非手术治疗急性重症胆源性胰腺炎

目的探讨急性重症胆源性胰腺炎非手术治疗的效果和中转手术的指征.方法回顾分析本院收治157例急性重症胆源性胰腺炎非手术治疗的死亡率、并发症和中转手术的情况.结果 157例中治愈145例,死亡12例,治愈率92.4%.治疗过程中有65例出现各类并发症,其中多器官功能不全或衰竭18例(11.5%),坏死组织继发感染6例(3.8%),胰腺假性囊肿29例(18.5%),急性肺损伤25例.患者预后与入院时APACHE-Ⅱ评分有关.有9例中转手术(5.7%),包括6例胰腺坏死组织继发感染和2例不能控制的胆道感染.梗阻性和非梗阻性重症胆源性胰腺炎在死亡率和胰腺坏死组织继发感染发生率上相似.结论急性重症胆源性胰腺炎经积极非手术治疗可获得满意疗效.梗阻性急性重症胆源性胰腺炎当存在不能控制的胆道感染时需早期行胆道手术.中转手术的指征为胰腺坏死组织继发感染、不能控制的胆道感染及治疗期间出现其他外科并发症.     

急性出血坏死性胰腺炎早期非手术治疗41例

目的介绍并讨论急性出血坏死性胰腺炎早期非手术治疗适应证，措施和中转手术指征．方法总结我院外科1988－01／1998－01收治的41例急性出血坏死性胰腺炎的诊断治疗经验．结果41例患者假性胰腺囊肿形成3例，肺部感染4例，无严重并发症34例：中转手术6例，死亡2例，死亡率4．8％．结论治疗适用于诊断明确，无胰腺及胰周感染，无明显胆道梗阻的患者非手术治疗措施除严密监护下的常规治疗外，特别强调抑制胰腺分泌促进肠道功能、肠道应用抗生素、利尿、营养、支持、中药、胰外器官损害对症治疗；在非手术治疗过程中，出现胰腺或胰周感染，假性囊肿并发症时应及时中转手术．     

综合治疗老年重症急性胰腺炎64例临床分析

目的　探讨老年重症急性胰腺炎的早期手术与非手术治疗效果。方法　回顾性总结 6 4例老年重症急性胰腺炎患者的治疗经验 ,对手术治疗 2 1例、非手术治疗 4 3例进行比较分析。结果　非手术组并发症发生率和病死率明显低于手术组 ( P<0 .0 1 )。结论　老年重症急性胰腺炎的早期非手术治疗明显优于早期手术治疗 ,在非手术治疗中需 CT监测胰腺坏死范围的变化和中转手术指征     

急性出血坏死性胰腺炎早期非手术治疗的探讨：附37例临床分析

目的：介绍并讨论急性出血坏死性胰腺炎早期非手术治疗适应症、措施和中转手术指征。方法：回顾性总结我院外科1992年1月～1994年12月收治的37例急性出血坏死性胰腺炎的诊断治疗经验。结果：全组37例病人，假性胰腺囊肿形成15例、ARDS5例、胰疹4例，无严重并发症20例；中转手术6例，死亡2例，死亡率5．4％。结论：非手术治疗适用于诊断明确、无胰腺及胰周感染、无明显胆道梗阻的病人；非手术治疗措施除严密监护下的常规治疗外，特别强调抑制胰腺分泌、改善微循环、促进肠道功能、肠道应用抗生素、利尿、营养支持、胰外器官损害对症治疗；在非手术治疗过程中出现胰腺或胰周感染，假性囊肿并发症时应及时中转手术。     

