螺旋CT双期增强对胰腺癌病人的术前评估

目的 探讨螺旋CT双期增强对胰腺癌可切除性术前评估的价值。方法 对1999年5月～2003年3月期问行螺旋CT双期增强扫的45例诊断为胰腺癌病人的CT图像与22例手术结果进行对比研究，通过显示胰腺癌的部位、大小以及肿块对周围血管侵犯程度、远处器官转移以及后腹膜淋巴结转移，作出能否切除的术前评价。结果 45例胰腺癌病人中18例位于胰头，16例位于胰体尾，11例位于胰尾；27例患接受手术治疗，其中22例术前SCT认为肿瘤可切除，实际成功切除17例，成功切除的阳性预测值达77％，其他5例SCT认为肿瘤不能切除，实际手术均不能切除。结论 螺旋CT双期增强扫描可作为一种评价胰腺癌术前能否手术切除的有效方法。     

Staging of rectal carcinoma: prospective comparison of endorectal US and CT

One hundred two consecutive patients undergoing surgical treatment for rectal cancer were examined by means of endorectal ultrasound (US) for staging before surgery. Eighty-one of these patients also underwent staging with computed tomography (CT). The diagnostic sensitivity of endorectal US in detection of tumor extension into fat was 67%; specificity, 77%; positive predictive value, 73%; and negative predictive value, 72%. The sensitivity of CT for this finding was 53%; specificity, 53%; positive predictive value, 56%; and negative predictive value, 50%. The sensitivity of endorectal US in detection of lymph node infiltration was 50%; specificity, 92%; positive predictive value, 68%; and negative predictive value, 84%. For this finding the sensitivity and negative predictive value, 76%. These findings suggest that endorectal US may be as accurate as CT, or more so, in the preoperative staging of rectal cancer.     

螺旋CT双期扫描对胰腺癌可切除性的评价

目的 评价螺旋ＣＴ双期扫描对胰腺癌可切除性的价值。材料与方法 对４２例拟诊胰腺癌随后又行手术治疗的患者作出前瞻性的诊断和可切除性的评估。病理结果：胰腺癌３３例,非胰腺癌９例。ＣＴ双期延迟扫描时间分别为２５ｓ和６０ｓ。并将ＣＴ判断的结果与手术结果作对比。结果 ４２例中,螺旋ＣＴ正确诊断３９例（９３％）。螺旋ＣＴ判断可切除性的敏感性为８９％,牧场划性为９２％,准确性为９１％。１０例肝转移癌,ＣＴ诊断８     

Assessment of vascular invasion in pancreatic head cancer with multislice spiral CT: value of multiplanar reconstructions

The use of multiplanar reconstructions (MPRs) generated from multislice spiral CT (MSCT) data sets in the preoperative assessment of vascular invasion in pancreatic cancer was evaluated. Forty patients underwent biphasic high-resolution MSCT prior to surgery for pancreatic head cancer. Image reconstruction included thin-slice axial, sagittal and coronal MPRs as well as an MPR perpendicular to the course of a major peripancreatic vessel in proximity to the tumor. CT criteria for vascular invasion were: (1) circumferential involvement >180° and (2) vessel narrowing. Imaging findings of 52 vessels were correlated with surgical and histopathological reports. Regarding the CT criterion circumferential involvement, vascular invasion was demonstrated on axial MPRs with a sensitivity and specificity of 58 and 97%. For the assessment with coronal and sagittal MPRs sensitivity was only 47%. Vascular invasion was recognized best on perpendicular MPRs with a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 74, 97 and 88%, respectively. Vessel narrowing was a less reliable CT criterion for vascular invasion, mainly due to the lower specificity of 91% obtained with each available MPR. Thin-slice MPRs oriented perpendicularly to a possibly invaded vessel exactly depict the grade of circumferential involvement and thus have the capability to improve the assessment of vascular invasion in pancreatic cancer.     

Pre-operative Localization of Parathyroid Adenomas: A Comparison of Power and Colour Doppler Ultrasonography with Nuclear Medicine Scintigraphy

AIM: To compare power and colour Doppler ultrasonography (US) with nuclear medicine scintigraphy (NM) in the preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-one patients with biochemical evidence of PHPT underwent pre-operative US and NM for parathyroid adenoma localization. Both studies were interpreted independently without prior knowledge of the other study's findings. All patients had surgical removal of the parathyroid adenoma utilizing standard neck exploration or minimally invasive unilateral surgical techniques with rapid serum assay of circulating parathyroid hormone levels. RESULTS: All patients had single parathyroid adenomas at surgery. Prospective sensitivities for US, NM and both studies combined were 65%, 68%, and 74%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 100% each. The adenoma was localized by only one imaging modality in 16% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: US and NM provide complementary roles in the pre-operative localization of parathyroid adenomas in patients with PHPT.     

