盆底磁刺激治疗女性压力性尿失禁近期疗效初探

目的探讨盆底磁刺激治疗女性压力性尿失禁的短期临床效果。方法20例压力性尿失禁患者，平均年龄为（52．5±11．0）岁．平均产次（1．4±0．6）次：11例（56％）处于绝经期。接受Neocontrol 盆底磁刺激治疗8周，根据治疗前后患者主观和客观临床参数评分进行疗效评价，并进行治疗前后生活质量评分和膀胱充盈试验，治疗结束后随访3个月,随诊率100％。结果治疗结束后75％患者不再漏尿，15％患者症状得到改善。1h尿垫试验结果平均溢尿量减少7．6g,3d溢尿次数平均减少5．1次。16例患者治疗前后行膀胱灌注试验,治疗后初始排尿欲膀胱容量和最大膀胱容量较治疗前增大,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。所有患者生活质量评分显著提高（P〈0．05）。治疗中未见任何副作用。治疗后随诊3个月，治愈患者中60％症状复发。结论盆底磁刺激是治疗压力性尿失禁的安全、有效、简便、无痛的方法，但疗效持续时间较短。     

盆底生物反馈电刺激治疗女性轻中度压力性尿失禁的疗效观察简

目的探讨盆底生物反馈电刺激治疗对女性轻、中度压力性尿失禁的临床疗效。方法选择2012年3月～2013年5月大连市妇幼保健院诊治的120例轻、中度压力性尿失禁患者,年龄33-77岁。将患者分2组,每组60例。60例接受盆底生物反馈电刺激治疗的患者作为治疗组.60例仅作常规盆底肌肉锻炼的患者作为对照组。记录治疗组患者治疗前后盆底肌的肌电变化客观指标。进行对比分析。结果治疗组症状缓解明显,痊愈率为48.3％,显效率为46.7％,无效率为5.0％,总有效率95.0％。对照组治疗效果较差.痊愈率为10.0％,显效率为26.7％,无效率为63-3％,总有效率36.7％;治疗组有效率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。治疗组患者接受治疗后,盆底肌2s快速收缩表面肌电图（sEMG）最大值、盆底肌持续10s收缩sEMG平均值、盆底肌肉60s耐受收缩sEMG平均值均较治疗前有明显提高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论盆底生物反馈电刺激治疗是安全、有效的治疗女性轻、中度压力性尿失禁的方法。     

女性盆底功能障碍性疾病治疗的回顾性分析

目的探讨女性盆底功能障碍性疾病的治疗方法及临床疗效。方法回顾我院56例女性盆底功能障碍性疾病的临床资料,对其治疗方法、临床疗效进行分析。结果 56例患者治疗后效果良好,非手术治疗12例,治疗后随访复发3例,经手术治疗44例,复发1例。结论选用合适的治疗方式,联合治疗能有效地治疗女性盆底功能障碍性疾病。     

女性压力性尿失禁患者盆底肌形态改变的磁共振成像评价

目的 磁共振成像(MRI)技术探讨女性压力性尿失禁(SUI)患者盆底肌形态的改变.方法 自2006年1月至2008年6月间,21例SUI患者(尿失禁组)以及10例正常控尿成年女性(对照组)入组研究.所有对象均分别在平静状态以及屏气用力状态下行盆腔MRI扫描.分析尿失禁组和对照组两种状态下耻骨直肠肌厚度以及肛提肌裂隙面积的变化情况与SUI之间的关系.结果 无论在平静或屏气用力状态下,尿失禁组左、右侧耻骨直肠肌厚度均较对照组薄(均P<0.05).尿失禁组肛提肌裂隙多呈横径增宽的纵向椭圆形,平静状态下裂隙面积较对照组大[(1893.44±218.44)mm2比(1661.86±206.62)mm2,P<0.05].尿失禁组阴道呈"H"形占33.3%(7/21),提示存在阴道侧壁损伤占66.7%(14/21);对照组阴道呈"H"形占80.0%(8/10).尿失禁组阴道侧壁损伤明显高于对照组(P<0.05).结论 女性压力性尿失禁患者左、右侧耻骨直肠肌厚度变薄,肛提肌裂隙明显增大.MRI在评价女性SUI患者的肛提肌形态改变的检测中结果可信,能为临床治疗提供明确信息.     

