２７％,手术死亡率为５９％。切除组中１４例兼行不同范围的肝叶切除,其中８例为治愈性切除,治愈性切除组与姑息性切除组平均生存期为２１１个月和７５个月（Ｐ＜０．０５）。切除组与引流组疗效有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论联合肝叶切除术可提高肝门部胆管癌的治愈性切除率,改善术后病人的预后。     

肝切除治疗肝胆管结石(附644例报告)

分析肝切除治疗肝胆管结石的疗效。方法报告１９７５年至１９９９年１１月６４４例肝内胆管结石病人采用肝切除治疗的术式,并发症及随访情况,结果本组治疗方式中合并的肝切除率为５２％;６４４例中６２．９％经历过１－５次手术,其中２０．５％,合并不同类型的胆肠吻合。肝切除术式：左外叶切除３７８例（５８．７％）;左半肝切除１３２例（２０．５％）;右半肝切除３１例（４．８％）;多段切除６６例（１０．３％）;肝方叶     

肾移植受者环孢素肝毒性应用山莨菪碱的临床研究

对山莨菪碱治疗肾移植受者环孢素肝毒性病例进行了；临床研究，５２例ＣｓＡ肝毒性治愈３８例（７８．１％）；好转６例（１１．５％）；无效８例（１５．４％），静脉给药优于口服组，１５例ＣｓＡ肝毒性患者并ＨＢＶＤＮＡ阴性，其中７例（４６．７％）治愈，８例（５３．３％）无效，４６例肝泰乐对照组３例治愈（６．５％），治愈率与治疗组比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１），山莨菪碱治疗过程中未见有影响疗效的毒副反应，     

肾移植受者环孢素肝毒性应用出莨菪碱的临床研究

对山莨菪碱治疗肾移植受者环孢素肝毒性病例进行了临床研究。５２例ＣｓＡ肝毒性治愈３８例（７８．１％）；好转６例（１１．５％）；无效８例（１５．４％）。静脉给药优于口服组。１５例ＣｓＡ肝毒性患者并ＨＢＶＤＮＡ阴性，其中７例（４６．７％）治愈，８例（５３．３％）无效。４６例肝泰乐对照组３例治愈（６．５％），治愈率与治疗组比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。山莨碱治疗过程中未见有影响疗效的毒副反应。     

Ⅲ型肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗（附35例分析）

目的总结Ⅲ型肝门部胆管癌的手术经验。方法回顾性分析我院1999年1月至2006年12月，行手术切除的35例Ⅲ型肝门部胆管癌的临床资料。Ⅲa型16例，行肝门部胆管切除8例，行联合右半肝＋右侧尾状叶切除7例，行联合右半肝＋尾状叶切除、门静脉分叉部切除主干左支吻合1例。Ⅲb型19例，行肝门部胆管切除8例，行联合左半肝＋左侧尾状叶切除9例，行联合左半肝＋尾状叶切除、门静脉分叉部切除主干右支吻合1例．行联合左半肝＋尾状叶切除、门静脉分叉部切除主干右支吻合、肝固有动脉分叉部切除主干右支吻合1例。结果本组32例获得随访，随访时间18～113个月。肝门部胆管切除病例术后病理根治性切除率为37．5％，联合肝叶切除病例术后病理根治性切除率73．7％，3例联合肝叶切除＋血管切除病例均获术后病理根治性切除。肝门部胆管切除术后并发症发生率为31．3％，联合肝叶切除组术后并发症发生率为31．6％。3例联合肝叶切除＋血管切除病例术后均无胆肠吻合口漏、肝断面坏死、胆漏等严重并发症。结论联合肝叶切除，必要时行受累分叉部血管切除重建，有益于提高Ⅲ型肝门部胆管癌的根治性切除率，且不增加术后并发症的发生率。     