彩色多普勒超声内镜、CT和腹部超声术前定位诊断胰岛细胞瘤

目的:比较彩色多普勒超声内镜(ECDUS)与螺旋CT和腹部超声(US)术前定位诊断胰岛细胞瘤的价值.材料和方法:对经内科检查定性诊断胰岛细胞瘤并准备手术切除的9例患者行术前ECDUS、US和胰腺螺旋CT增强扫描(CT)检查,并与手术和病理检查对照.结果:9例患者共发现12个病灶,均为良性,ECDUS检出10/12,US未检出,CT检出1/12,ECDUS检出病灶部位与手术所见一致,ECDUS漏诊的2个病灶,直径分别为0.4cm和0.5cm.结论:ECDUS对胰岛细胞瘤定位准确优于US、CT.但对直径小于0.5cm的病灶,定位诊断仍有困难.     

应用多层螺旋CT多方位重建技术诊断急性阑尾炎的价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT多方位重建(MPVR)诊断急性阑尾炎的价值。方法2002年2月至2003年9月临床疑诊阑尾炎收治入院手术患者39例,术前均作了常规扫描和MPVR重建2种CT检查,术后31例确诊为阑尾炎,从阑尾充血、水肿至阑尾脓肿共分5级(正常阑尾为0级)。结果对照手术病理,MPVR重建诊断急性阑尾炎准确率872%,敏感度903%,特异度75%,阳性预测值933%,阴性预测值667%。常规CT检查诊断急性阑尾炎准确度385%,敏感度387%,特异度375%,阳性预测值706%,阴性预测值136%。28例确诊急性阑尾炎的MPVR重建片所示5种主要征象及出现频率如下阑尾肿大(管腔直径>6mm)(964%),阑尾结石(267%),回盲部肥厚(367%),阑尾周围炎(714%),脓肿(107%)。结论多层螺旋CTMPVR重建技术显著提高了CT对临床症状模棱两可、临床疑诊急性阑尾炎患者的术前诊断能力,并可减少重型阑尾炎病例的发生。     

Dual-phase helical CT of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: assessment of resectability before surgery

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to prospectively evaluate the accuracy of dual-phase helical CT in the preoperative assessment of resectability in patients with suspected pancreatic cancer using surgical and histopathologic correlation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Between January 1999 and December 2000, 76 patients with suspected pancreatic cancer underwent preoperative evaluation and staging with dual-phase helical CT (3-mm collimation for pancreatic phase, 5-mm collimation for portal phase). Iodinated contrast material was injected IV (170 mL at a rate of 4 mL/sec); acquisition began at 40 sec during the pancreatic phase and at 70 sec during the portal phase. Three radiologists prospectively evaluated the imaging findings to determine the presence of pancreatic tumor and signs of unresectability (liver metastasis, vascular encasement, or regional lymph nodes metastasis). The degree of tumor-vessel contiguity was recorded for each patient (no contiguity with tumor, contiguity of < 50%, or contiguity of > or =50%). RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma were surgically explored. Curative resections were attempted in 34 patients and were successful in 25. The positive predictive value for resectability was 73.5%. Nine patients considered resectable on the basis of CT findings were found to be unresectable at surgery because of liver metastasis (n = 5), vascular encasement (n = 2), or lymph node metastasis (n = 2). We found that the overall accuracy of helical CT as a tool for determining whether a pancreatic adenocarcinoma was resectable was 77% (30/39 patients). CONCLUSION: Dual-phase helical CT is a useful technique for preoperative staging of pancreatic cancer. The main limitation of CT is that it may not reveal small hepatic metastases.     

Pancreatic cancer versus chronic pancreatitis: diagnosis with CA 19-9 assessment, US, CT, and CT-guided fine-needle biopsy

The authors prospectively performed serum CA 19-9 assessment, ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and CT-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of the pancreas in 81 consecutive patients with suspected chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic neoplasm. The final diagnosis was pancreatic cancer in 54 patients and chronic pancreatitis in 27 patients. CA 19-9 assessment, US, CT, and FNAB were considered nondiagnostic, respectively, in 0%, 25%, 19%, and 6% of cases. When a definite diagnosis was rendered, the positive predictive value was 90% for CA 19-9 assessment, 95% for US, 98% for CT, and 100% for FNAB; the negative predictive value was, respectively, 69%, 95%, 86%, and 100%. The accuracy of all diagnostic and nondiagnostic studies was 81% for CA 19-9 assessment, 72% for US, 77% for CT, and 94% for FNAB. It is concluded that CT-guided pancreatic FNAB is the most reliable examination for enabling differential diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis. When the pancreas is well visualized at US, the negative predictive value for pancreatic cancer is more accurate than that of CA 19-9 assessment and CT.     