A comparative study of pelvic floor muscle training in women with multiple sclerosis: its impact on lower urinary tract symptoms and quality of life

OBJECTIVE:

To compare pelvic floor muscle training and a sham procedure for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms and quality of life in women with multiple sclerosis.

METHODS:

Thirty-five female patients with multiple sclerosis were randomized into two groups: a treatment group (n = 18) and a sham group (n = 17). The evaluation included use of the Overactive Bladder Questionnaire, Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form, and Qualiveen questionnaire. The intervention was performed twice per week for 12 weeks in both groups. The treatment group underwent pelvic floor muscle training with assistance from a vaginal perineometer and instructions to practice the exercises daily at home. The sham group received a treatment consisting of introducing a perineometer inside the vagina with no exercises required. Pre- and post-intervention data were recorded.

RESULTS:

The evaluation results of the two groups were similar at baseline. At the end of the treatment, the treatment group reported fewer storage and voiding symptoms than the sham group. Furthermore, the differences found between the groups were significant improvements in the following scores in the treatment group: Overactive Bladder Questionnaire, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form, and the General Quality of Life, and Specific Impact of Urinary Problems domains of the Qualiveen questionnaire.

CONCLUSIONS:

The improvement of lower urinary tract symptoms had a positive effect on the quality of life of women with multiple sclerosis who underwent pelvic floor muscle training, as the disease-specific of quality of life questionnaires demonstrated. This study reinforces the importance of assessing quality of life to judge the effectiveness of a treatment intervention.     

针灸治疗女性压力性尿失禁:随机对照研究特点分析

背景:众多文献对针灸治疗压力性尿失禁进行综述分析,但存在中外文献数据库检索不全面或没有针对性分析针灸对女性患者的单独疗效等局限性。目的:对针灸治疗压力性尿失禁临床研究各特点进行分析,为针灸临床提供参考。方法:检索从建库截止至2020-03-15 PubMed、EMbase、Cochrane Library、Clinical Evidence、中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、维普中文科技期刊数据库(VIP)、万方数据库(WanFang)及中国生物医学文献数据库(SinoMed)中以针灸为主要干预手段治疗压力性尿失禁的随机对照试验(RCT)文献,采用文献计量学方法对符合纳入标准的文献进行数据信息的提取,并运用Cochrane偏倚风险评估工具进行文献质量评价。从文献发表数量、诊断标准、治疗方法、腧穴选择与归经、治疗时长频次与疗程、疗效标准与结局指标、针刺操作方法特点、临床研究方法设计等方面进行统计,对针灸治疗压力性尿失禁进行定量分析。结果与结论:(1)共筛选出符合要求的115篇中英文文献,文献发表数量自2012年呈逐年增多并趋于稳定;(2)诊断标准和疗效标准的使用缺乏统一和规范;(3)治疗方法主要为针刺疗法单独使用或联合其他疗法(盆底肌训练和生物反馈等)、灸法单独使用或联合其他疗法、针灸结合或联合其他疗法,单独的针灸疗法以体针(毫针针刺)和电针居多;使用频次前10位的腧穴依次为关元、中极、三阴交、气海、肾俞、会阳、足三里、中髎、次髎、百会;选取的经脉以足太阳膀胱经、任脉、足少阳胆经、足少阴肾经等为主;(4)主客观指标相互结合,有效率为最常出现的结局指标;(5)针刺临床操作方法与治疗疗程不一;临床研究的方法学质量和报告质量普遍较低,高论证强度的研究稀少;(6)分析结果说明,针灸治疗压力性尿失禁疗法丰富多样,以局部选穴结合循经取穴为主;临床研究的设计与方法标准不一,有待于今后在临床中进一步规范与完善。     

Efficacy and safety of duloxetine in elderly women with stress urinary incontinence or stress-predominant mixed urinary incontinence

