儿童干眼的患病率及危险因素

既往认为儿童干眼是少见疾病，近年来儿童干眼的患病率增加，应引起重视。儿童干眼发病率约0.2%，患病率6.6%~20%。儿童干眼发生的危险因素包括长时间视频终端使用、过敏性结膜炎、隐形眼镜的配戴、被动吸烟及环境与营养因素等。（国际眼科纵览，2020, 44：117-120）     

Prevalence of dry eye subtypes in clinical optometry practice.

BACKGROUND: Dry eye conditions are now recognized as having multiple causes. A subtype-based dry eye diagnostic protocol was developed to determine the prevalence of dry eye and dry eye subtypes, and the effects of age and gender, in subjects presenting to clinical optometry practice. METHODS: Dry eye diagnostic criteria were: presence of one or more McMonnies dry eye survey primary symptoms, fluorescein tear break time < 10 s and rose bengal ocular surface staining. Dry eye subtype differential diagnosis was made predominantly on the basis of biomicroscopic signs. Subtype categories were: lipid anomaly dry eye (LADE), aqueous tear deficiency (ATD), primary mucin anomalies, allergic/toxic dry eye (ADE), primary epitheliopathies and lid surfacing/blinking anomalies (LSADE). RESULTS: Dry eye prevalence was 10.8% for n = 1584 subjects. Dry eye was significantly more prevalent in subjects 40 years or older (18.1%) compared with those < 40 years (7.3%) (p = 0.001). LADE was the most prevalent subtype (4.0%), followed by ADE at 3.1%, LSADE at 1.8%, and ATD at 1.7%. ATD was the only subtype with a significant gender prevalence difference, being more prevalent in women (p = 0.0023). The prevalence of LADE and ATD were significantly greater in those 40 years or older (p = 0.001 and p = 0.0023 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study support a subtype-based approach to dry eye diagnosis and management in clinical practice.     

准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术后干眼和屈光回退的相关性(英文)

目的:探讨准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术后干眼和屈光回退的相关性。方法:近视患者225例分别在LASIK术前及术后6mo进行Schirmer试验、泪膜破裂时间、角膜知觉和角、结膜荧光素染色检查,并接受McMonnies问卷调查。综合病史及治疗效果对结果作比较分析。结果:LASIK术后干眼和屈光回退显著相关。术后发生干眼症的32例患者中8例(25.0%)同时伴有屈光回退,而未发生干眼症的193例患者中仅18例(9.3%)伴有屈光回退,差异有极显著意义(P<0.01)。结论:LASIK术后干眼患者屈光回退的危险性增加。     

Association of dry eye disease and sun exposure in geographically diverse adult (≥40 years) populations of India: The SEED (sun exposure,environment and dry eye disease) study - Second report of the ICMR-EYE SEE study group

PurposeTo estimate the prevalence and determine risk factors for dry eye disease (DED) in geographically diverse regions of India.MethodA population based cross-sectional study was conducted on people aged ≥40 years in plain, hilly and coastal areas. Dry eye assessment by objective [tear film break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer I, corneal staining] and subjective [Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI)] parameters was performed with questionnaire-based assessment of exposure to sunlight, cigarette smoke, indoor smoke. The prevalence of DED with age, sex, occupation, location, smoking, exposure to sunlight, indoor smoke, diabetes, hypertension, was subjected to logistic regression analysis.Results9,735 people (age 54.5 ± 0.1 years; range 40–99, males 45.5%) were included. The prevalence of DED was 26.2%, was higher in plains (41.3%) compared to hilly (24.0%) and coastal area (9.9%) (p < 0.001) and increased with age (p < 0.001), female gender (p < 0.001), smoking (p < 0.001), indoor smoke (p < 0.001), diabetes (p-0.02), hypertension (0.001), occupations with predominant outdoor activity (p-0.013) and increasing exposure to sunlight (trend). Multi-logistic regression showed a positive association with female sex (OR-1.2, CI-1.01, 1.4), exposure to indoor smoke (OR-1.3, CI-1.1, 1.5), smoking (OR-1.2; CI-1.03, 1.3), prolonged exposure to sunlight (OR-1.8, CI-1.5, 2.2), hypertension (OR 1.3, CI-1.2, 1.4), diabetes (OR-1.2, CI-1, 1.5) and negative association with region - hilly (OR-0.5, CI-0.4, 0.6) and coastal (OR-0.2; CI-0.1, 0.2), and BMI (OR-0.8, CI-0.7, 0.9).ConclusionDED is common in population ≥40 years of age. Its prevalence is affected by extrinsic (geographic location, exposure to sunlight, smoking, indoor smoke) and intrinsic (age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, BMI) factors.     

Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye in 79,866 participants of the population-based Lifelines cohort study in the Netherlands

PurposeTo investigate the prevalence of dry eye among all adult age categories and to discover independent risk factors by investigating a wide range of etiological categories.MethodsA cross-sectional association study including 79,866 voluntary participants aged 20–94 years of the population-based Lifelines Cohort Study in the Netherlands.ResultsOverall, 9.1% of participants had dry eye disease as measured by the Women's Health Study dry eye questionnaire. Prevalence of dry eye symptoms were particularly prevalent in 20–30 years olds. Dry eye was associated with comorbidities in almost all body systems, including musculoskeletal, gastro-intestinal, ophthalmic, autoimmune, psychiatric, pain, functional, dermatological and atopic disorders. Numerous independent risk factors were discovered or confirmed, with strong associations for female sex, contact lens use, irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, eye surgery including cataract and laser refractive surgery, keratoconus, osteoarthritis, connective tissue diseases, atherosclerosis, Graves' disease, autistic disorder, depression, ‘burnout’, Crohn's disease, sarcoid, lichen planus, rosacea, liver cirrhosis, sleep apnea, sinusitis, thyroid function, and air pollution (NO₂). High blood pressure and high BMI were strongly associated with less dry eye, as was current smoking, while ex-smokers had more dry eye. No clear link between dry eye and lipid or blood glucose levels was found.ConclusionsThis study on dry eye confirmed but also refuted many risk factors from smaller epidemiological studies, and discovered numerous new risk factors in multiple etiological categories. The finding that dry eye symptoms are particularly common in young adults is concerning, and warrants further study.     

眼科门诊干眼患病率的初步调查和健康指导

目的:了解我院眼科门诊患者中干眼患者的患病情况,分析其影响因素,制定有针对性的健康指导措施。方法:对我院眼科门诊就诊的部分20岁以上患者392例(男性180例,女性212例)进行询问式调查、干眼检查[包括裂隙灯检查、泪液分泌试验I(SchirmerI)、泪膜破裂时间(BUT)测定]以确定诊断并分析其影响因素。结果:选取患者392例,其中干眼患者52例(13.3%),男性17例(4.3%),女性35例(8.9%)。其中20～39岁2例(0.5%),40～59岁27例(6.9%),≥60岁23例(5.9%)。环境因素影响者为34例(65.4%),全身疾病及用药患者18例(34.6%),眼部疾病及用药患者20例(38.5%),无明显诱因者6例(11.5%),同时存在2种及以上上述因素患者22例(42.3%)。结论:干眼发病年龄有下降趋势,发病因素有年龄、性别、全身疾病及用药、眼部疾病及用药、工作及生活环境等方面。应根据导致干眼的不同因素给予相应的健康指导,以减少干眼的发生及控制干眼症状。     

2011/2014年德州市特定人群干眼症流行趋势及相关危险因素研究

目的：了解德州市干眼症的流行病学特点,分析不同年龄、不同职业人群干眼症患病率的差别,寻找相关危险因素,为制定干眼症诊疗措施提供科学依据。
　　方法：对2011-02/2014-11在德州市疾病预防控制中心体检中心参加社会性体检的8145名普通人群开展干眼症问卷调查和相关眼部检查。
　　结果：目标人群中干眼症患者1803例,患病率为22.14%;女性患病率高于男性,男女之间差异有统计学意义(χ2=45.12,P<0.01);干眼症随年龄升高呈上升趋势,5~20岁、21~40岁、41~60岁、61~72岁人群患病率分别为9.61%(109/1134)、22.84%(789/3455)、23.06%(433/1878)、28.13%(472/1678),有统计学差异(χ2=95.76,P<0.01);女性5~20岁、41~60岁及61~72岁两类人群干眼症患病率显著高于同年龄组男性;各职业患病率具有显著差异,离退休人员最高(27.48%),有统计学差异(χ2=59.80,P<0.01);主诉症状排前三位的为眼部干涩感(30.40%)、视物模糊或视力波动(24.73%)、畏光(14.53%);多因素Logistic回归分析提示视频终端综合征、配戴角膜接触镜、滥用滴眼液、空气污染是干眼症的主要危险因素。
　　结论：德州市干眼症防治情况严峻,应掌握主要临床表现特点,及时明确诊断,并针对不同人群采取有针对性的健康教育和行为干预措施。     