原发性肝癌综合治疗282例分析

本文报告１９８０年６月至１９９４年１０月治疗中晚期原发性肝癌２８２例，男２３８例，女４４例，年龄１７～７６岁，结节型肝癌１３０例，巨块型肝癌９２例，弥漫型肝癌６０例，其中自发性破裂大出血２１例，全部病例经Ｂ超显像，ＣＴ扫描，肝动脉造影，ＡＦＰ测定及病理组织学检查确诊。外科手术治疗９４例，其中脉叶切除３０例，半年、１年、２年、３年、５年生存率为７９．９％，５６．０％。２２．７％１３．６．和１０．０％；行肝动脉血流阻断为主的外科综合治疗６０例，半年，１年、２年生存率为７８．３％，５２．４％，１３．８％；手术探查４例，存活期均少于４个月。对不能切除的中晚期肝癌行介入栓塞治疗１８８例，半年、１年、２年、３年生存率为７３．４％，３８．８％，１９．７％和６．７％。     

肝门部胆管癌103例外科治疗远期疗效的评析

作者回顾总结了１９８６年１月～１９９６年１月十年间行手术治疗的１０３例肝门部胆管癌的临床特征、手术方式和远期生存率等。１０３例肝门胆管癌行手术切除者６６例,非切除者行胆管内外引流者３７例,总手术切除率为６４．１％。手术死亡率２．９％。手术切除组中行根治性切除者３６例,姑息性切除者３０例。根治性切除者１、３、５年的生存率分别为：９６．７％、２３．３％和１３．３％,最长生存者至今已达８年。而姑息性切除者３年生存率仅为３．８％,无５年生存者。作者提出新的肝门部胆管癌的临床分型法。发现肝门部胆管癌的组织类型及分化程度,与肿瘤浸润及转移特征密切相关,分化程度越差其预后亦越差。     

高位胆管癌手术治疗对策探讨

作者总结了３３例高位胆管癌的治疗，其中手术切除２７例（８１．８％），平均存活２０．２个月，单纯引流５例（１５．２％），平均存活７．７个月，探查取活检１例（３％），术后存活３个月，无手术死亡，手术方式包括肝外胆管癌切除，肝方叶切除加肝餐胆管癌切除，左半肝切除，尾叶切除 加肝外胆管癌切除，肝内胆管－空肠ｏｕｘ－Ｙ吻合术。作者认为：高位胆管癌的治疗以手术切除为主，应做到早期诊断和早期治疗。对于不能切除病     

大肠癌术后复发和转移的临床研究─—附82例分析

本文报告大肠癌术后复发和／或转移８２例。男４６例，女３６例，年龄１９～７５岁，平均４６．３岁。复发时间３月～１７年，平均２５．６月，２年以内６０例，占７３．２％。直肠癌以局部夏发为主（５２．６％），结肠癌以远处转移为主（６３．６％）。直肠癌Ｍｉｌｅ’ｓ术后复发以盆腔、会阴为主（７１．４％），行吻合术者则以吻合口复发为主（６９．２％）。临床表现以急、慢性肠梗阻、粘液皿便、能前区疼痛、腹部包块、会阴结节或窦道为主。ＣＥＡ阳性率３７．９％。再次手术６８例，根治性切除１４例（１７．１％），姑息性切除１２例（１４．６％），病灶总切除率３１．７％，根治性切除和姑息性切除３、５年生存率分别为７２．７％、６２．５％和２０．ｏ％、１１．１％（Ｐ＜０．００１）；造瘘、短路等手术和非手术治疗者，无２年生存者。其中位生存期为８．２月。本组手术死亡１例（１．４７％），并发症１６例（２３．５％），早期发现和诊断是提高大肠癌再手术疗效的关键，术后定期随访是早则发现和诊断复发的行效途径。对复发或转移病人的再手术应持积极态度。     

原发性肝癌的外科治疗体会

１９８５年４月至１９９６年１２月２０２例原发性肝癌行肝叶切除，均经手术和病理证实。伴肝硬化者占８７．１２５，有乙肝背景者１５２例，占７５．２４％。ＡＦＰ正常者６３例（３１．１８％）。化疗缩小后再切除１４例，复发再切除８例，术后复发灶注射无水酒精８例，术中均经胃网膜右静脉置管至门静脉化疗。多数行免疫治疗，１、３、５年生存率８５．８０％、５２．４６％、２０．２９％。作者认为，术中Ｂ超检查对小肝癌定位、     