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of duloxetine in community-dwelling women > or =65 years with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) or stress-predominant mixed urinary incontinence (S-MUI) versus placebo. METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned for 12 weeks to placebo (N=134) or duloxetine (N=131) (20mg twice daily [BID] for 2 weeks and 40 mg BID for an additional 10 weeks), followed by a double-blind 4-week dose de-escalation/discontinuation phase. The primary efficacy variable was the percent change in incontinence episode frequency (IEF) from baseline to endpoint. Other variables included absolute IEF change, responder rate, changes in mean time between voids (MTBV), weekly continence pad usage, the impact of treatment on quality of life, patient's global impression of improvement (PGI-I), and changes in depression and cognition. RESULTS: Duloxetine-treated patients had a significantly greater decrease from baseline to endpoint in mean IEF/week than placebo-treated patients (-52.47% vs. -36.70%, P<0.001). The IEF responder rate (> or =50% reduction in IEF/week) was 57.1% in the duloxetine group and 35.2% in the placebo group (P<0.001). Significant benefits of duloxetine were also demonstrated for weekly continence pad usage (P=0.011), MTBV (P<0.001), incontinence quality of life questionnaire (I-QOL) scores (P<0.001), and PGI-I ratings (P<0.001). Patients with depressive symptoms and cognitive impairments were few and changes were insignificant. The proportion of patients with > or =1 treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) was similar with both treatments, but dry mouth, fatigue, constipation, and hyperhidrosis were significantly more common in women taking duloxetine. CONCLUSIONS: Duloxetine is a safe and effective treatment for elderly women with symptoms of SUI or S-MUI.     

Changes in the extracellular matrix in periurethral tissue of women with stress urinary incontinence

Changes in structural support of the urethra and bladder neck have been proposed as important factors in the pathogenesis of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). In this context, we undertook an ultrastructural study on the periurethral connective tissue with an emphasis on incontinent women with normotonic and hypotonic urethras. Small specimens of periurethral connective tissue were obtained by dissection during a tension-free vaginal tape-implantation procedure in 34 stress urinary incontinent postmenopausal women with a normotonic urethra and 9 stress urinary incontinent postmenopausal women with a hypotonic urethra. In the samples taken from stress-incontinent women with a normotonic urethra, intact elastic fibers were closely connected with collagen fibers, smooth muscle cells and fibrocytes. In the samples taken from stress-incontinent women with a hypotonic urethra, we detected irregular fragmented distribution of the elastin within the tissue. We assume that these structural changes lead to functional consequences, such as diminished tissue extensibility and loss of stability surrounding the female urethra. These altered connective tissue properties may affect the mechanism of urethral closure under stress (e.g., coughing) and therefore contribute to the occurrence of SUI with a hypotonic urethra.     

Pelvic floor muscle training versus watchful waiting or pessary treatment for pelvic organ prolapse (POPPS): Design and participant baseline characteristics of two parallel pragmatic randomized controlled trials in primary care

Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) and pessaries are commonly used in the conservative treatment of pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Because there is a lack of evidence regarding the optimal choice between these two interventions, we designed the “Pelvic Organ prolapse in primary care: effects of Pelvic floor muscle training and Pessary treatment Study” (POPPS). POPPS consists of two parallel open label randomized controlled trials performed in primary care, in women aged ≥55 years, recruited through a postal questionnaire. In POPPS trial 1, women with mild POP receive either PFMT or watchful waiting. In POPPS trial 2, women with advanced POP receive either PFMT or pessary treatment. Patient recruitment started in 2009 and was finished in December 2012. Primary outcome of both POPPS trials is improvement in POP-related symptoms. Secondary outcomes are quality of life, sexual function, POP-Q stage, pelvic floor muscle function, post-void residual volume, patients’ perception of improvement, and costs. All outcomes are measured 3, 12, and 24 months after the start of treatment. Cost-effectiveness will be calculated based on societal costs, using the PFDI-20 and the EQ-5D as outcomes. In this paper the POPPS design, the encountered challenges and our solutions, and participant baseline characteristics are presented. For both trials the target numbers of patients in each treatment group are achieved, giving this study sufficient power to lead to promising results.     

