慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者血浆内脏脂肪因水平变化及其与营养状况的关系

目的 探讨血浆内脏脂肪因子(visfatin)水平变化在稳定期COPD伴营养不良患者中的意义.方法 测定40例稳定期COPD患者(分为COPD伴营养不良组20例,COPD不伴组20例)及20例健康体检者的血浆visfatin、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、瘦素(LEP)及与营养状况相关的人体重指数(BMI).Visfatin、TNF-α等指标采用酶联免疫吸附法测定.分析visfatin与TNF-α、CRP、BMI等指标之间的相关性.结果 ①COPD伴营养不良组血浆visfatin浓度为(19.56±4.69) ng/ml明显高于COPD不伴营养不良组(P＜0.01);②40例稳定期COPD患者血浆visfatin水平与TNF-α、CRP、LEP值呈负相关(r值分别为-0.397、-0.459,P＜0.05或P＜O.01),与BMI水平存在正相关(r=0.407,P＜0.01).结论 血浆visfatin水平可以反映稳定期COPD患者的营养状况,其水平的变化可能在稳定期COPD患者伴发营养不良的过程中起到重要作用,但其具体机制还需进一步研究.     

支气管哮喘患儿血浆肾上腺髓质素、肿瘤坏死因子-α水平的变化

目的观察支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)患儿血浆肾上腺髓质素(AM)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平的变化以及与气道阻力值(Rint)、外周血氧分压(PaO2)的关系。方法采用放射免疫分析法,检测30例哮喘急性发作期患儿(发作组)和30例缓解期患儿(缓解组)血浆的AM、TNF-α水平,且与Rint及PaO2进行相关分析。同时以30例健康儿童作为正常对照(对照组)。结果发作组血浆的AM、TNF-α分别为(31.45±6.51)、(1.73±0.49)ng/L,明显高于缓解组的(13.26±4.12)、(1.45±0.43)ng/L及对照组的(11.43±3.52)、(1.21±0.41)ng/L(P<0.01)。发作组血浆的AM水平与TNF-α水平、Rint呈正相关(r=0.58,P<0.01;r=0.73,P<0.01),与PaO2呈负相关(r=-0.55,P<0.01)。结论AM在支气管哮喘的急性发作中起着重要的作用。     

肿瘤坏死因子α及C反应蛋白在老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者中的意义

目的观察慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)及血浆C反应蛋白(CRP)的变化及意义。方法选取老年COPD急性加重期、稳定期患者各20例及健康非吸烟者15例,留取血清,采用化学发光法测定血清中TNF-α,散射比浊法测定血清CRP。结果COPD急性加重期TNF-α水平为(34.40±7.24)pg/ml,稳定期为(15.55±2.24)pg/ml,急性加重期较稳定期明显增高(P<0.01);正常对照组TNF-α为(8.73±1.91)pg/ml,与稳定期比较也有显著性差异(P<0.05)。COPD急性加重期CRP为(97.20±17.52)mg/L,稳定期为(22.75±7.17)mg/L,加重期与稳定期比较有非常显著性差异(P<0.01)。COPD急性加重期中TNF-α与CRP明显相关(r=0.544,P<0.05)。结论TNF-α与CRP参与COPD的急性炎症过程。     

膳食脂肪对肥胖患者胃肠激素的影响

目的探讨膳食脂肪对肥胖患者胃肠激素的影响。方法选择2015年3—6月沧州市人民医院接诊的30例肥胖症患者作为肥胖症组,并选择同期来医院进行体检的30例健康人作为对照组。采用聚乙烯双腔气囊比较两组研究对象胃容积和胃适应性变化,比较两组研究对象进食脂肪膳食前后胃动素、瘦素、生长素以及胰高血糖素样肽1的变化情况。结果肥胖症组患者胃初始容积、最大耐受容积、初始顺应性以及最大耐受顺应性[(527±108)mL、(897±220)mL、(65.7±19.5)mL、(92.9±25.6)mL]均高于对照组[(263±52)mL,502±122)mL、(34.6±10.8)mL、(52.5±17.0)mL](P<0.05);进食前后肥胖症组患者胃动素、瘦素水平高于对照组[胃动素:(284±60)ng/L比(126±33)ng/L、(338±97)ng/L比(275±50)ng/L,瘦素:(7.4±2.2)ng/L比(2.3±0.4)ng/L、(7.5±2.1)ng/L比(1.5±0.3)ng/L],生长素以及胰高血糖素样肽1水平低于对照组[生长素:(3.2±0.8)ng/L比(9.7±2.1)ng/L、(1.5±0.3)ng/L比(3.4±0.8)ng/L,胰高血糖素样肽1:(1.7±0.4)ng/L比(3.6±1.4)ng/L、(1.1±0.3)ng/L比(6.6±1.2)ng/L](P<0.05),其中肥胖症组患者进食后胃动素较进食前升高,生长素以及胰高血糖素样肽1较进食前降低(P<0.05),而瘦素进食前后变化不大(P>0.05);而对照组患者进食后胃动素、胰高血糖素样肽1较进食前升高,而瘦素、生长素较进食前降低(P<0.05)。结论膳食脂肪对肥胖患者的胃肠激素有影响,可通过调控胃肠激素的水平预防和控制肥胖症。     