Indications for combined resection and reconstruction of the hepatic artery in biliary tract carcinoma]

More than 10 years have passed since hepatic artery resection was first performed for the treatment of biliary tract cancer. The safety of this procedure has been established with the introduction of the microsurgery technique. However, the benefits of and indications for this treatment have not yet been clarified. Twenty-three patients underwent vascular resection (portal vein in 7, portal vein + hepatic artery in 9, hepatic artery in 7) among 114 resected patients with biliary tract cancer in our institution. The right hepatic artery was reconstructed by end-to-end anastomosis in most cases. The curative resection rate was 88.9% in hilar bile duct cancer. However, it was less than 50% in other carcinomas. Cumulative 5-year survival rates of vascular resection patients with hilar bile duct cancer, lower bile duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, and cholangiocarcinoma were 14.8%, 25%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. On the other hand, the rates were 38.9%, 0%, 0%, and 0%, in the stage III + IV patients who did not undergo vascular resection. The longest survival period among patients with hilar bile duct cancer and lower bile duct cancer was 85 months and 65 months, respectively, whereas it was 15 months in gallbladder cancer and 20 months in cholangiocarcinoma patients. No hilar bile duct cancer patient who survived for more than 3 years had lymph node metastasis. The longest surviving cholangiocarcinoma patient has received adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. It is concluded that patients with hilar bile duct cancer are good candidates for vascular resection. Adjuvant chemotherapy should be administered to gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma patients, because vascular resection alone does not result in prolongation of life in these patients.     

Extensive hilar bile duct resection using a transhepatic approach for patients with hepatic hilar bile duct diseases

BACKGROUND: Extensive hilar bile duct resection beyond the second- or third-order intrahepatic biliary radicals is usually required for patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma as well as those with benign inflammatory stricture. Most hilar cholangiocarcinoma is resected with combined major hepatectomy to obtain free surgical margins. The purpose of this study was to show the surgical procedure and the usefulness of extensive hilar bile duct resection using a transhepatic approach for patients with hilar bile duct diseases. METHODS: Five patients with hepatic hilar bile duct disease and who were unfit for major hepatectomy for several reasons underwent extensive hilar bile duct resection by way of a transhepatic approach. Four of the patients had hilar bile duct cancer, including 1 with mucous-producing bile duct cancer of low-grade malignancy and 1 with a postsurgical benign bile duct stricture. RESULTS: After extensive hilar bile duct resection, bile duct stumps ranged in number from 3 to 7 mm (mean 4.4). Surgical margins at bile duct stump were free of cancer in all 4 cancer patients. The long-term outcomes were as follows: 3 patients are alive at the time of publication, and 2 patients have died. CONCLUSIONS: A transhepatic approach may be useful when performing extensive hilar bile duct resection bile duct stricture of biliary disease at the hepatic hilus, especially in high-risk patients who are unfit for major hepatectomy as well as in those having benign bile duct stricture and low-grade malignancy.     

Major hepatic resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: analysis of 46 patients

HYPOTHESIS: Major hepatectomy, bile duct resection, and regional lymphadenectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma are associated with actual long-term (>5 years) survival. DESIGN: Retrospective outcome study. SETTING: Single tertiary referral institution. PATIENTS: Between 1979 and 1997, 46 consecutive patients had resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma by major hepatectomy, bile duct resection, and regional lymphadenectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Overall survival and tumor recurrence were correlated to clinicopathological factors, operative morbidity, and mortality. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients underwent left hepatectomy, 17 underwent right hepatectomy, and 4 had extended right hepatectomy. Eighteen patients underwent resection of segment 1. Negative (R0) resection margins were achieved in 37 patients (80%). The operative mortality rate was 9%, and the surgical morbidity rate was 52%. Actual 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates were 80%, 39%, and 26%, respectively. Factors adversely associated with patient survival rates included: male sex, lymph node metastases, tumor grade 3 or 4, elevated direct serum bilirubin level at diagnosis, elevated preoperative activated partial thromboplastin time, and more than 4 U of red blood cells transfused perioperatively. Tumor size and R0 resection approached significance for survival. Factors associated with tumor recurrence included: male sex, tumor grade 3 or 4, a low hemoglobin level both at diagnosis and preoperatively, and a low preoperative prothrombin time and low alkaline phosphatase level at diagnosis and preoperatively. Median time to recurrence was 3.6 years. Tumor recurrence was predominantly local and regional. CONCLUSIONS: The actual 5-year survival rate of 26% justifies major partial hepatectomy, bile duct resection, and regional lymphadenectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. The high frequency of local and regional recurrence warrants investigation of adjuvant therapy.     