Imaging for suspected appendicitis: negative appendectomy and perforation rates

PURPOSE: To determine which patients suspected of having acute appendicitis benefit from preoperative imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of 462 consecutive patients who underwent appendectomy for clinically suspected acute appendicitis and underwent preoperative evaluation at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into four groups: women (n = 166), girls (n = 46), men (n = 178), and boys (n = 72). Preoperative computed tomography (CT) or ultrasonography (US), requested by the referring clinician, was performed in 313 of the 462 patients. Unnecessary, or negative, appendectomy and perforation rates were calculated for each group for preoperative evaluation with CT, with US, and with neither CT nor US. In addition, the sensitivity and positive predictive value of CT and US were calculated for diagnosing appendicitis. RESULTS: In women, the negative appendectomy rate was significantly lower for those who underwent preoperative CT (7% [six of 85 patients], P =.005) or US (8% [four of 49 patients], P =.019), as compared with 28% [nine of 32 patients] for those who underwent no preoperative imaging (P >.35 for all groups). The negative appendectomy rates for girls, men, and boys were not significantly affected by preoperative imaging. The sensitivity of CT and US for diagnosing acute appendicitis exceeded 93% and 77%, respectively, in all groups. The positive predictive values for both CT and US were greater than 92% in all groups. CONCLUSION: Women suspected of having appendicitis benefit the most from preoperative CT or US, with a statistically significantly lower negative appendectomy rate than women who undergo no preoperative imaging. Therefore, we propose that preoperative imaging be considered part of the routine evaluation of women suspected of having acute appendicitis.     

Comparison of hydro-US and spiral CT in the staging of gastric cancer.

The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of hydro-ultrasonography (US) and spiral computed tomography (CT) in the staging of gastric cancer. Forty-three patients with gastric cancers confirmed at surgery underwent hydro-US and spiral CT on the same day prospectively. Hydro-US and spiral CT were done after ingestion of water. US and CT images were independently analyzed. After surgery, pathological findings according to TNM classification were compared with US and CT findings. The detection rate for T1 tumors was 75% (12/16), and all T2-T4 tumors were detected (27/27). In the T class, good correlation with pathology occurred in 55.8% of cases for US and 58.1% for CT, and there was no difference in staging accuracy between US and CT (P=.7667). Overstaging occurred in 14% for US and CT. Understaging occurred in 30.2% for US and 27.9% for CT. In the N class, good correlation with pathology occurred in 60.5% for US and 55.8% for CT, and there was no difference in staging accuracy between US and CT (P=.0949). Overstaging occurred in 4.7% for US and 18.6% for CT, and understaging occurred in 34.9% and 25.6%, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of hydro-US and spiral CT in the staging of gastric cancer was between 55.8% and 60.5%, and there was no significant difference in staging accuracy between hydro-US and spiral CT, except for a tendency to overstaging by CT and understaging by US in the N class (P<.05).     

Primary torsion of the greater omentum: Color Doppler sonography and CT correlated with surgery and pathology findings

Primary torsion of the greater omentum is a rare cause of acute abdomen commonly diagnosed at surgery performed for appendicitis. We report nine cases of omental torsion who underwent surgery and correlate their preoperative color Doppler ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) findings with the surgical and pathological findings to assess the value of US and CT in the diagnosis of omental torsion. US findings of omental torsion correlated with the operative and pathological findings in seven patients and the diagnosis was missed in two patients suspected to have ruptured appendix. CT findings of omental torsion correlated with the operative and pathological findings in all five patients who did CT. US and CT scanning are useful for preoperative diagnosis of omental torsion.     