眼科门诊儿童患者干眼流行病学特征分析

目的:研究眼科门诊儿童患者干眼发病率,分析干眼发病与儿童年龄、视觉显示终端使用及结膜炎的相关性。方法:顺序统计眼科门诊儿童患者(7~13岁)128例,采用改良的眼表疾病指数(OSDI)调查表及泪膜破裂时间(BUT)评价干眼患病率及严重程度。结果:本组儿童总体干眼患病率为19.5%,其中7~10岁组儿童64例,干眼患病率为15.6%;11~13岁组儿童64例,干眼患病率为23.4%。7~10岁组儿童OSDI平均为1.55±0.61,11~13岁组儿童OSDI平均为2.15±0.83,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。7~10岁组儿童BUT平均为12.05±3.25s,11~13岁组儿童BUT平均为10.05±2.97s,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。每天使用视觉显示终端超过2h组儿童干眼患病率为43.3%,对照组为12.2%;近3mo曾患结膜炎组儿童干眼患病率为26.3%,对照组为8.3%;组间OSDI及BUT差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:相当一部分儿童患者合并干眼,其发生与患儿年龄、过度使用视觉显示终端及罹患结膜炎相关。     

昌都市14岁以下儿童干眼症患病情况调查及危险因素分析

目的：探讨昌都市14岁以下儿童干眼症患病情况调查及危险因素。

方法：横断面研究,于2019-08对昌都市14岁以下中小学生进行流行病学调查,采用自制问卷调查,分析该地区14岁以下儿童干眼症患病情况调查及危险因素。

结果：本研究理论受检儿童2 648例,调查过程中共2 389例儿童接受调查,总体受调查率为90.22%,实际受检者中有干眼症状413例(17.29%),确诊干眼症331例,干眼症患病率为13.86%。单因素分析显示,干眼症儿童和非干眼症儿童的年龄、性别、眼部手术史、眼部外伤史、喜食蔬菜水果、过敏性结膜炎、倒睫、屈光不正、沙眼、睑缘炎、阅读书写姿势、隐形眼镜、看电脑或手机时间、被动吸烟、抗生素滴眼液的资料有差异(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic分析显示,年龄、过敏性结膜炎、睑腺炎、屈光不正、被动吸烟是昌都市儿童干眼症发生的危险因素(P<0.05)。

结论：昌都市14岁以下儿童干眼症发病率较高,年龄、过敏性结膜炎、睑腺炎、屈光不正、被动吸烟是昌都市儿童干眼症发生的危险因素。     

1416例门诊干眼病病因调查分析

目的 通过对眼科门诊就诊患者干眼病的检杏,分析干眼病的分布人群及干眼病的相关因素.方法 对4563例眼科门诊患者进行问卷调查,结合裂隙灯显微镜,泪液分泌试验,泪膜破裂时间及角结膜染色检查确定诊断.结果 眼科门诊患者中,干眼病患病率为31.03%,其中大于45岁、20～45岁、小于20岁发病率分别为9.14%、15.80%、6.09%;女性、男性发病率分别为21.08%、9.95%.干眼病患者中职员、工人、家务、经常配戴隐形眼镜者发病率分别为27.68%、19%、10.73%、9.75%.干眼病的发生与年龄、性别及职业明显相关.结论 不良的工作环境、滥用滴眼液、过度用眼及配戴角膜接触镜等是十眼病发生的高危因素,干眼病的病因与年龄密切相关.     

干眼在老年人群的患病率及发病率调查分析

目的 了解老年人群干眼(dry eye)的患病率和发病率,探讨其流行特征和相关危险因素.方法 1999年3月至2004年5月间,在进行健康查体的老年人群进行干眼相关检查,其中包括问卷调查、BUT、Schirmer试验、角结膜荧光染色、泪河带检查、全身病史调查.干眼的患病率与发病率用直接方法 计算,采用Logistic回归分析对5年中新发现的干眼的危险因素进行分析.结果共有3568人参与检查,平均随访4.6年,干眼的患病率在30.00%左右波动,发病率为13.95%,与年龄明显相关.主要临床表现为干涩感、眼疲劳、异物感.经Logistic多元逐步回归分析发现干眼的发病与年龄及糖尿病密切相关.但与体质指数、高血压、心血管疾病、结缔组织疾病、吸烟并无显著相关性.结论 随年龄增长干眼的患病率及发病率逐渐升高,糖尿病是干眼发病的危险因素,但与体质指数、高血压、心血管疾病、风湿性关节炎、吸烟并无明显相关.     

