主动和被动吸烟者尿尼古丁代谢产物排泄时间和总量的比较研究

本研究选择主动吸烟者4人,被动吸烟者6人,通过人体暴露试验,采用DETB萃取法测定其尿中的尼古丁代谢产物。结果表明,对于一次性剂量暴露试验,应以总排泄量作为比较依据;主动吸烟者尿尼古丁代谢产物的排泄完全时间小于36小时,被动吸烟者约为24小时;主、被动吸烟者的代谢半衰期均约为12小时;在本研究条件下,主、被动吸烟者排泄总量比为5:1。     

被动吸烟尼古丁及其代谢产物的暴露评价

根据卫生部发布的《2007中国控制吸烟报告》报告显示,中国有烟民3.5亿人,而受二手烟危害者竟达5.4亿人,但最近的文献显示出被动吸烟人数高达7.7亿人,而这里面有很多是儿童(据统计可能有1.8亿),另外还有一半以上的女性每天在被动吸烟的环境中生活和工作,尤其以青少年和职业女性为主。世界卫生组织对被动吸烟的定义为:不吸烟者每周平均有1 d以上吸入烟草烟雾15 min以上。在一些研究中,也称之为环境烟草烟雾或二手烟。环境烟草烟雾(ETS):指吸烟     

吸烟的生化标记—尿尼古丁代谢产物的测定

A novel, barbituric acid method of detecting urinary nicotine metabolites was evaluated for use as an objective test of smoking. Urine samples were collected from 289 male smokers and 167 male nonsmokers. The smokers recorded the number of cigarettes smoked on the previous day. This method correctly classified the subjects as smokers or nonsmokers. There was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.587, P less than 0.001) between the urinary nicotine metabolites/creatinine ratios and number of cigarettes smoked. This method can be performed very rapidly and reagent costs are very cheap. It is a good objective test of smoking and nicotine intake.     

试论四种香烟烟雾中尼古丁含量的测定

本文采用气相色谱法,水为吸收液分别进行采集和测定,揭示了香烟烟雾和呼出烟气中尼古丁含量的相关性及其所占的百分比,从而为吸烟对环境的污染和对被动吸烟者的危害提供依据。     

被动吸烟儿童尿中硫氰酸盐含量检测结果分析

血清硫氰酸盐(SCN)含量能较客观地反映吸烟者的吸烟程度。尿硫氰酸根(SCN~-)含量的检测与血清中结果一致,此方法采样方便,便于普及使用,而且实验方法也较为准确可靠。我国第一个控烟法规《深圳经济特区控制吸烟条例》已于1998年11月1日起施行,为保护儿童身心健康,我们试图通过测定尿SCN     

尿中尼古丁代谢产物Cotinine含量的测定

目的：探索一种灵敏准确的测定尿中cotinine的方法。方法：酸水解后直接用HPLC法测定Cotinine。结果：Cotinine的最低检出限在0．32μmol／L，回收率在76．7％-85．4％之间。结论：该实验方法简单，准确度与精密度高，能在日常测定中应用。     

被动吸烟暴露评价的常用方法

被动吸烟的危害越来越被关注,掌握被动吸烟暴露评价方法对保证相关研究科学开展十分重要。本文对目前被动吸烟暴露评价的常用方法进行了比较,重点介绍了目前用于检测被动吸烟的4种常用方法:问卷调查法、室内空气中尼古丁测定法、室内空气细颗粒物测定法、人体烟碱代谢产物可替丁测定法,并比较各种方法的优缺点,指导在科研工作中如何进行暴露评价方法的选择。     

气相色谱法测定尿中尼古丁的含量

本文介绍了气相色谱法测定尿中尼古丁含量的分析过程，用树脂吸附尿中尼古丁，然后再用洗脱剂洗脱已被吸附的尼古丁，取洗脱液１μｌ经气相色谱仪测定，以保留时间定性，峰高定量。尼古丁最低检测限为０．１８ｎｇ／μｌ，回收率均值为９５．７％，变异系数为２．４３～７．５３％之间。实验结果表明采用本法测定尿中尼古丁的含量，其回收率和精密度比较理想，是一种灵敏、准确、可靠的测定方法，适用于卫生分析。     