重症急性胰腺炎非手术治疗的临床研究

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎的早期手术与非手术治疗效果。方法符合重症急性胰腺炎诊断标准的64例患者,其中非手术治疗43例,手术治疗21例。非手术治疗以禁食、胃肠减压、改善胰腺微循环,抑制胰酶分泌,抗感染等为主；手术治疗包括清除坏死胰腺、胰床及腹腔引流、胆囊切除切胆道取石等。将手术治疗21例、非手术治疗43例患者的死亡率和并发症等临床资料进行总结并比较分析。结果 (1)死亡率：比较非手术组死亡2例(4．7％),手术治疗组死亡5例(23．8％)。两组间有显著性差异(P<0．001)。(2)非手术组与手术组并发症发生率的比较：ARDS 16．28％vs 23．8％；肾功能不全9．30％vs 28．57％；休克6．98％vs 14．29％；心功能不全4．65％vs 19．05％；胰腺脓肿2．33％vs 9．52％。两组间有显著性差异(P<0．01)。结论重症急性胰腺炎的早期非手术治疗明显优于早期手术治疗。     

急性胰腺炎的药物治疗进展

急性胰腺炎是胰腺的急性炎症过程。急性胰腺炎尤其是重症胰腺炎，既是疗效不佳，又是治疗方案不定的一个棘手的疾病。第七届全国胰腺外科学术研讨会提出了急性胰腺炎诊治规范^[1]。诊规范提出急性胰腺炎的治疗原则：①对胆源性胰腺炎，凡伴有胆道梗阻者应急诊手术或早期手术。无胆道梗阻者，先行非手术治疗，出院前做胆石症手术。     

重症急性胰腺炎的治疗方案选择与预后关系

目的：探讨重症急性胰腺炎的治疗方案选择与疗效的关系。方法：分析1996年1月至2000年12月共收治的重症急性胰腺炎271例，分析其病因、治疗方案选择与患者预后间的关系。结果：重症胆源性胰腺炎手术治疗64例，治愈率92．2％，死亡病例平均生存天数29．0d，主要死亡原因是MODS和坏死感染；非手术治疗56例，治愈率85．7％，死亡病例平均生存天数6．2d，主要死亡原因为休克、严重感染、肾功能衰竭、胰性脑病和MODS。重症非胆源性胰腺炎手术治疗76例，治愈率75．0％，死亡病例平均生存天数52．9d，死亡原因有MODS、感染、DIC、消化道瘘和腹腔内出血；重症非胆源性胰腺炎非手术治疗75例，治愈率89．3％，死亡病例平均生存6.4d(1-54d)，早期死亡的病例发病急，迅速出现休克、肾功能衰竭、ARDS和腹内高压，后期死亡的病例有包裹性感染坏死病灶破裂、全身感染 和MODS。结论：胆源性胰腺炎有胆道梗阻者应当行急诊手术或者行EST及ENBD，同时积极抗休克、防治肾功能衰竭，无胆道梗阻者先做积极的抗感染非手术治疗，后期作胆囊切除手术，是否探查胆总管根据病情决定。对来势急，经过积极的非手术治疗仍迅速出现休克、肾功能衰竭、ARDS、胰性脑病，或伴有腹膜炎或腹内高压者应及时手术引流。     

重症急性胆源性胰腺炎的诊断与治疗

目的探讨重症急性胆源性胰腺炎(SABP)的诊断方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析8年36例SABP的临床资料。结果36例SABP中，26例非梗阻性SABP行保守治疗，治愈24例，2例因胰腺坏死继发感染而转外科手术；10年梗阻性SABP中8例先行急诊ENBD，病情平稳后再行EST/ENBD，2例发生壶腹部结石嵌顿病情恶化而行急诊切开取石并引流，均成功治愈。全组治愈率94．44％(34／36)。结论梗阻型SABP应尽早予以EST/ENBD解除胆道梗阻；非梗阻型SABP宜先积极保守治疗，当治疗72h后病情无缓解或并发感染时应积极中转外科手术。     