多层螺旋CT血管造影在胰腺癌周围血管侵犯术前评估中的应用价值

目的 采用多层螺旋CT血管造影（MSCTA）检查对胰腺癌周围血管侵犯情况以及肿瘤手术可切除性进行前瞻性评价，以确定其临床应用价值。方法 对41例胰腺癌进行术前MSCTA检查，以多平面重建（MPR）、最大密度投影（MIP）等重建技术结合横断面图像显示胰腺癌及其胰腺周围血管，根据胰腺癌对周围血管的侵犯情况作出能否切除的术前评价。以手术结果作为金标准进行对照和分析，评价MSCTA在胰腺癌术前可切除性评估的临床应用价值。结果 33例胰腺癌患者接受了手术治疗，其中11例术前MSCTA认为可切除，实际术中切除9例，MSCTA评估可切除准确度为82％；另22例术前MSCTA评估为不可切除，实际手术无法切除21，MSCTA评估不可切除准确度为95％。进行统计学检验分析，Kappa值为0．79，提示MSCTA术前评估结果与手术结果一致性较好。结论 MSCTA术前评价胰腺癌及其周围血管侵犯程度具有相当高的正确性，对于胰腺癌术前可切除性评价具有重要的临床参考价值。     

128层螺旋CT双期增强扫描对胰腺癌诊断价值的分析

目的:探讨胰腺癌的128层螺旋CT表现及对临床手术的指导价值.方法:回顾性分析了29例经病理证实的胰腺癌双期扫描的CT征像,评估手术价值.结果:胰腺癌的CT表现具有一定特征性,并可通过胰周血管受累情况及远处转移情况对胰腺癌手术可切除性进行评价.结论:128层螺旋CT双期扫描能清楚显示胰腺癌的大小及与周围血管之间的关系,可作为诊断胰腺癌的首选方法,术前评估对胰腺癌的外科治疗具有重要的指导意义.     

CT-Based Fagotti Scoring System for Non-Invasive Prediction of Cytoreduction Surgery Outcome in Patients with Advanced Ovarian Cancer

ObjectiveTo construct a CT-based Fagotti scoring system by analyzing the correlations between laparoscopic findings and CT features in patients with advanced ovarian cancer.Materials and MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included patients diagnosed with stage III/IV ovarian cancer who underwent diagnostic laparoscopy and debulking surgery between January 2010 and June 2018. Two radiologists independently reviewed preoperative CT scans and assessed ten CT features known as predictors of suboptimal cytoreduction. Correlation analysis between ten CT features and seven laparoscopic parameters based on the Fagotti scoring system was performed using Spearman''s correlation. Variable selection and model construction were performed by logistic regression with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator method using a predictive index value (PIV) ≥ 8 as an indicator of suboptimal cytoreduction. The final CT-based scoring system was internally validated using 5-fold cross-validation.ResultsA total of 157 patients (median age, 56 years; range, 27–79 years) were evaluated. Among 120 (76.4%) patients with a PIV ≥ 8, 105 patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval debulking surgery, and the optimal cytoreduction rate was 90.5% (95 of 105). Among 37 (23.6%) patients with PIV < 8, 29 patients underwent primary debulking surgery, and the optimal cytoreduction rate was 93.1% (27 of 29). CT features showing significant correlations with PIV ≥ 8 were mesenteric involvement, gastro-transverse mesocolon-splenic space involvement, diaphragmatic involvement, and para-aortic lymphadenopathy. The area under the receiver operating curve of the final model for prediction of PIV ≥ 8 was 0.72 (95% confidence interval: 0.62–0.82).ConclusionCentral tumor burden and upper abdominal spread features on preoperative CT were identified as distinct predictive factors for high PIV on diagnostic laparoscopy. The CT-based PIV prediction model might be useful for patient stratification before cytoreduction surgery for advanced ovarian cancer.     

彩超诊断贲门癌及周围浸润与X线及胃镜对比分析

目的评价彩超、X线钡餐透视、胃镜综合应用对贲门癌及周围浸润的诊断价值以及相互关系。方法59例贲门癌患者同时采用彩超、X线、胃镜检查,将其结果与手术、病理结果对照。结果3种检查方法对贲门癌的诊断准确性无明显差异,符合率分别为88.0%,91.5%,98.3%。对周围浸润及淋巴结、肝、胰转移情况,彩超诊断42例、X线检查15例,胃镜19例,敏感性分别为71.1%,25.4%,32.2%,彩超明显优于后二者(P<0.01),且后两者均不能提示胃外淋巴结及周围脏器转移情况。结论彩超检查贲门癌具有较高的术前诊断准确性,特别是对周围浸润转移情况具有X线、胃镜难以代替的优越性。     