Exposure of passive smokers to tobacco smoke constituents

Summary In an unventilated room (with or without the presence of ten volunteers) the atmosphere was polluted with sidestream smoke from cigarettes or with the gasphase or constituents of the gasphase of sidestream smoke. One control experiment with no intended air pollution was performed.The air concentrations of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, cyanide, acrolein, other aldehydes, nicotine, and total particulate matter were measured.By intermittent addition of freshly generated smoke over the three hour experimental period a constant air concentration of 20 ppm carbon monoxide was sustained. When no persons were present, the air concentration of the other measured tobacco smoke constituents remained constant. When persons were present, however, air concentrations of both gasphase and particulate phase constituents decreased during the experimental period.A considerable variation in the degree of exposure of the passive smokers to the various tobacco smoke constituents was found.In some of the experiments questionnaires concerning subjective annoyance, eye-, nose- and throat irritation were completed by the subjects. Stay in a gasphase polluted atmosphere was found equally annoying as in an atmosphere polluted with whole sidestream smoke. Air pollution with acrolein caused considerably less discomfort and this did not differ from the annoyance caused by staying in the closed, unventilated room with no intended air pollution.It is pointed out that in spite of an often considerable subjective discomfort, exposing non-smokers to tobacco smoke under realistic conditions will not cause inhalation of such amounts of the components of tobacco smoke traditionally considered harmful, that a lasting, adverse health effect in otherwise healthy, grown-up individuals seems probable.This work was supported by a grant from Forschungsgesellschaft Rauchen and Gesundheit. D-2000 Hamburg. Federal Republic of Germany     

被动吸烟者呼出气中一氧化碳含量的研究

被动吸烟对人体健康的影响报导较少。本文对医学院各科室被动吸烟者测量了其呼出气中一氧化碳的含量高于完全无被动吸烟者，其差异有非常显著性。     

32P-postlabelling analysis of DNA adducts in monocytes of smokers and passive smokers

Summary In a controlled study, ten male volunteers were subjected to different smoking and passive smoking conditions. After 60 h of strictly controlled nonsmoking, five smokers were exposed to mainstream smoke only, while five nonsmokers were exposed to the gas phase of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). In a second experiment smokers were mainstream and ETS exposed, while nonsmokers were exposed to complete ETS. Blood was drawn before and after smoking and DNA adducts were analysed from blood monocytes by the³²P-postlabelling assay, using the nuclease P1 enhancement method. We detected DNA adducts in monocytes of all probands. These adducts unrelated to smoking showed interindividual differences but only minor intraindividual changes in four samples of the same donor. After smoking interindividually variable additional adducts were visible in active smokers only. These smoking-related adducts had disappeared after 40 h of nonsmoking and reappeared again in three out of five smokers after the second smoking period. We conclude that smoking causes an interindividually variable pattern of DNA adducts in active smokers. These adducts disappear in less than 2 d, owing to the fast turnover of monocytes in the intravascular system. The effects described could not be observed in heavily exposed passive smokers.     

Respiratory nicotine absorption in non-smoking females during passive smoking

Summary The aim of this study was to measure nicotine concentrations in inspired and expired air so as to learn more about respiratory (nasopharyngeal cavity and lung) nicotine absorption from inspired air and to estimate the nicotine intake during passive smoking. A total of 17 young non-smoking women were exposed to experimental passive smoking. Inspired and expired air was sucked at a constant rate into samplers filled with acid-treated diatomite (Uniport-S) to absorb nicotine in the air. Absorbed nicotine was assayed by gas chromatography. The range of nicotine concentration in the inspired air was 40–200 g/m3. In this setting, 47 samples obtained from the 17 subjects were assayed. Nicotine absorption, which was calculated as [(nicotine concentration in inspired air — nicotine concentration in expired air)/nicotine concentration in inspired air] × 100, remained at 60%–80% (mean ± SD, 71.3% ± 10.2%) without being affected by the nicotine concentration in the inspired air. From this result, it was estimated that the average intake of nicotine was 0.026 mg/h in a group of non-smokers exposed in a room containing a nicotine concentration of 100 g/m³, which is equivalent to fairly severe involuntary tobacco smoking. This is the first report on the estimation of respiratory nicotine absorption and nicotine intake during passive smoking based on the direct measurement of nicotine concentrations in both inspired and expired air.This work was supported by a grant from the Smoking Research Foundation, Japan     

Estimation of personal exposure to ambient nicotine in daily environment

Summary To evaluate the actual exposure level of nonsmokers to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in their daily life, the exposure level of ambient nicotine was measured with a nicotine personal monitor carried by a nonsmoker. Average exposure levels of nicotine, even in such smoky places as cars, coffee shops and pubs, were less than 45 g/m³. As a result of all-day monitoring, the highest amount of nicotine inhaled in a day was estimated, in this study, to be up to 310 g, equivalent to actively smoking 0.31 ordinary cigarettes.     