血清一氧化氮、N端脑利钠肽前体和降钙素原与慢性阻塞性肺疾病严重程度的相关性研究

目的 探讨血清中一氧化氮(NO)、N端脑利钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)和降钙素原(PCT)浓度与慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)严重程度的相关性.方法 选取我院2013-2015年期间确诊为COPD患者175例作为研究组,并根据FEV1/FVC、FEV1%预计值和临床症状将COPD分为轻度(45例)、中度(40例)、重度(46例)和极重度(44例)四组,选取健康体检者50例作为对照组.检测五组受检者血清中NO、NT-proBNP和PCT浓度,分析四组COPD患者和对照组之间各指标的差异及其与FEV1%预计值的相关性.结果 对照组、COPD轻度组、中度组、重度组和极重度组患者FEV1%预计值分别为(87.1±6.7)%、(82.4±4.8)%、(58.9±6.2)%、(43.8±4.2)%和(26.7±2.7)%,血清中NO水平分别为(35.66±13.85)μmol/L、(28.45±10.50)μmol/L、(20.65±7.56)μmol/L、(13.41±4.34)μmol/L和(8.54±3.26)μmol/L,呈递减趋势且各组FEV1%预计值和NO水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);五组NT-proBNP水平分别为(45.6±8.6)pg/mL、(102±34.4)pg/mL、(214±45.2)pg/mL、(348±60.3)pg/mL和(425±105.2)pg/mL,呈递增趋势且各组NT-proBNP水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);重度和极重度COPD患者血清中PCT水平明显高于轻度、中度COPD患者和对照组[(1.055±0.536)ng/mL、(2.564±1.135)ng/mL vs(0.081±0.043)ng/mL、(0.087±0.045)ng/mL、(0.062±0.026)ng/mL],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);COPD患者FEV1%预计值与NO的浓度呈正相关(r=0.525,P<0.05),与NT-proBNP和PCT的浓度呈负相关(r=-0.685,P<0.05;r=-0.424,P<0.05).结论 COPD患者严重程度的增加与血清NO浓度呈负相关与血清NT-proBNP和PCT浓度呈正相关.     

血清抵抗素、肿瘤坏死因子-α水平与2型糖尿病患者血管内皮功能紊乱的相关性研究

目的探讨血清抵抗素(resistin)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平与2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血管内皮功能紊乱的关系。方法测定60例T2DM患者及20例健康人(正常对照组)血清中抵抗素、TNF-α、血管性血友病因子(vWF)、C反应蛋白(CRP)及一氧化氮(NO)的水平,分别将以上检测结果进行比较。结果T2DM组血清抵抗素、TNF-α、vWF、CRP水平均高于正常对照组(P<0.01或P<0.05),而NO低于正常对照组(P<0.01);其中抵抗素与TNF-α、vWF、CRP呈正相关(r分别为0.47、0.32、0.42,均P<0.05);TNF-α与vWF、CRP亦呈正相关(r=0.30,P<0.05;r=0.42,P<0.01);抵抗素、TNF-α与NO呈负相关(r分别为-0.47、-0.34,均P<0.01);多元线性回归分析显示血清NO、vWF、CRP分别与抵抗素或TNF-α存在显著的相关性(均P<0.05)。结论血清抵抗素、TNF-α水平可能与T2DM患者血管内皮功能紊乱有关,是预测T2DM血管并发症有价值的指标。     

COPD患者血浆白蛋白、C反应蛋白、肿瘤坏死因子α水平与肺动脉高压的关系

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）患者血浆白蛋白（PA）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）水平与肺动脉高压（PH）的关系。方法选取2011年9月到2013年9月期间收治的COPD患者88例,根据是否患有PH分为PH组52例和对照组36例。比较两组患者一般资料以及PA、CRP、TNF-α水平和肺动脉收缩压（PAP）,并分析血浆PA、CRP、TNF-α水平和COPD患者PH发生率的关系。结果血浆PA水平与COPD患者PH发生率呈负相关（r=-0.58,P〈0.01）,血浆CRP水平与COPD患者PH发生率正相关（r=0.78,P〈0.01）,血浆TNF-α水平与COPD患者PH发生率呈正相关（r=0.62,P〈0.01）。与对照组比较,PH组患者PaO2水平显著降低,PaCO2水平明显升高（P〈0.05）;血浆PA水平降低（P〈0.01）,血浆CRP和TNF-α水平以及PAP明显升高（P均〈0.01）。结论血浆PA水平随着COPD患者PH发生率的升高而降低,而血浆CRP和TNF-α水平则随着COPD患者PH发生率的升高而升高。COPD患者血浆PA水平降低而CRP和TNF-α水平升高时应警惕PH的发生。     