腹腔透析灌洗治疗重症急性胰腺炎疗效观察

重症急性胰腺炎是一种发病机制复杂、治疗困难的危重急症,有很高的并发症发生率和死亡率,其死亡率约20%。重症急性胰腺炎早期手术治疗可加重内环境紊乱及胰腺组织的坏死,并增加手术并发症及感染机会,加重对患者的打击。近年来很多学者提出早期积极的非手术治疗能降低重症胰腺炎的死亡率。腹腔透析灌洗治疗作为一种积极有效的治疗方法,作者采用该法治疗26例重症胰腺炎,取得了较满意的治疗效果,介绍如下。     

重症急性胰腺炎的治疗方案选择与预后关系

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎的治疗方案选择与疗效的关系.方法分析1 996年1月至2000年12月共收治的重症急性胰腺炎271例,分析其病因、治疗方案选择与患者预后间的关系.结果重症胆源性胰腺炎手术治疗64例,治愈率92.2%,死亡病例平均生存天数29.0 d,主要死亡原因是MODS和坏死感染;非手术治疗56例,治愈率85.7%,死亡病例平均生存天数6.2 d,主要死亡原因为休克、严重感染、肾功能衰竭、胰性脑病和MODS.重症非胆源性胰腺炎手术治疗76例,治愈率75.0%,死亡病例平均生存天数52.9 d,死亡原因有MODS、感染、DIC、消化道瘘和腹腔内出血;重症非胆源性胰腺炎非手术治疗75例,治愈率89.3%,死亡病例平均生存6.4 d(1～54 d),早期死亡的病例发病急,迅速出现休克、肾功能衰竭、ARDS和腹内高压,后期死亡的病例有包裹性感染坏死病灶破裂、全身感染和MODS.结论胆源性胰腺炎有胆道梗阻者应当行急诊手术或者行EST及ENBD,同时积极抗休克、防治肾功能衰竭,无胆道梗阻者先做积极的抗感染非手术治疗,后期作胆囊切除手术,是否探查胆总管根据病情决定.对来势急,经过积极的非手术治疗仍迅速出现休克、肾功能衰竭、ARDS、胰性脑病,或伴有腹膜炎或腹内高压者应及时手术引流.     

Principles of conservative treatment of severe acute pancreatitis

The main principles of conservative treatment of severe acute pancreatitis include early diagnosis of the disease, diagnosis of its severe form and assessment of the etiology of pancreatitis, replacement of fluids, adjustment of the milieu intérieur, administration of antibiotics in patients with confirmed necroses, in particular if they exceed 25 - 30%, early endoscpic treatment of pancreatitis with a biliary etiology, adequate nutrition, prevention and treatment of complications. The diagnosis of pancreatitis is based on clinical examination, biochemical evidence of elevated amylase and lipase concentrations and on the imaging of the pancreas. In the severe form necroses of the pancreas are present or other local complications and/or organ dysfunction. As regards assessment of the etiology rapid diagnosis of biliary pancreatitis is fundamental as it leads to therapeutic consequences. Fluid replacement should not be discontinued even during transport and diagnostic procedures. Infection remains the main cause of mortality in patients who got over the hypovolaemic stage of pancreatitis. Antibiotics are therefore indicated in all patients with necroses or biliary infection. Systemic complications include renal failure, pulmonary failure, coagulopathy, cardiac and hepatic failure--frequently manifested as combined multiple organ dysfunction. Local complications such as pseudocysts, abscesses, compression conditioned stenoses of the bile ducts or haemorrhage from impaired visceral arteries are treated as a rule in an interdisciplinary manner with preference of less invasive procedures. Clinical deterioration of patients in particular the development of multiple organ failure in patients with extensive infiltrates and necroses is caused in the great majority of cases by infection of necroses and is an indication for early, usually surgical intervention.     