Importance of exposure to gaseous and particulate phase components of tobacco smoke in active and passive smokers

Summary The uptake of tobacco smoke constituents from gaseous and particulate phases of mainstream smoke (MS), inhaled by smokers, and of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), breathed in by non-smokers, was investigated in two experimental studies. Tobacco smoke uptake was quantified by measuring carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), nicotine and cotinine in plasma and urine and the data obtained were correlated with urinary excretion of thioethers and of mutagenic activity. An increase in all biochemical parameters was observed in smokers inhaling the complete MS of 24 cigarettes during 8 h, whereas only an increase in COHb and, to a minor degree, in urinary thioethers was found after smoking the gas phase of MS under similar conditions. Exposure of non-smokers to the gaseous phase of ETS or to whole ETS at similar high concentrations for 8 h led to identical increases in COM, plasma nicotine and cotinine as well as urinary excretion of nicotine and thioethers which were much lower than in smokers. Urinary mutagenicity was not found to be elevated under either ETS exposure condition. As shown by our results, the biomarkers most frequently used for uptake of tobacco smoke (nicotine and cotinine) indicate on the one hand the exposure to particulate phase constituents in smoking but on the other hand the exposure to gaseous phase constituents in passive smoking. Particle exposure during passive smoking seems to be low and a biomarker which indicates ETS particle exposure is as yet not available. These findings emphasize that risk extrapolations from active smoking to passive smoking which are based on cigarette equivalents or the use of one biomarker (e.g. cotinine) might be misleading.     

Hydroxyproline excretion in urine of smokers and passive smokers

Urinary hydroxyproline excretion was investigated in 125 male cigarette smokers, 194 male pipe and/or cigar smokers, and 24 male nonsmokers. Hydroxyproline excretion was calculated either as hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio or as body surface-standardized amounts of hydroxyproline excreted in urine sampled during day, during night, or over 24 hr. The association of hydroxyproline excretion with smoke uptake variables such as daily cigarette consumption, carboxyhemoglobin, serum cotinine, and nicotine in urine and with self-reported passive smoking exposure in nonsmokers was analyzed. The hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio was found to be unsuitable as a measure of hydroxyproline excretion since creatinine urine concentrations correlate inversely with smoke uptake in cigarette and pipe/cigar smokers. The amount of hydroxyproline excreted in 24-hr urine and standardized for body surface was not significantly associated with smoke uptake in pipe/cigar smokers or exposure to passive smoking in nonsmokers. In cigarette smokers the situation appeared similar, although the results were less clear-cut. The data do not favor the premise that measuring urinary hydroxyproline excretion is an accurate method of investigating a lung-damaging effect of smoking, passive smoking, or air pollution.     

被动吸烟对儿童生长发育的影响

吸烟对健康有害几乎是人人皆知的,但是被动吸烟对健康的危害还未引起人们足够的重视.被动吸烟对男女老少的健康均有影响,对儿童尤为严重.     

浙江省台州市成年人吸烟和被动吸烟状况调查

目的了解浙江省台州市成年人群的吸烟和被动吸烟情况,为制定有针对性的控烟措施提供基础资料。方法采用多阶段整群抽样方法于2010—2011年在全市9个县(市、区)抽取符合条件的成年人群作为本次研究的受试对象。分析指标包括吸烟率、开始吸烟年龄、吸烟者平均每日吸烟量、戒烟率和被动吸烟率等。结果调查对象吸烟率为23.6%,男性、女性吸烟率分别为48.0%和1.2%,两者差异有统计学意义(χ2=683.60,P<0.01)。开始吸烟的平均年龄为(22.9±5.5)岁,平均每天吸烟(20.4±12.8)支。不吸烟的调查对象被动吸烟率为40.2%,其中男性、女性分别为31.6%和43.2%。调查对象戒烟率为21.8%,其中男性、女性分别为21.9%和17.6%。被调查的吸烟者中有53.9%不打算戒烟。男性和女性吸烟者打算现在开始戒烟比例仅为5.4%和14.3%。分别仅有35.2%和29.5%的调查对象认为吸烟和被动吸烟对健康重度有害。结论台州市成人居民烟草暴露严重,居民吸烟率、被动吸烟率处于较高水平,戒烟率较低,烟草控制面临巨大挑战。     

2001-2008年北京市居民被动吸烟情况分析

吸烟产生的支流烟雾中尼古丁等有害物质的含量是主流烟雾的5.1倍,主要由被动吸烟者吸入.被动吸烟越来越引起社会各界的关注,已被确认是患肺癌、冠心病、成人慢性呼吸系统疾病和儿童哮喘等疾病的危险因素^[1].主动吸烟的危害已为大多数公众所知,但被动吸烟的危害及在我国目前的严重状况,应当引起公众的普遍关注.