肾损伤出血的超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗

目的总结超选择性肾动脉栓塞在肾损伤出血治疗中的应用效果。方法2001年1月~2006年12月12例肾损伤血尿患者,肾结石肾积水行切开取石术后7例,肾穿刺活检术后2例;肾脏闭合性损伤2例,刀刺伤1例。行超选择性肾动脉栓塞术,以弹簧圈(5例)、PVA(6例)、丝线(1例)进行栓塞。结果术中证实12例均为肾段或肾段以下动脉损伤,术后所有病例新鲜出血立即停止,随访1~3个月,效果良好,未见有肾血管性高血压。结论肾损伤出血以超选择性插管栓塞为佳。     

超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗MPCNL术后肾出血

目的研究MPCNL术后肾出血的介入止血方法和效果。方法 2008年4月至2009年10月间经MPCNL治疗上尿路结石后肾出血患者15例,行超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗术,回顾性分析其临床资料。结果本组患者治疗后效果满意,一次栓塞成功14例（93.3%）,1例栓塞后另一血管分支再出血,经第二次栓塞血止。结论介入方法治疗MPCNL术后肾出血具有安全、有效、创伤小、预后好、恢复快等优点,是MPCNL术后肾出血的首选手术方法之一。     

超选择性肾动脉栓塞术治疗肾损伤性出血围手术期护理体会

目的总结超选择性肾动脉栓塞术治疗肾损伤性出血围手术期的护理体会。方法回顾性分析25例闭合性肾损伤患者在数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography,DSA）下使用明胶海绵或金属弹簧圈进行超选择性肾动脉栓塞术患者护理资料。结果25例患者经超选择肾出血动脉插管栓塞治疗后临床症状很快得到缓解,3—24h尿液转清。2例休克患者血压1～2h内恢复正常。2例出现穿刺侧足背动脉搏动消失、局部皮肤温度降低现象,经过适当放松减压后症状均缓解。2例在行肾动脉栓塞后患侧腰部胀痛不适,能耐受。术后18例出现不同程度体温升高,在37．5℃-38．6℃之间,持续1～3d,经对症处理降至正常。均获随访,平均6（3～12）个月,所有患者经B超检查,双肾形态对称,无异常改变。肾功能检查无异常。结论术前健康宣教,术中积极配合,术后密切观察病情,对减少超选择性肾动脉栓塞术并发症发生并帮助病人顺利度过围手术期均具有十分重要的作用。     

微创经皮肾通道输尿管镜钬激光碎石术与开放手术治疗鹿角形肾结石疗效比较

目的比较微创经皮肾穿刺（mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL）联合输尿管镜钬激光碎石术和开放性手术治疗鹿角形肾结石的疗效,探讨鹿角形肾结石的最佳治疗方法。方法108例鹿角形肾结石患者按照治疗方法分为两组：MPCNL组60例,开放手术组48例;术后随访并评价1个月结石清除率。结果MPCNL组无一例中转开放手术,手术后血红蛋白下降（11.75±3.79）g/L,输血率为21.67%,术后住院时间平均（5.32±1.63）d,治疗费用平均（9.02±1.40）×10^3元,均明显低于开放手术组的（18.10±4.66）g/L、41.67%、（13.10±1.64）d及（11.92±1.58）×10^3元（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;术后1个月结石清除率为85.00%（51/60）,显著高于开放手术组68.75%（33/48）。结论MPCNL具有结石清除率高、出血少、恢复快、治疗费用低的优点,对于较大、开放手术后复发或残留的鹿角形肾结石患者尤为适宜,可作为鹿角形肾结石的首选治疗方法。     

超选择性动脉造影并栓塞术诊治空回肠出血性疾病

目的探讨经皮肠系膜上动脉造影并选择性栓塞术治疗空回肠急慢性出血的可行性。方法对2001年12月-2004年12月经皮肠系膜上动脉造影诊断为急慢性空回肠出血的9例患者，均予超选择性微导管靶血管插管注入明胶海绵颗粒栓塞止血，再造影复查确认止血成功。结果9例患者中，空肠壁血管畸形4例，回盲部溃疡并出血3例，7例动脉血管栓塞即时止血成功；2例空肠间质瘤患者予栓塞止血后择期行手术切除，均痊愈出院。平均随访1．8年(6个月-3年)，未再出血，无肠管坏死、穿孔及血管损伤等严重并发症发生。结论空回肠出血部位、性质难以确定，出血量大而时间较久的患者内科疗法效果不理想，剖腹探查有较大的盲目性；经皮肠系膜上动脉超选择性动脉造影并栓塞止血，创伤小、并发症少，可同时进行诊断、治疗，具有其独特的优越性，值得推广。     

经皮肾镜下气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石(附42例报告)

目的评价经皮肾镜下气压弹道联合超声碎石术处理复杂性肾结石的疗效。方法回顾性分析2006年2月～2007年1月采用经皮肾镜下气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗的复杂性肾结石42例44侧临床资料。结果42例患者均成功建立皮肾通道,采用一期单通道碎石39例,行一期两通道碎石3例。全组行一期碎石术37例,行二期碎石术5例。手术时间25～130min,平均(80±10)min,结石处理时间平均为(58±9)min,结石清除率88.1%(37/42)。5例多发性结石患者结石残留,经原通道二期碎石2例,ESWL3例,均获治愈。1例患者因术中大出血输浓缩红细胞3U。随诊1～9月,无严重手术并发症。结论经皮肾镜下气压弹道联合超声碎石术处理复杂的肾结石,具有疗效佳、安全性高、损伤小、结石清除率高的优点,值得临床推广应用。     

