盐酸维拉帕米脉冲控释片的理化性质研究

目的：考察脉冲控释片的理化性质，研究其脉冲释药机理。方法：以均匀设计优化盐酸维拉帕米压制包衣片的处方为模型，采用差热分析、电镜扫描结果阐述药物释放滞后时间产生机理，用水渗透率建立脉冲控释片控时效果的表达方法。结果：差热分析、电镜扫描结果与药物释放滞后时间产生相符，用水渗透率研究脉冲控释片的控时效果的拟合效果较好。结论：脉冲控释片的理化性质与其脉冲释药机理有一定相关性。     

洛唑阴道泡腾片的制备及质量标准研究

目的：研制以盐酸洛美沙星和替硝唑为主药的复方阴道泡腾片并建立质量控制方法,方法：将盐酸洛美沙星,替硝唑和酸,碱组分分别制成干燥器,整粒,混合后压片,采用双波长法测定泡腾片中盐酸洛美沙星和替硝唑的含量。结果：本品在5min内可完全崩解,体外释药试验表明,10min内可释放60％以上的药物。结论：本品发泡迅速,药物释放快,无刺激性,稳定性良好,适用于阴道炎及子宫颈炎。     

均匀设计在芦丁控释片研究中的应用

目的 研究芦丁控释片的制备及体外释药特性。方法 以羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)、可压性淀粉(pregelatlnizedstarch)、微晶纤维素(MCC)为辅料，采用粉末直接压片法制备缓释骨架片，以均匀设计法进行处方的筛选，并考察优选处方体外溶出特性。结果HPMC用量越大，芦丁释放速率越慢，优化后处方体外释药符合Higuchi方程，控释片10h体外释药90％左右，不同时间的释药参数分别为t0．5=4．23h，t0．9=10．86h。结论 该片剂处方合理，制备工艺简单易行，适合工业化生产。     

粉末直接压片法制备川芎嗪骨架片最佳工艺研究

目的：研制持续释药12h的磷酸川芎嗪骨架片。方法：根据预实验结果，采用正交设计进行处方设计和工艺优化，并用中国药典(2000年版)释放度测定方法测定骨架片的体外释放度。结果：直接压片可得到理想的片型，缓释片体外释药1h释放度为25．0％左右，12h在90．0％以上。12h内释药特性符合Higuchi方程。结论：粉末直接压片法工艺简单可行，骨架片体外释放效果良好。     

苦参碱缓释片的研制及体外释放特性研究

目的 为延长苦参碱的作用时间，将其制成缓释片，并对该缓释片的体外释放特性进行研究。方法 利用亲水性凝胶骨架将苦参碱制成缓释片，并进行体外累积释放度测定。结果 该缓释片的释药曲线基本符合Higuchi方程，具有缓释片的体外溶出特征。硬度和溶出介质的pH对释药行为影响不大，而转速及辅料用量有一定影响。结论 苦参碱缓释片释药缓慢、平稳，达到了设计要求，有利于降低不良反应发生率。     

单硝酸异山梨酯定时脉冲控释片的研究

目的制备单硝酸异山梨酯定时脉冲控释片(ISMN-5-PRT)并考察体外释药的影响因素和家犬体内药动学。方法采用压制包衣技术制备ISMN-5-PRT,考察体外影响因素、释药机理,并进行家犬体内药动学和生物利用度研究。结果硬度、包衣层用量、溶出介质粘度对时滞影响显著。药物除少部分通过扩散释放外,主要是通过包衣层的不断溶蚀、破裂后释放。体外ISMN-5-PRT在约3h后开始释药,4h内释药大于80%;家犬体内定时脉冲释放片和普通片的Tmax分别为5.3±0.4、1.4±0.5h,Camx分别为288±47、302±69ng·ml-1,相对生物利用度为111.5%±8.6%。结论ISMN-5-PRT在体内外均具有脉冲释药特征。     

克拉霉素胃漂浮小丸的制备及其体外释药研究

目的 制备克拉霉素胃漂浮小丸，考察其漂浮性，包封率和体外释药行为。方法以海藻酸钠为材料，液体石蜡为起漂剂，两者乳化后经钙离子交联制备可漂浮小丸，考察不同药物含量、不同比例起漂剂和包衣对小丸形态及释药行为的影响。结果液体石蜡-2％海藻酸钠水溶液=2：10（v／v）的载药海藻酸钙小丸可在pH=1的HCl溶液中漂浮超过12h，包封率在90％左右，乙基纤维亲包衣增重10％的小丸（克拉霉素：海藻酸钠=2：1）可持续释放药物达5h。结论含液体石蜡的海藻酸钙小丸经包衣处理可以达到胃内漂浮和局部缓释药物的目的。     

茶碱脉冲式控释微丸的制备

目的：探讨茶碱脉冲式控释微丸的处方组成和制备工艺。方法：采用多层包衣的方法,以体外释药时滞和释药速率为指标,经正交试验设计,筛选较佳的处方组成和工艺。结果：制得的脉冲控释微丸体外释药时滞为６ｈ左右,在６－９ｈ内释药在７５％～９５％,稳定性良好。结论：采用多层包衣的能够制香合适的茶碱脉冲式控释微丸。     

盐酸多西环素牙周用微球温敏性凝胶的制剂学研究简

目的构建盐酸多西环素牙周用微球温敏性凝胶缓释系统。方法通过乳化一交联固化法制备盐酸多西环素羧甲基壳聚糖微球（DXY-CMCTS-MS）。采用壳聚糖和卢．甘油磷酸钠（β-GP）制备凝胶。用扫描电镜和光学显微镜观察微球表面形态;体外动态透析法测定释药性能。结果制备的DXY—CMCTS—MS形态圆整,粒径分布较为均匀,平均粒径约25μm,载药量18．9％,包封率64．6％。DXY微球凝胶在室温下为自由流动的液体,37℃的平均凝胶时间为（1．1±0．3）min,明显低于凝胶剂的凝胶时间。微球凝胶复合载体的释药速度明显低于微球剂,体外释药曲线符合Higuchi拟合方程。结论盐酸多西环素微球温敏凝胶复合载体的处方和制备工艺可行,作为牙周用缓释制剂值得进一步研究。     

诺氟沙星控释胶囊的制备及体外释放度试验

目的 制备诺氟沙星控释胶囊，减少给药次数，提高疗效。方法 采用二氯甲－正己烷系统制备诺氟沙星微囊，再加微囊重量20％的诺氟沙星原料药制成控释胶囊，并进行体外释放度研究。结果 诺氟沙星控释胶囊释药基本达零级过程，通过零级方程拟合，r=0.9675。加入诺氟沙星原料药作为速释部分可提高控释胶囊的释药速度。结论 用诺氟沙星微囊制成控释胶囊，方法可行，达到了控释目的。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.