Conservative management of infected necrosis complicating severe acute pancreatitis

OBJECTIVES: Patients with severe necrotizing pancreatitis are at risk for infection, a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Most patients with infected pancreatic tissue require surgical intervention (necrosectomy), which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. A subset of these patients can be managed successfully with conservative management combined with prolonged courses of antibiotics. METHODS: Three cases of severe acute pancreatitis seen at our institution are described, in which the patients developed aspirate-proven pancreatic infections. The patients were nonetheless stable from a clinical standpoint and were treated with long courses of antibiotics known to penetrate the pancreas; emergent surgery was deferred. RESULTS: In two patients, surgery was completely avoided, with good clinical outcome. In the third patient, elective surgery was undertaken 12 wk after the episode of acute pancreatitis, to perform necrosectomy on organized pancreatic necrosis and to evaluate the patient's biliary tree. There were no postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: A subset of patients with severe acute pancreatitis complicated by infection can be successfully managed with long term antibiotics and other supportive measures. High risk necrosectomy can, in some instances, be delayed or avoided entirely.     

Early dual drainage combining transpapillary endotherapy and percutaneous catheter drainage in patients with pancreatic fistula associated with severe acute pancreatitis

BackgroundThe development of pancreatic fistula (PF) associated with pancreatic necrosis is of great concern in the management of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). We expected that early recognition and intervention of PF combined with percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) for pancreatic infection may improve SAP outcomes.MethodsFifteen consecutive patients with SAP were enrolled. Whenever feasible, fine-needle aspiration for fluid collection was performed to determine infection and amylase concentration. For infection and PF with amylase-rich fluid, PCD and transpapillary endotherapy (preferably naso-pancreatic drainage) were carried out as soon as possible. PCD was intensively managed by irrigating the sized-up and multiple large bore catheters.ResultsInfected fluid collection and PF were both detected in 13 (86.7%) patients. Pancreatic duct (PD) disruption (n = 6) and organ failure (n = 5) occurred exclusively in patients with amylase-rich collection ≥10,000 U/L. The median timing of PCD and endotherapy was 15.5 and 16.5 days, respectively. No serious complications or mortality resulted from intervention procedures other than stent occlusion in one (6.7%) patient. Surgical intervention due to uncontrollable infection and visceral organ injury was avoided. Fistula closure was achieved in 12 (92.3%) of 13 PF patients with a median duration of 45 days. Disease-related mortality occurred in one (6.7%) patient.ConclusionAmylase-rich fluid collection ≥10,000 U/L may be an indication for further endoscopic investigation of PD disruption. Early dual drainage combining pancreatic endotherapy and PCD is feasible and safe, and may improve treatment outcome.     

Early severe acute pancreatitis: characteristics of a new subgroup

This study focuses on patients with severe acute pancreatitis complicated by organ failure within the initial phase of the disease. Data of 158 patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) admitted to hospital within 72 hours after onset of symptoms were prospectively documented and analyzed for the occurrence of early severe acute pancreatitis (ESAP). ESAP was defined as presence of organ failure (OF) at admission. Forty-seven (30%) patients had ESAP, compared with 111 patients without OF (SAP group). In a multivariate analysis, the main factor predisposing to ESAP was the presence of extended pancreatic necrosis (odds ratio, 3.8), whereas biliary pancreatitis was associated with a slightly lower risk compared with alcoholic pancreatitis (odds ratio, 0.34). Compared with SAP, patients with ESAP more frequently developed intractable organ failure, which posed the indication for surgical treatment. Surgical necrosectomy due to progressive OF had to be performed in 89% of the ESAP patients and in 60% of the SAP patients. The incidence of infected pancreatic necrosis did not differ between both groups (23 vs. 21%). Mortality was significantly higher in ESAP (42 vs. 14%; p = 0.0003). ESAP is characterized by the presence of extended pancreatic necrosis and a complicated clinical course. Intractable organ failure is a frequent finding. Given the poor prognosis of ESAP, these patients should be treated in specialized intensive care units.     