经皮肾穿刺造瘘在梗阻性肾功能不全中的临床价值

目的：探讨经皮肾穿刺造瘘（PCN）在梗阻性肾功能不全诊治中的临床价值。方法：对49例梗阻性肾功能不全患者在B超引导下行PCN引流肾积水（脓）,经造瘘管造影了解梗阻原因及部位,病情好转稳定后手术解除梗阻。结果145例患者经引流后BUN、Cr均有下降,手术解除梗阻后恢复好。4例患者经引流后BuN、Cr无明显下降,继续行血透治疗。无死亡病例。结论：在梗阻性肾功能不全的诊治中,PCN能尽快引流肾积水（脓）,改善肾功能,避免血液透析或减少血透次数,减轻患者经济负担;可动态监测肾功能变化,避免治疗上的盲目性;建立的通道为二期手术打开方便之门,尤其是结石梗阻性肾功能木全诊治具有重要的应用价值;使急症手术变为择期手术,降低了手术死亡率及术后并发症发生率;同时经肾造瘘管造影可提高诊断符合率。这种方法微创安全,简单有效,经济实惠,值得推广。     

微创经皮肾镜EMS联合钬激光治疗巨大鹿角形肾结石临床研究

目的研究微创经皮肾镜EMS联合钬激光手术治疗巨大鹿角形肾结石的临床疗效。方法选取我院在2012年8月至2014年8月间收治的126例巨大鹿角形肾结石患者的临床资料,随机分为两组,每组各63例。两组均采取微创经皮肾镜取石术,对照组进行气压弹道联合超声碎石,观察组在此基础上加用钬激光碎石治疗,比较两组患者的住院时间、术中出血量与取石率等情况。结果 1观察组的术中出血量、住院时间明显低于对照组,对比具有统计学意义(P0.05)。2观察组的1次取石成功率明显高于对照组,对比有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组总取石成功率高于对照组,对比具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论微创经皮肾镜手术治疗巨大鹿角形肾结石有显著疗效,在临床治疗中可将气压弹道联合超声碎石与钬激光碎石方法相结合,能取得更优的疗效。     

术前超声定位经皮肾输尿管镜取石术在基层医院的应用

目的评价术前超声定位在经皮肾输尿管镜取石术的价值。方法112例肾结石病例随机分成两组,实验组58例,术前B超定位并标记,术中结合C臂定位穿刺建立通道。对照组54例,采用传统的C臂机下定位穿刺。结果实验组建立通道60个,对照组建立通道58个。实验组手术人员暴露X线下时间为(16±4)s,低于对照组的(54±10)s(P<0.05),一期取石成功率为100%,高于对照组(90.74%)(P<0.01)。对照组2例改开放手术,3例由于损伤集合系统,术中出血严重,改二期取石。结论术前B超定位标记,术中结合C臂穿刺建立经皮肾穿刺通道安全,手术人员接触放射线时间缩短,一期取石率高,适于基层医院应用。     

Post-percutaneous nephrolithotomy extensive hemorrhage: a study of risk factors

PURPOSE: We identified risk factors predicting severe bleeding due to percutaneous nephrolithotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Computerized data on 2,909 patients who underwent a total of 3,878 percutaneous nephrolithotomy procedures between January 1995 and December 2005 were retrospectively reviewed. Data on patients who experienced severe bleeding requiring angiographic renal embolization were compared with those on other patients using univariate and multivariate analyses. We tested the characteristics of patients, kidneys and stones together with details of the operative procedure and surgeon experience. RESULTS: Severe bleeding complicated a total of 39 procedures (1%) in 25 males and 14 females with a mean age of 50.7 +/- 12.6 years. Associated morbidity included shock in 6 patients and perirenal hematoma in 4. Renal angiography revealed pseudoaneurysm in 20 patients, arteriovenous fistula in 9, the 2 lesions in 8 and arterial laceration in 2. Bleeding could be controlled with superselective embolization in 36 patients (92.3%). Followup was available on 33 patients (mean 21 +/- 15 months). Renal function was stable in all patients except 3 who had a post-embolization increase in serum creatinine, of whom all had a solitary kidney and none required renal replacement therapy. Significant risk factors for severe bleeding were upper caliceal puncture, solitary kidney, staghorn stone, multiple punctures and inexperienced surgeon. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy should be performed by an experienced endourologist in patients at risk for severe bleeding, such as those with a solitary kidney or staghorn stones.     

Embolization of Polycystic Kidneys as an Alternative to Nephrectomy Before Renal Transplantation: A Pilot Study

In autosomal polycystic kidney disease, nephrectomy is required before transplantation if kidney volume is excessive. We evaluated the effectiveness of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) to obtain sufficient volume reduction for graft implantation. From March 2007 to December 2009, 25 patients with kidneys descending below the iliac crest had unilateral renal TAE associated with a postembolization syndrome protocol. Volume reduction was evaluated by CT before, 3, and 6 months after embolization. The strategy was considered a success if the temporary contraindication for renal transplantation could be withdrawn within 6 months after TAE. TAE was well tolerated and the objective was reached in 21 patients. The temporary contraindication for transplantation was withdrawn within 3 months after TAE in 9 patients and within 6 months in 12 additional patients. The mean reduction in volume was 42% at 3 months (p = 0.01) and 54% at 6 months (p = 0.001). One patient required a cyst sclerosis to reach the objective. The absence of sufficient volume reduction was due to an excessive basal renal volume, a missed accessory artery and/or renal artery revascularization. Embolization of enlarged polycystic kidneys appears to be an advantageous alternative to nephrectomy before renal transplantation.