Surgical Resection of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma: Analysis of Survival and Postoperative Complications

Background Surgery is the only potentially curative treatment for hilar bile duct cancer. This study sought to evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of surgical management of hilar bile duct carcinoma, including radical hepatectomy, at a single institution. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 49 consecutive patients who underwent surgery at our hospital between 1990 and 2003. Results Altogether, 44 of 49 patients underwent radical hepatectomy combined with caudate lobectomy and lymphadenectomy. One and four patients underwent partial hepatectomy or bile duct resection, respectively. No patients underwent preoperative portal vein embolization. The 5-year survival rate was 39.7%, with a median survival time of 3.75 years. The postoperative morbidity and mortality rates were 46.8% and 2.0%, respectively. Cox’s proportional hazard model revealed that lymph node status and the residual tumor factor were independent prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis revealed that preoperative hyperbilirubinemia, postoperative complications, and extended surgical procedures were independently associated with postoperative hyperbilirubinemia. After potentially curative resection, 39.4% of patients suffered from disease recurrence. In 60% of the total cases, the sites of recurrence were distant metastases. Conclusion Surgery, including radical hepatectomy combined with caudate lobectomy and lymph node dissection, is a feasible, effective treatment for hilar bile duct cancer.     

Is major hepatectomy with pancreatoduodenectomy justified for advanced biliary malignancy?

Background/Purpose Major hepatectomy with concomitant pancreatoduodenectomy (M-HPD) is usually indicated for the resection of diffuse bile duct cancer or advanced gallbladder cancer. This is the only procedure that can potentially cure such advanced cancers, so both a low mortality rate and long-term survival could potentially justify performing this procedure. Methods Between 1990 and 2005, the morbidity, mortality, and long-term survival of 26 patients with advanced biliary tract carcinoma 14 with diffuse bile duct cancer, 9 with advanced gallbladder cancer, and 3 with hilar bile duct cancer, who underwent hepatopancreatoduodectomy (HPD) were reviewed and analyzed. Results The overall morbidity and mortality rates were 30.8% and 0%, respectively. Postoperative infectious complications occurred in 6 patients (23.0%). The 5-year survival rate of the 14 patients with diffuse bile duct cancer who underwent HPD was 51.9%, while the 5-year survival rate in the 12 of these patients who underwent M-HPD was 61.4%. Patients with diffuse bile duct cancer without residual tumor and those without lymph node metastasis had 5-year survival rates of 68.6% and 80%, respectively. Thirty-three percent (2 of 6) of the patients who underwent M-HPD for advanced gallbladder cancer survived for more than 5 years. Conclusions Preoperative biliary drainage, portal embolization, complete external drainage of pancreatic juice, reduction of intraoperative bleeding, and prevention of bacterial colonization of bile may enable the incidence of mortality and hepatic failure to approach zero in patients who undergo HPD. Surgeons should strive for complete clearance of the tumor with a negative surgical margin to achieve long-term survival when performing M-HPD.     

Abdominal wall recurrence of Hilar bile duct cancer 12 years after a curative resection: Report of a case

A 74-year-old woman was diagnosed with hilar bile duct cancer, and underwent a curative resection of the bile duct and the left and caudate lobes of the liver in 1995. Ten years later (April 2005), she noted a small mass in the abdominal wall. The mass slowly enlarged to reach 4 cm in diameter by January 2007. With a diagnosis of a possible recurrence of bile duct cancer, a laparotomy was thus performed. The abdominal wall tumor was buried in the rectus abdominis muscle and was tightly attached to the ileum. The lesion was resected en bloc with the associated rectus muscle and ileocecal region. A histopathological examination of the resected specimen revealed tubular adenocarcinoma that closely resembled the original primary bile duct cancer. In addition, the immunohistochemical staining pattern of the abdominal tumor was identical to that of the original bile duct cancer. This indicated that the abdominal tumor represented a local recurrence (probably due to peritoneal implantation) at 12 years after the resection of the hilar bile duct cancer. This case emphasizes that long-time surveillance is required for patients with bile duct cancer, even if they have survived without recurrence for more than 5 years after a curative resection.     