Prevalence and associations with ectropion in an older population: the Blue Mountains Eye Study

The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of eyelid ectropion and its associations with sunlight‐related and other ocular variables, plus systemic factors, in an older Australian population. The Blue Mountains Eye Study examined 3654 persons aged 49–97 years. Examination recorded ectropion and other ocular signs. The questionnaire assessed sunlight‐related and systemic variables. Ectropion was present in either eye of 143 subjects (3.9%) and was bilateral in 101 (70.6%). A marked age‐related increase in prevalence was observed with ectropion found in 0.3% of persons aged < 60 years, 1.2% of ages 60–69 years, 6.7% of ages 70–79 years and 16.7% of those aged 80 years or older. Ectropion prevalence was higher in men (5.1%) than women (3.0%), age‐adjusted odds ratio 2.1 (95% confidence interval 1.5–3.0). Statistically significant associations were found between ectropion and history of skin cancer removal, increased skin sun sensitivity, lighter iris colour and presence of pingueculum, as well as current smoking, hypertension, diabetes and stroke.     

Long-term incidence of dry eye in an older population

PURPOSE: To estimate the ten-year incidence of dry eye in an older population and examine its association with various risk factors. METHODS: The 43 to 86 year old population of Beaver Dam, WI, was examined in 1988 to 1990 (n = 4926) and 1993 to 1995 (n = 3722). Dry eye data were first collected in 1993 to 1995. Subsequent examinations or interviews occurred in 1998 to 2000 (n = 2827) and 2003 to 2005 (n = 2124). The incidence cohort comprised 2414 subjects not reporting dry eye in 1993 to 1995. Risk factor information, ascertained in 1993 to 1995, included demographics, medical history, cardiovascular disease risk factors, medications, and life-style factors. Ten-year cumulative incidence was estimated by the product-limit method. RESULTS: Over the 10-year period, 482 subjects developed a history of dry eye for an incidence of 21.6% (95% confidence interval, 19.9 to 23.3%). Incidence increased significantly (p < 0.001) with age. Incidence was greater in women (25.0%) than men (17.2%, p < 0.001). After adjusting for age, incidence was greater (p < 0.05) in subjects with arthritis, allergy or thyroid disease not treated with hormone, using antihistamines, antianxiety medications, antidepressants, oral steroids or vitamins, and poorer self-rated health. Incidence was less (p < 0.05) in subjects consuming alcohol. It was not significantly associated with blood pressure, hypertension, serum total or high density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass, diabetes, gout, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, smoking, caffeine use, or taking calcium channel blockers or anticholesterol medications. In a multivariable model with time-varying covariates, increased incidence was associated with age, female gender, poorer self-rated health, antidepressant or oral steroid use, and thyroid disease untreated with hormone. It was lower for those using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or with a sedentary lifestyle. CONCLUSIONS: Dry eye incidence is substantial. However, there are few associated risk factors. Some drugs (antihistamines, antianxiety drugs, antidepressants, oral steroids) are associated with greater risk, while angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors may be associated with lower risk.     

Prevalence and risk factors associated with dry eye symptoms: a population based study in Indonesia

AIM: To determine the prevalence and identify associated risk factors for dry eye syndrome in a population in Sumatra, Indonesia. METHODS: A one stage cluster sampling procedure was conducted to randomly select 100 households in each of the five rural villages and one provincial town of the Riau province, Indonesia, from April to June 2001. Interviewers collected demographic, lifestyle, and medical data from 1058 participants aged 21 years or over. Symptoms of dry eye were assessed using a six item validated questionnaire. Presence of one or more of the six dry eye symptoms often or all the time was analysed. Presence of pterygium was documented. RESULTS: Prevalence of one or more of the six dry eye symptoms often or all the time adjusted for age was 27.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 24.8 to 30.2). After adjusting for all significant variables, independent risk factors for dry eye were pterygium (p<0.001, multivariate odds ratio (OR) 1.8; 95% CI 1.4 to 2.5) and a history of current cigarette smoking (p=0.05, multivariate OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.0 to 2.2). CONCLUSIONS: This population based study provides prevalence rates of dry eye symptoms in a tropical developing nation. From our findings, pterygium is a possible independent risk factor for dry eye symptoms.     