Contrast-enhanced US of hepatocellular carcinoma

PURPOSE: To evaluate the capabilities of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the characterization of hepatocarcinoma (HCC) in terms of accuracy as compared to spiral CT and diagnostic gain as compared to conventional and Doppler US. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-three patients with viral hepatopathy or cirrhosis diagnosed with HCC (6 histologically and 37 cytologically proven) were retrospectively studied. Between January 2002 and May 2003, all patients were evaluated with CEUS after detection of at least one suspicious nodule on US. CEUS features of HCCs were retrospectively compared with those on conventional and Doppler US, and spiral CT. RESULTS: HCCs varied between 1.2 cm and 18 cm in diameter; 14/43 were small' (< or = 2 cm). In 18/43 patients, HCC was multifocal. Doppler US revealed 24/43 hypervascular nodules. On CEUS, 37/43 (86%) showed contrast enhancement in the arterial phase, 13/37 (35%) with negative colour and power Doppler US examination; in 6/37 (16%) contrast enhancement in the arterial phase was not visible on spiral CT. On CEUS, 6/43 hypovascular HCCs were characterized as malignant in the sinusoidal phase. On CEUS, the sinusoidal phase revealed additional nodules not visible on baseline US in 3/18 multifocal HCCs. CONCLUSIONS: CEUS diagnosis of HCC in cirrhotic liver is possible with a combination of the arterial phase, which shows tumoral hypervascularity in the microcirculation, and the sinusoidal phase, which allows to confirm the malignancy of the nodule.     

Colour Doppler ultrasound assessment of the inferior vena cava in patients with Wilms' tumour

OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of colour flow Doppler ultrasound in diagnosing inferior vena caval (IVC) extension of tumour thrombus in patients with Wilms' tumour. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over a 3-year period from June 1994 to June 1997, 74 patients with Wilms' tumour were referred to our institution. In this retrospective study we reviewed the preoperative colour flow Doppler ultrasound reports of 64 of these patients and compared the reports with the intra-operative findings in 51 patients who underwent surgery. RESULTS: Vena caval extension of tumour thrombus was present in 12 patients (18.7%) and in six of these patients (9.4%) there was also atrial extension of the tumour. Colour flow Doppler ultrasound correctly diagnosed IVC extension of tumour thrombus in nine patients and correctly predicted the cranial extent of the tumour thrombus in eight patients. CONCLUSION: Colour flow Doppler ultrasound has an overall positive predictive value of 73.4% in assessing IVC patency and correctly diagnosing IVC extension of tumour thrombus, in patients with Wilms' tumour. However, non-diagnostic ultrasound examinations can occur in over 20% of patients.     

Renal masses--evaluation by amplitude coded colour Doppler sonography and multiphasic contrast-enhanced CT.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of amplitude coded colour Doppler US (aCDS) in the evaluation of renal masses as shown by multiphasic contrast-enhanced CT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty patients (155 kidneys) with suspicion of renal masses underwent aCDS and spiral CT. The findings were classified into normal kidneys, kidneys with tumours, kidneys with cysts, and those with "other findings" (i.e. bleeding, calcifications, inflammation, parenchymal hypertrophy). The aCDS findings were compared to CT results and to histological findings or clinical, laboratory and follow-up data. RESULTS: Eighteen renal cell carcinomas and 8 other tumours were found; 78 kidneys had cysts, 12 polycystic kidneys and 10 fibrotic kidneys were detected, 20 kidneys showed other findings. Diagnostic aCDS data were obtained in 129 kidneys (83.2%) showing pathology with an accuracy of 94%. CT adequately showed pathology in all patients with some diagnostic uncertainty in the evaluation of complicated cysts. CONCLUSION: Though contrast-enhanced multiphasic spiral CT is the method of choice for evaluating renal masses, US including aCDS can provide valuable information, particularly in differentiating vascularized from non-vascularized lesions and in the evaluation of complicated renal cysts.     

Imaging techniques in the staging of carcinoma of the esophagus

Forty-four patients affected with thoracic esophageal carcinoma underwent preoperative CT to evaluate the value of this method in both staging and assessing the resectability of esophageal tumors. The authors compared the CT findings with intraoperative macroscopic ones, pathologic, and bronchoscopic results in mid-high neoplasms. CT staging criteria were drawn from a careful review of literature and from personal experience. Thirty-nine patients were submitted to surgery, and esophagectomy was possible in 34 of them. CT diagnostic accuracy was higher in proximal esophageal tumors than in sub-bronchial ones; as for the surgical choice, CT provided fundamental guidelines, especially if the choice was a blunt esophagectomy where it is important to exclude tumoral involvement of the airways (accuracy: 82.6%) or of the aorta (accuracy: 89.7%). CT staging accuracy was limited by the low sensitivity of the method in detecting lymphatic (local: 66.6%, distant: 64.2%) and hepatic metastases. Combined thoraco-abdominal CT, tracheobronchoscopy and liver US, besides MR imaging and endoscopic US, allow a better preoperative evaluation of esophageal carcinomas.