Management of infection in acute pancreatitis

The clinical course of acute pancreatitis varies from a mild, transitory illness to a severe, rapidly fatal disease. In about 80% to 90% of cases pancreatitis presents as a mild, self‐limiting disease with low morbidity and mortality. Unlike mild pancreatitis, necrotizing pancreatitis develops in about 15% of patients, with infection of pancreatic and peripancreatic necrosis representing the single most important risk factor for a fatal outcome. Infection of pancreatic necrosis in the natural course develops in the second and third week after onset of the disease and is reported in 40% to 70% of patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. Just recently, prevention of infection by prophylactic antibiotic treatment and assessment of the infection status of pancreatic necrosis by fine‐needle aspiration have been established in the management of severe pancreatitis. Because medical treatment alone will result in a mortality rate of almost 100% in patients with signs of local and systemic septic complications, patients with infected necrosis must undergo surgical intervention, which consists of an organ‐preserving necrosectomy combined with a postoperative closed lavage concept that maximizes further evacuation of infected debris and exudate. However, intensive care treatment, including prophylactic antibiotics, reduces the infection rate and delays the need for surgery in most patients until the third or fourth week after the onset of symptoms. At that time, debridement of necrosis is technically easier to perform, due to better demarcation between viable and necrotic tissue compared with necrosectomy earlier in the disease. In contrast, surgery is rarely needed in the presence of sterile pancreatic necrosis. In those patients the conservative approach is supported by the present data.     

ICU management of severe acute pancreatitis

In intensive care medicine, severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) remains a very challenging disease with multiple complications and high mortality. The main pathophysiological mechanisms determining outcome are an uncontrolled systemic hyperinflammatory response early on and infection of pancreatic necrosis later on in the disease process. Despite a better understanding in recent years of the mechanisms and the mediators involved in the hyperinflammatory response, there is, as yet, no generally recognized specific treatment for this disease. Since early identification and aggressive treatment of associated organ dysfunction can have a major impact on outcome, early assessment of prognosis and severity is important. The evidence available indicates that patients with severe acute pancreatitis do not benefit from therapy with available antisecretory drugs or protease inhibitors. Supportive therapy, such as vigorous hydration, analgesia, correction of electrolyte and glycemia disorders, and pharmacological or mechanical support targeted at specific organs, is still the mainstay of therapy. In spite of meager evidence, prophylactic antibiotics with good penetration in pancreatic tissue are recommended in severe acute pancreatitis. Enteral nutrition via a nasojejunal tube has become the preferred route of feeding. Most patients with sterile necrosis do not benefit from surgical intervention. In patients with proven infection of pancreatic tissue, surgery is necessary. Percutaneous, radiological drainage techniques may eventually become an alternative form of drainage in selected patients.     

SURGICAL APPROACH IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE PANCREATITIS: Is Infected or Sterile Necrosis an Indication—in Whom Should This Be Done,When, and Why?

The morbidity and mortality rates of severe acute pancreatitis are related to the degree of pancreatic necrosis that accompanies the attack and to the presence of infection. The decision about whether and when to operate on these patients is often difficult, and it requires mature clinical judgment. Proven infection of pancreatic necrosis is an absolute indication for surgical intervention, at which time surgical doffebridement and drainage should be performed. Most patients with sterile necrosis eventually respond to conservative nonsurgical medical management. In patients who remain critically ill for weeks or whose clinical course deteriorates despite maximal intensive care, surgery may be appropriate. Even when these guidelines are followed, the mortality (15% to 40%) and morbidity (approximately 80%) rates remain high.     