Controlled trial of pelvic floor exercises in the treatment of urinary stress incontinence in general practice.

The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of pelvic floor exercises in the treatment of urinary incontinence in women and to analyse the factors which determine a successful outcome. The study involved 66 women who had reported 'genuine stress incontinence' to their general practitioner. They were assigned at random to the treatment or control group. The treatment group received instructions in pelvic floor exercises from a general practitioner. The control group received no therapy. At the start of the trial the severity of the patients' incontinence was assessed objectively. This assessment was repeated after three months and patients were also asked for their own perception of whether their incontinence had improved. After the three months' evaluation the patients in the control group were also given instructions in pelvic floor exercises. After another three months they were assessed in the same way. About 60% of the patients in the treatment group were dry or mildly incontinent after three months compared with only one patient in the control group; the mean weekly frequency of incontinence episodes fell from 17 to five in the treatment group but remained virtually unchanged in the control group; and about 85% of the women in the treatment group felt that their incontinence had improved or was cured compared with no one in the control group. These results were later corroborated by those for the control group. The most important factor in the success of the treatment was the patients' motivation, as demonstrated by their adherence to the daily exercises.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of acupuncture on abdominal leak point pressure and c-Fos expression in the brain of rats with stress urinary incontinence

Stress urinary incontinence leads to the involuntary loss of urine during abdominal strain caused by sneezing, laughing, and coughing. Acupuncture has been widely used for the treatment and prevention of a variety of diseases in traditional medicine. Acupuncture has also been used to relieve the symptoms of functional disorders of the lower urinary tract. In the present study, we investigated the effect of acupuncture at the Sanyinjiao (SP6) acupoint on stress urinary incontinence in rats. The present results showed that abdominal leak point pressure was decreased in rats with stress urinary incontinence, while acupuncture at the SP6 acupoint significantly enhanced the abdominal leak point pressure. The expression of c-Fos in the pontine micturition center (PMC), ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG), and medial preoptic nucleus (MPA) regions was increased by the induction of stress urinary incontinence, and acupuncture at the SP6 acupoint significantly decreased c-Fos expression in these areas. In the present study, we showed that acupuncture has therapeutic effect on the symptoms of stress urinary incontinence, and this effect of acupuncture is associated with modulation of c-Fos expression in the brain.     

A state-of-the-art review on the evolution of urinary sphincter devices for the treatment of post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence: Past,present and future innovations

An artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) is the only mechanical device that closely simulates the function of a biological urinary sphincter. Over the past four decades, advances in mechanical design, applications of new technology and lessons learned from clinical experience have made AMS 800 device the standard of care in post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence. While the current AMS 800 device provides an effective, safe and durable option, it is not without its limitations and complications. Newer and innovative AUS-like devices are designed to rectify some of AMS 800 device problems, but, like any mechanical device, they too have their own shortcomings. Emerging novel therapies such as nanotechnology-driven device and stem cell therapy are attractive, but are not commercially available or have no proven long-term outcome. The following article provides a critical review on the past, present and future innovations in designing the ideal urinary sphincter to treat post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence.     

动态MRI在评估女性压力性尿失禁患者膀胱尿道解剖及功能学中的意义

目的通过盆底动态MRI结合尿动力学检查评估女性压力性尿失禁(stress urinary incontinence,SUI)患者膀胱尿道解剖学异常与功能学改变的相关性。方法回顾性分析本院2011年2月至2013年11月收治的60例女性压力性尿失禁(SUI)患者的临床资料,盆底动态MRI正中矢状面上测量H线长度、M线长度、尿道前倾角以及膀胱、子宫、肛直肠连接部越过耻尾线(pubococcygeal line,PCL)的距离,记录尿动力学参数,Pearson's相关性分析统计分别统计H线、M线长度与尿道前倾角的相关性,H线、M线长度与膀胱颈、子宫、肛直肠连接部越过耻尾线(PCL)的距离的相关性,H线、M线长度与尿动力学参数的相关性。结果 H线、M线长度与尿道前倾角呈正相关,H线、M线长度分别与膀胱颈、子宫、肛直肠连接部越过耻尾线(PCL)的距离呈正相关,H线、M线长度分别与功能性尿道长度、最大尿道闭合压、腹压漏尿点压(VLPP)、逼尿肌开启压呈负相关。结论盆底动态MRI结合尿动力学检查能够对女性压力性尿失禁(SUI)患者膀胱尿道的形态及功能学改变进行较全面的评估。     

