小气囊扩张术联合肉毒碱局部注射治疗贲门失弛缓症

目的探讨贲门失弛缓症患者小气囊扩张联合肉毒碱局部注射治疗对食管动力学的影响及临床效果。方法经X线钡剂造影、内镜检查、食管动力学检查确诊的贲门失弛缓症患者38例,在内镜或X线监视下,用OTW气囊扩张,压力为2.5kPa,持续10￣30s,重复2、3次,肉毒毒素于下食管括约肌内局部注射。在治疗前后分别采用瑞典CTDPCPolyraf液压毛细灌注系统对38例患者作下食管括约肌压力(LESP)与松弛率(LESRR)以及食管内24hpH检测。结果治疗前LESP为(7.58±1.43)kPa,松弛率为(30.75±3.36)%;治疗后LESP为(3.12±1.57)kPa,松弛率为(60.87±3.48)%,差异均有显著性(P<0.01)。治疗前后食管24hpH检测显示无异常反流,临床表现明显改善,可进半流质及普食。38例均未发生任何并发症。结论贲门失弛缓症患者存在明显动力障碍,小气囊扩张联合肉毒碱局部注射治疗效果明显,且不会造成胃食管反流。     

胃镜下小剂量注射肉毒毒素A治疗贲门失弛缓症的近期疗效观察

目的探讨注射小剂量肉毒毒素 A治疗贲门失弛缓症的方法与疗效。方法内镜下将小剂量肉毒毒素 A分点注射在 10例贲门失弛缓症患者的贲门处。结果 10例患者贲门口明显松弛和扩张。治疗前后贲门口直径分别为 (1.5± 1.11) mm和 (4 .3± 1.42 ) mm(P<0 .0 1) ;治疗前后食管 5分钟存留钡柱高度分别为 (2 2 9.8± 40 .9) mm和 (163 .9± 40 .3 ) mm(P<0 .0 1)。治疗前后经 Eckardt评分分级 ,治疗后均下降 1～ 3个级差。结论内镜下注射小剂量肉毒毒素 A治疗贲门失弛缓症 ,方法简便 ,近期疗效显著     

贲门失弛缓症内镜下扩张治疗的临床研究

目的探讨内镜直视下气囊扩张术治疗贲门失弛缓症的临床价值。方法1997年1月～2005年3月,对56例贲门失弛缓症患者采用内镜直视下气囊扩张术治疗,观察扩张前和扩张后4周患者的症状评分、钡餐造影显示的食管最大宽度(MWE)、下食管括约肌静息压(LESP)、下食管括约肌松弛率(LESRR)及食管体部蠕动情况,并对部分病人进行随访。结果①56例患者中,扩张后4周症状缓解率为89.3%,扩张后4周症状评分明显低于扩张前(P<0.01);②52例患者扩张前钡餐食管的最大宽度为(3.77±0.29)cm,扩张后4周为(2.84±0.33)cm,P<0.05;③49例患者扩张前LESP为(43.08±11.41)mmHg,扩张后4周LESP为(15.20±5.39)mmHg,P<0.01;扩张前LESRR为(14.19±7.47)%,扩张后4周LESRR为(88.45±11.46)%,P<0.001;食管体部均未恢复推进性蠕动波;④所有患者均有贲门黏膜撕裂等,未见出血等并发症;⑤随访6、12、24个月及以上分别有86.3%(44/51)、84.4%(38/45)和82.1%(23/28)的病人无症状复发。结论内镜直视下气囊扩张术治疗贲门失弛缓症近期及远期疗效满意;临床疗效可能与治疗后食管动力学变化有关。     

贲门失弛缓症的动力研究和胃镜直视下气囊扩张治疗

目的 :研究贲门失弛缓症患者扩张治疗前后食管动力学特征及气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的可行性。方法 :35例患者 ,均在非透视胃镜直视引导下行扩张治疗。其中 17例扩张治疗前、治疗后 3d以内、治疗后 3月、10例治疗后 1年行食管测压 ,观察下食管括约肌压力 (LESP)、松弛率 (LESR)及食管体部蠕动收缩的压力波幅和时限。结果 :35例患者扩张治疗全部有效。扩张后从症状积分看出 ,扩张后患者的临床症状明显改善 ,且持续一年 (P <0 .0 0 1)。扩张治疗后LESP ,LESR明显改善 ,以LESP下降尤为明显。结论 :气囊扩张法治疗贲门失弛缓症的近远期疗效均好 ,气囊扩张治疗疗效肯定 ,应予推荐。     