降钙素原与血清C-反应蛋白联合测定对严重多发伤患者早期细菌感染的诊断价值

目的 探讨降钙素原(PCT)与血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)联合测定对严重多发伤患者早期细菌感染的诊断价值.方法 应用双抗夹心免疫发光法测定血浆PCT含量,散射比浊法测定血浆CRP水平,对51例ISS≥16分的发生细菌感染的多发伤患者(感染组)伤后,30例健康志愿者(对照组)和46例伤后早期未并发感染的多发伤患者(未感染组)分别进行血浆PCT和CRP水平的测定.结果对照组PCT和CRP值分别为(0.80±0.19)ng/mL和(1.10±0.31)mg/L;感染组PCT和CRP值分别为(35.25±14.61)ng/mL和(46.86±18.59)mg/L,均较对照组明显升高(P<0.01);未感染组PCT值为(1.35±0.33)ng/mL,与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),与感染组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);未感染组CRP值为(41.29±16.30)mg/L,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),与感染组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 血浆PCT与CRP联合测定可为严重多发伤患者早期细菌感染提供更准确的诊断依据.     

抑郁症患者血浆髓鞘相关蛋白和炎性因子水平的研究

  目的  比较首发未服药和复发性抑郁症患者外周血浆髓鞘相关蛋白及炎性因子与健康人群的差异。  方法  纳入2019年3月—2020年5月于郑州大学第一附属医院精神医学科就诊的抑郁症患者80例,其中首次发病未服药抑郁症患者40例为首发组,复发抑郁症患者40例为复发组,同期38例健康志愿者为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附实验测定所有受试者的外周血浆髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)、髓鞘相关糖蛋白(MAG)、髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白(MOG)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平。使用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-24)评估抑郁程度。  结果  复发组、首发组、对照组的MBP[(2.32±0.95)ng/mL、(1.92±0.91)ng/mL、(1.40±0.76)ng/mL]和TNF-α[(8.49±5.45)ng/mL、(6.30±4.71)ng/mL、(4.90±4.18)ng/mL]组间差异有统计学意义(F=10.824、5.510,均P＜0.05);复发组高于首发组(t_MBP=4.646,P＜0.05;t_TNF-α=3.285,P＜0.05),复发组高于对照组(t_MBP=2.069,P＜0.05;t_TNF-α=2.034,P＜0.05),首发组MBP高于对照组(t=2.603,P＜0.05)。髓鞘相关蛋白及炎性因子与HAMD-24评分无相关性(均P＞0.05)。  结论  外周血浆的MBP有望作为判断抑郁症预后及神经髓鞘病理损伤严重程度的重要指标,TNF-α可能与抑郁症的复发有关。      

病毒性脑炎患儿脑脊液IL-2、TNF-α、NSE变化的临床研究

目的探讨儿童病毒性脑炎脑脊液白细胞介素2(IL-2)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)变化的临床意义。方法用放射免疫分析法与电化学发光(RIA)法测定52例病毒性脑炎患儿脑脊液IL-2、TNF-α、NSE浓度。以非颅内感染患儿30例作为对照组。结果(1)病毒性脑炎脑脊液IL-2、TNF-α、NSE浓度分别为(4.13±1.06)ng/ml、(12.77±8.40)ng/ml、(10.33±4.10)ng/ml明显高于对照组(3.01±1.03)ng/ml、(4.78±3.21)ng/ml、(7.56±2.13)ng/ml(P<0.01)。(2)病毒性脑炎组脑脊液IL-2与TNF-α,TNF-α与NSE呈正相关,差异有显著性(r=0.3419,P<0.05;r=0.3350,P<0.05);IL-2与NSE无相关性(r=0.0991)。结论IL-2、TNF-α参与了机体抗病毒免疫与病毒性脑炎的病理损害过程,其变化反应了儿童病毒性脑炎时炎症反应、脑损伤的严重程度;NSE能反应病毒性脑炎时神经元损害的严重程度。脑脊液IL-2、TNF-α、NSE的检测有助于判断儿童病毒性脑炎的病情和脑损伤程...     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.