Dry eye disease in French elderly subjects: the Alienor Study

Purpose: To describe dry eye disease in French elderly subjects. Methods: The Alienor Study is a population‐based study on age‐related eye disease in 963 residents of Bordeaux (France), aged 73 years or more. Self‐reported dry eye disease and use of artificial tears were documented through face‐to‐face interview. Dry eye symptoms were assessed using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire and tear film stability by tear break‐up time measurements (TBUT). Definite dry eye disease was defined as self‐reported dry eye, confirmed by use of artificial tears and/or OSDI greater or equal to 22. Results: Nine hundred and fifteen subjects, with mean age of 80 ± 4 years, returned the OSDI questionnaire. Of these, 271 (29.6%) subjects reported a dry eye disease and 135 (14.7%) were using artificial tears. An OSDI score > 22 was found in 359 (39.2%) subjects and a TBUT < 5 seconds in 335/746 (44.9%) subjects. Overall, definite dry eye affected 21.9% of subjects and was more frequent in women (27.1%) than in men (13.6%). After multivariate adjustment, dry eye disease was also significantly less frequent in subjects with high educational level (odds ratio (OR) = 0.49, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.31–0.78 for long secondary school) and more frequent in subjects with ocular hypertension (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.02–2.57) and those using anxiolytics (OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.02–2.29). Conclusions: This large observational study confirmed the high prevalence of dry eye symptoms among elderly subjects and confirmed some of the previously identified risk factors (in particular female gender and use of anxiolytics).     

Prevalence of Dry Eye Disease in Mongolians at High Altitude in China: The Henan Eye Study

Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of dry eye disease, analyze the associations between dry eye symptoms and signs, and identify the risk factors in an elderly Mongolian population at high altitude in China.

Methods: A population-based survey was conducted in 2006. A total of 2,486 Mongolians age 40 and older were selected. Symptoms of dry eye were assessed using a 6-item validated questionnaire. Dry eye disease was defined if participants reported one or more symptoms often or all the time. Positive signs included a tear-film breakup time of ≤10 seconds, a Schirmer test score of ≤ 5mm, or a fluorescein staining score ≥ 1 in one or both eyes. Presence of dry eye symptoms and positive signs were analyzed. Correlations between symptoms and signs, and risk factors were evaluated in a multivariate model.

Results: Of the 1,816 participants, 50.1% (95% confidence interval, 47.8–52.4) were symptomatic. Tear-film breakup time of ≤ 10 seconds was 37.7% (95% confidence interval, 35.5–39.9). A Schirmer test score of ≤ 5mm was 19.9% (95% confidence interval, 18.4–22.1). Fluorescein staining score ≥ 1 was 6.0% (95% confidence interval, 4.9–7.1). The correlation between dry eye symptoms and positive signs (tear-film breakup time of ≤ 10 seconds[r = 0.414, P < 0.001], Schirmer test score of ≤ 5mm [r = 0.164, P = 0.001], and fluorescein staining score ≥1 [r = 0.361, P < 0.001]) were statistically significant. Independent risk factors included increased age, age-related cataract and pterygium.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates a high prevalence rate of dry eye disease in a Mongolian population. Dry eye signs were significantly associated with dry eye symptoms.     

Dry eye after Lester Jones tube insertion for epiphora

Purpose: To report the occurrence of dry eye after Lester Jones tube (LJT) insertion.

Methods: Retrospective case series from a single unit. The dacrocystorhinostomy (DCR) was carried out using both endoscopic and external approachs; however, insertion of LJT used the same method as either a primary or secondary procedure. Dry eye as an outcome measure was only confirmed after three separate visits using the presence of both patient symptoms and dry eye signs with none preceding tube insertion.

Results: Fifty-four patients underwent consecutive LJT insertion over a 5-year period. Mean age was 52.6 (range 25–73 years). The majority were female 39 (72%). Revision surgery was required in 15 (27%) with 3 or more occurring in 6 (11%). In total, 9 patients developed dry eyes (17%). Mean age was 60 (range 47–73) years, 5 females and 4 males. Four of the dry eye individuals had undergone primary LJT insertion and the remaining five received their first LJT 6–24 (mean 15) months post-DCR. Two dry eye patients had previously undergone LASIK and radiotherapy.

Conclusion: A risk of dry eye following LJT placement is higher than the literature suggests. This should be considered and counseled, especially in those who have underlying pre-disposing factors. Ease of removal may be a desirable attribute in such cases.     