球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症55例食管动力变化分析

目的探讨内镜下球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症前后的食管动力变化。方法应用球囊扩张器对55例确诊为贲门失弛缓症的患者进行扩张治疗,并进行治疗前后食管压力测定。结果治疗后食管下括约肌压力及食管下括约肌松弛压明显降低（P〈0.01）,食管下括约肌松弛率明显升高（P〈0.01）,食管下括约肌长度差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症疗效较好,食管测压是检查食管动力的最敏感指标。     

肉毒素注射与气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的对照研究

目的比较肉毒素注射及气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的近期、远期疗效。方法56例贲门失弛缓症患者随机分为2组。气囊扩张组30例，肉毒素注射组26例；随访9—14个月，对2组患者治疗前后的症状、X线钡餐检查、食管下端括约肌静息压（LESP）和食管下端括约肌松弛率（LESRR）进行比较分析。结果治疗前肉毒素注射组食管压力测定结果[LESP（45．2±11．7）mmHg，LESRR（53±7．3）％]与气囊扩张组[LESP（46．3±8．9）mmHg，LESRR（83．6±7．7）％]比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），治疗后1个月2组指标与治疗前比较明显好转（P〈0．05），但2组间比较差异无统计学意义。治疗后12个月肉毒素注射组LESP高于气囊扩张组、LESRR低于扩张组，2组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论肉毒素注射和气囊扩张为治疗贲门失弛缓症有效方法，肉毒素注射法并发症少，但远期缓解率低于气囊扩张组。     

贲门失弛缓症肉毒毒素注射治疗前后食管动力学的研究

目的探讨贲门失弛缓症患者的食管动力特征及肉毒毒素局部注射治疗后食管动力学的改变。方法28例患者内镜下局部注射肉毒毒素,分别于治疗前、治疗后1周、3个月时测定下食管括约肌的压力(LESP)、松弛率(LESRR)和食管体部的动力。结果治疗前,LESP为(42.68±17.16)mmHg,LESRR(38.69±3.66)%,吞咽时100%患者食管体部为同步收缩,无推进性蠕动波。肉毒毒素注射治疗后1周和3个月时,LESP分别为(23.35±4.86)mmHg和(22.74±4.02)mmHg,LESRR分别为(79.98±4.16)%和(80.48±3.79)%,但吞咽时食管体部的动力无改善。结论内镜下LES内注射肉毒毒素,可减低LESP和提高LESRR。     

食管球囊扩张术致食管破裂1例

患者女,74岁。2006年主诉因吞咽困难到本院就诊,诊断为食管贲门痉挛失弛缓症,于放射科行食管球囊扩张,术后患者状态良好,进食正常(见封2图1)。2008年该患者再次出现吞咽困难,于本院放射科再次行食管球囊扩张术:常规口咽黏膜麻醉,经口腔置入0.35黑泥鳅导丝通过贲门入胃,沿该导丝置入25mm×60mm球囊行扩张成形术。充气加压使球囊充盈致食管     

贲门失弛缓症内镜下球囊扩张治疗及复发的预测因素

目的 :观察球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效及复发率 ,探讨贲门失弛缓症球囊扩张治疗后复发的预测因素。方法 :应用球囊扩张治疗并随访半年以上 ,比较复发组与非复发组在性别、年龄、病程、食管最大径、球囊扩张直径、球囊扩张类型及扩张时间等方面的差异 ,并进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 :球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症有效率为 10 0 % ,复发率为 2 3.3% ,复发组与非复发组在年龄及病程两方面存在差异 ,病程的回归系数为 - 1.35 8(P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :球囊扩张术是治疗贲门失弛缓症有效的方法 ,但存在一定的复发率 ,病程是贲门失弛缓症球囊扩张治疗后复发的唯一预测因素。     

胸腔镜辅助Heller肌层切开术治疗贲门失弛缓症

目的总结胸腔镜辅助Heller肌层切开术治疗贲门失弛缓症的经验。方法2001￣2003年间5例贲门失弛缓症患者行胸腔镜辅助Heller肌层切开术。其手术要点为纵行切开由贲门上6cm至贲门下1cm胃底、食管肌层,直达黏膜下层,同时确保黏膜完整。结果男3例,女2例,年龄16～65岁,平均(43.7±22.6)岁,病史2～32a。1例为外院手术治疗后复发,其余患者术前未接受治疗。手术2.0～4.5h,平均(2.8±1.4)h。胸腔引流管置管2～7d,胸腔引流110～460mL。住院4～21d。所有患者均未发生食管漏,无手术死亡。随访3个月以上,吞咽困难均缓解良好。结论胸腔镜辅助Heller肌层切开术治疗贲门失弛缓症具有安全、有效、微创的优点。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.