Actual long-term outcome of extrahepatic bile duct cancer after surgical resection

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to analyze the actual long-term outcome after the surgical resection of extrahepatic bile duct cancer and to identify the characteristics shared by long-term survivors (5 years or longer). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Although reported 5-year survival rates of extrahepatic bile duct cancer lie between 20% and 30%, these data are not reflecting the actual cure rate. Some patients survive longer than 5 years with recurrent disease. In some patients, recurrence is detected after 5 years. Accordingly, true cure rate is probably substantially lower than the 5-year survival rate. METHODS: One hundred fifty-one patients from a total of 282 patients with extrahepatic bile duct cancer (excluding ampulla of Vater cancer) underwent surgical resection between 1986 and 1997. We analyzed the actual survival outcome and postresection prognostic factors after resection, which included hepatobiliary resection (HBR; extended either right or left hepatectomy, caudate lobectomy, and hilar bile duct resection, n = 23), bile duct resection (BDR; n = 25), and pancreatoduodenectomy (PD; n = 103). We also compared the clinicopathologic characteristics of actual long-term survivors (n = 49) with those who survived longer than 5 years and with short-term (<5 years) survivors. RESULTS: Forty-nine of the 151 resection cases (32.5%) survived 5 years or longer; there was no 5-year survivor in the nonresected cases. The actual 5-year survival rate was 47.8% after HBR (11 of 23), 28.0% after BDR (7 of 25), and 30.1% after PD (31 of 103) (P = 0.083). Tumor histology and lymph node metastasis were identified as independent prognostic factors by multivariate analysis. Some long-term survivors had poor postoperative prognostic factors such as T3, lymph node metastasis, or microscopic margin involvement, but none with a poorly differentiated tumor. Seven long-term survivors had recurrent disease at 5 years, and recurrence was detected after 5 years in 8 more patients. Therefore, the actual cure rate (<19.2%) was substantially less than the 5-year survival rate. CONCLUSIONS: In cases of extrahepatic bile duct cancer, resection should be considered and efforts should be made to obtain a tumor-free margin. An aggressive surgical approach will give some survival benefit to the patients with even advanced disease. Long-term follow up is needed before declaring "a cure," because late recurrence after 5 years is detected not infrequently. Adjuvant therapy, local and systemic, needs to be further developed.     

Hepatic hilar bile duct cancer treated by multidisciplinary approach

The effects of a multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of hepatic hilar bile duct cancer were evaluated in 24 of 31 resected patients operated from 1985 through 1992. Our multidisciplinary treatment included preoperative biliary drainage, hepatic hilar resection with hepatic portajejunostomy, intraoperative targeting chemotherapy, and postoperative intracavitary irradiation, using a remote after loading system. Before surgical resection, percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage was performed in patients with hyperbilirubinemia to reduce their serum bilirubin level and to improve hepatic function. Six patients underwent pancreatoduodenectomy, due to cancer invasion, in addition to hepatic hilar resection. Postoperative intracavitary irradiation with⁶⁰Co was performed via bile duct and inferior vena cava. There were no serious postoperative complications or postoperative deaths among patients treated by our multidisciplinary approach. The overall 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival rates were 71%, 58%, and 24%, respectively. In curatively resected patients, the 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival rates were 100%, 80% and 53%, respectively. These results demonstrate that our multidisciplinary therapeutic modality gives better survival rates than those reported previously. Offprint requests to: J. Tanaka This paper was presented in a Panel Discussion of the 93rd Annual Congress of the Japan Surgical Society in Sendai, Japan, April, 1993.