眼科门诊40岁以下人群干眼症的危险因素分析

目的:探讨眼科门诊40岁以下人群干眼症的危险因素,为降低干眼症的发生率,减轻干眼症的危害提供理论依据.方法:选取2015-04/09间在山西省眼科医院眼表疾病门诊就诊的患者及其陪同家属共440例为研究对象,年龄控制在40岁以下,取得患者知情同意后,行面对面访谈式问卷调查并依次行裂隙灯显微镜检查、泪膜破裂时间(tear break-up timeBUT)测定、泪液分泌试验(Schirmer Ⅰ test,SⅠt)、角膜荧光素染色(fluorescein,FL)等检查并记录检查结果.将确诊为干眼症的259例患者作为病例组,181例非干眼症患者作为对照组,采用病例对照研究的方法.结果:研究对象440例,男205例(46.6％),女235例(53.4％).确诊干眼症259例,患病率为58.9％.在单因素分析的基础上进行多元Logistic回归分析,结果显示,屈光不正(OR=4.582,95％CI:2.789 ～7.562)、每天阅读写作时间长(OR=1.380,95％CI:1.111～1.715)、阅读写作姿势不标准(OR =4.202,95％CI:2.531～6.977)、配戴隐形眼镜(OR=3.374,95％CI:1.837 ～6.196)、联合使用眼药(OR=3.749,95％CI:1.608 ～8.740)、鼻炎史(OR=2.244,95％ CI:1.412 ～4.410)、角结膜炎史(OR=3.971,95％ CI:2.005～7.866)、LASIK手术史(OR=4.494,95％CI:0.988 ～ 20.447)、家附近lkm内有污染建筑(OR=3.039,95％ CI:1.185 ～7.796)为干眼症的危险因素.结论:眼科门诊40岁以下人群干眼症患病率远高于一般人群.人们的不良生活习惯、行为方式、环境污染为40岁以下人群干眼症的主要危险因素.     

Chronic dry eye and regression after laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia

PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between chronic dry eye and refractive regression after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for myopia. SETTING: Excimer Laser Vision Centre and Centre for Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. METHODS: This study was based on a retrospective analysis of a clinical database and a case study series. Data (N = 565 eyes) were collected before and after (2 weeks and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months) LASIK. Three case studies, which highlight appropriate management strategies for LASIK candidates with dry eye, are presented. RESULTS: Regression after LASIK was related to chronic dry eye. It occurred in 12 (27%) of 45 patients with chronic dry eye and in 34 (7%) of 520 patients without (P<.0001). Patients with chronic dry eye had significantly worse myopic outcomes than those without (1 month, P =.02; 3 months, P =.01; 6 months, P =.004; 12 months, P =.008). The risk for chronic dry eye was significantly associated with female sex, higher attempted refractive correction, greater ablation depth, and the following pre-LASIK variables: increased ocular surface staining; lower tear volume, tear stability, and corneal sensation; and dry-eye symptoms before LASIK. The risk for regression was significantly associated with higher attempted refractive correction, greater ablation depth, and dry-eye symptoms after LASIK. Case studies demonstrated that intensive dry-eye treatment may improve the refractive outcome and alleviate the need for enhancement surgery. CONCLUSION: The risk for refractive regression after LASIK was increased in patients with chronic dry eye.     

Prevalence of Dry Eye in Uyghur and Han Ethnic Groups in Western China

Purpose: To describe and compare the prevalence and characteristics of dry eye among Han and Uyghur persons living in Kashi, the most inland city of China.

Methods: A total of 1015 residents of Kashi participated in this 2013 cross-sectional study. To evaluate clinical characteristics, each subject completed (1) a dry-eye questionnaire detailing symptoms of dry eye, (2) Schirmer’s I-test (SIT), (3) tear-film break-up time (BUT) test, and fluorescein staining of the cornea. Dry eye was defined as the existence of dry eye symptoms and at least two positive clinical signs. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. The prevalence and risk factors of dry eye were evaluated using a multivariate model.

Results: Overall, 282 (27.8%) of the 1015 participants were diagnosed with dry eye (95% confidence interval (CI): range, 25.5–30.1). The prevalence of dry eye among Han persons (37.9 %) (95% CI: range, 35.8–40.0) was higher than that among Uyghurs (21.8%) (95% CI: 19.6–24.0) (p < 0.05). The prevalence of dry eye was 25.6% (95% CI: range, 23.3–27.8) among men and 28.7% (95% CI: 26.5–30.9) among women (p > 0.05). Risk factors for dry eye included ethnicity, age, occupation, arthritis, and dry mouth.

Conclusions: Our study revealed a higher prevalence of dry eye among Han than Uyghur persons in Kashi. Dry eye was significantly associated with environment and ethnicity.