Acute pancreatitis in acute viral hepatitis

AIM： To elucidate the frequency and characteristics of pancreatic involvement in the course of acute （nonfulminant） viral hepatitis. METHODS： We prospectively assessed the pancreatic involvement in patients with acute viral hepatitis who presented with severe abdomimanl pain. RESULTS： We studied 124 patients with acute viral hepatitis, of whom 24 presented with severe abdominal pain. Seven patients （5.65%） were diagnosed to have acute pancreatitis. All were young males. Five patients had pancreatitis in the first week and two in the fourth week after the onset of jaundice. The pancreatitis was mild and all had uneventful recovery from both pancreatitis and hepatitis on conservative treatment. The etiology of pancreatitis was hepatitis E virus in 4, hepatitis A virus in 2, and hepatitis B virus in 1 patient. One patient had biliary sludge along with HEV infection. The abdominal pain of remaining seventeen patients was attributed to stretching of Glisson＇s capsule. CONCLUSION： Acute pancreatitis occurs in 5.65% of patients with acute viral hepatitis, it is mild and recovers with conservative management.     

JPN Guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis:surgical management

Acute pancreatitis represents a spectrum of disease ranging from a mild, self-limited course to a rapidly progressive, severe illness. The mortality rate of severe acute pancreatitis exceeds 20%, and some patients diagnosed as mild to moderate acute pancreatitis at the onset of the disease may progress to a severe, life-threatening illness within 2–3 days. The Japanese (JPN) guidelines were designed to provide recommendations regarding the management of acute pancreatitis in patients having a diversity of clinical characteristics. This article sets forth the JPN guidelines for the surgical management of acute pancreatitis, excluding gallstone pancreatitis, by incorporating the latest evidence for the surgical management of severe pancreatitis in the Japanese-language version of the evidence-based Guidelines for the Management of Acute Pancreatitis published in 2003. Ten guidelines are proposed: (1) computed tomography-guided or ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration for bacteriology should be performed in patients suspected of having infected pancreatic necrosis; (2) infected pancreatic necrosis accompanied by signs of sepsis is an indication for surgical intervention; (3) patients with sterile pancreatic necrosis should be managed conservatively, and surgical intervention should be performed only in selected cases, such as those with persistent organ complications or severe clinical deterioration despite maximum intensive care; (4) early surgical intervention is not recommended for necrotizing pancreatitis; (5) necrosectomy is recommended as the surgical procedure for infected pancreatic necrosis; (6) simple drainage should be avoided after necrosectomy, and either continuous closed lavage or open drainage should be performed; (7) surgical or percutaneous drainage should be performed for pancreatic abscess; (8) pancreatic abscesses for which clinical findings are not improved by percutaneous drainage should be subjected to surgical drainage immediately; (9) pancreatic pseudocysts that produce symptoms and complications or the diameter of which increases should be drained percutaneously or endoscopically; and (10) pancreatic pseudocysts that do not tend to improve in response to percutaneous drainage or endoscopic drainage should be managed surgically.     

Severe acute pancreatitis: case-oriented discussion of interdisciplinary management.

The clinical course of an episode of acute pancreatitis varies from a mild, transitory illness to a severe often necrotizing form with distant organ failure and a mortality rate of 20-40%. Patients with severe pancreatitis, representing about 15-20% of all patients with acute pancreatitis, need to be identified as early as possible after onset of symptoms allowing starting intensive care treatment early in the disease process. An episode of severe acute pancreatitis progresses in two phases. The first 10-14 days are characterized by a systemic inflammatory response syndrome maintained by the release of various inflammatory mediators. The second phase, beginning about 10-14 days after the onset of the disease is dominated by sepsis-related morbidity due to infected peripancreatic and pancreatic necrosis. This state is associated with septic multiple organ systemic failure. The importance of infection on the outcome of necrotizing pancreatitis has been clearly delineated and the pre-emptive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics that achieve effective tissue concentrations is considered standard management of patients with severe necrotizing pancreatitis, especially if associated with organ failure or extended necrosis. Patients with infected necrosis should undergo a surgical intervention. The standard open technique consisting of an organ preserving necrosectomy followed by a postoperative concept of lavage and/or drainage to evacuate necrotic debris occurring during the further course has recently been challenged by various minimally invasive approaches.