Expression and significance of lysyl oxidase-like 1 and fibulin-5 in the cardinal ligament tissue of patients with pelvic floor dysfunction

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a disabling disorder in women characterized by a loss of pelvic floor support,leading to the herniation of the uterus into or through the vagina.POP is a complex problem that likely involves multiple mechanisms with limited therapies available,and is associated with defects in connective tissue including elastic fibers.This study was designed to investigate the expression of fibulin-5 and lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) in the cardinal ligament in samples taken from the POP group compared to the non-POP group.Specimens were obtained during abdominal hysterectomy from the cardinal ligament of 53 women with POP and 25 age-and parity-matched women with non-POP among post-menopausal women with benign gynecologic pathology.Protein expression was evaluated using the immunohistochemical staining method.For statistical analyses,chi-square test and Spearman’s correlation were used with the statistical package SPSS13.0 system.Our results showed that both fibulin-5 and LOXL1 expressions were decreased in the cardinal ligament in the POP group compared to the nonPOP group (P < 0.05).The expression of fibulin-5 and LOXL1 were correlated closely with the stage of POP,accompanied by stress urinary incontinence and frequency of vaginal delivery (P < 0.05),but had no relationship with post-menopausal state (P > 0.05).The expression of fibulin-5 was positively associated with LOXL1 in POP (P < 0.05).We conclude that changesin fibulin-5and LOXL1expression may playa role in the development of POP.     

Effect of interval training programme on pulse pressure in the management of hypertension: a randomized controlled trial

Background

Pulse pressure (PP), might be a stronger determinants of cardiovascular risk.

Objective

To investigate the effect of interval training program on PP in subjects with hypertension.

Methods

Two hundred and forty five male patients with mild to moderate (Systolic Blood Pressure [SBP] between 140–179 & Diastolic Blood Pressure [DBP] between 90–109 mmHg) essential hypertension were age-matched and grouped into exercise and control groups. The exercise (work: rest ratio of 1:1) groups involved in an 8-weeks interval training programs of between 45–60 minutes, at intensities of 60–79% of HR max (maximum heart rate), while the control group remained sedentary during this period. SBP, DBP, VO₂max and PP were assessed.

Results

Findings of the study revealed significant correlation between PP and blood pressure; correlation of PP with SBP was much stronger (95% variance). Also, there was significant effect of the exercise training program on SBP, DBP and PP. Changes in VO₂max also negatively correlated with changes in PP (r= −.285) at p<0.05.

Conclusion

Moderate intensity interval training programs is effective in the non-pharmacological management of hypertension and may prevent cardiovascular event through the down regulation of PP in hypertension.     

Effects of a 2-, 3- and 4-electrode stimulator design on current dispersion on the surface and into the limb during electrical stimulation in controls and patients with wounds

Electrical stimulation is a widely used modality in the field of physical therapy and exercise physiology. The most common method for the application of electrical stimulation is a two-electrode system where one electrode is the source and the other is a reference. However, recent studies report that a more effective delivery system can be achieved if more than two electrodes are used. In the present investigation, the circuitry to deliver electrical stimulation through a 2-, 3- or 4-electrode delivery system was designed. The system was evaluated by its ability to deliver current on the surface of the skin as well as deep into the quadriceps muscle in six control subjects and in and around wounds in six other subjects. The results of the experiments showed that much better depth of penetration was achieved in a 4-electrode system (one electrode was on the opposite side of the limb and three electrodes were on top of the limb) than in either a 2- or a 3-electrode delivery system. In non-wounded skin, given the same current from the stimulator, the current in the quadriceps muscle was found to be double with a 4-electrode versus a 2-electrode system. In wounds, this same finding was seen. Here, blood flow, an indicator of the effectiveness of electrical stimulation in wounds, was three times higher if a multi-channel stimulator was used versus a 2-channel stimulator. Thus a multi-channel electrical stimulation system is more effective than a 2-electrode system.     

Treatment with the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist ganirelix in women undergoing ovarian stimulation with recombinant follicle stimulating hormone is effective, safe and convenient: results of a controlled, randomized, multicentre trial. The European Orgalutran Study Group

A multicentre, open-label, randomized study of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist ganirelix (Orgalutran((R))/Antagon((TM))) was performed in women undergoing ovarian stimulation with recombinant FSH (rFSH: Puregon((R))). The study was designed as a non-inferiority study using a long protocol of buserelin (intranasal) and rFSH as a reference treatment. A total of 730 subjects was randomized in a treatment ratio of 2:1 (ganirelix:buserelin) using an interactive voice response system which stratified for age, type of infertility and planned fertilization procedure [IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)]. The median duration of GnRH analogue treatment was 5 days in the ganirelix group and 26 days in the buserelin group, whereas the median total rFSH dose was 1500 IU and 1800 IU respectively. In addition, in the ganirelix group the mean duration of stimulation was 1 day shorter. During ganirelix treatment the incidence of LH rises (LH >/=10 IU/l) was 2.8% versus 1.3% during rFSH stimulation in the buserelin group. On the day of triggering ovulation by human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), the mean number of follicles >/=11 mm diameter was 10.7 and 11.8, and the median serum oestradiol concentrations were 1190 pg/ml and 1700 pg/ml in the ganirelix and buserelin groups respectively. The mean number of oocytes per retrieval was 9.1 and 10.4 respectively, whereas the mean number of good quality embryos was 3.3 and 3.5 respectively. The fertilization rate was equal in both groups (62.1%), and the same mean number of embryos (2.2) was replaced. The mean implantation rates were 15.7% and 21.8%, and the ongoing pregnancy rates per attempt were 20.3% and 25.7% in the ganirelix and buserelin groups respectively. Evaluation of all safety data indicated that the ganirelix regimen was safe and well tolerated. The overall incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome was 2.4% in the ganirelix group and 5.9% in the reference group. The results of this study support a safe, short and convenient treatment regimen of ganirelix, resulting in a good clinical outcome for patients undergoing ovarian stimulation for IVF or ICSI.     

A prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial to study the efficacy and efficiency of a fixed dose of recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (Puregon) in women undergoing ovarian stimulation

A prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicentre (n = 5) study was conducted to compare the influence of either a 100 or 200 IU daily fixed-dose regimen of recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) on the number of oocytes retrieved and the total dose used in down-regulated women undergoing ovarian stimulation. Fertilization was done by intracytoplasmic sperm injection or conventional in-vitro fertilization. A total of 199 women were treated with FSH, 101 subjects with 100 IU and 98 subjects with 200 IU. In subjects of the 200 IU treatment group, significantly more oocytes were retrieved compared to the 100 IU group (10.6 versus 6.2 oocytes, P < 0.001). The total dose needed to develop at least three follicles with a diameter of > or = 17 mm was significantly lower in the 100 IU treatment group (1114 IU versus 1931 IU, P < 0.001). In the low-dose group, significantly lower serum concentrations of oestradiol, progesterone and FSH were observed at the day of human chorionic gonadotrophin administration. Although more cycle cancellations due to low response were seen in the 100 IU group (n = 24 versus n = 3), the clinical pregnancy rate per started cycle was similar (24.7% in the 100 IU group versus 23.3% in the 200 IU group). In the high-dose group, more side-effects, in particular more cases of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, were noted. It is concluded that compared to 200 IU, the use of a 100 IU fixed dose is less efficacious in terms of the number of oocytes retrieved, but more efficient as indicated by a lower total dose.