How many drinks did you have on September 11, 2001?

OBJECTIVE: This study tested the predictability of error in retrospective self-reports of alcohol consumption on September 11, 2001, among 80 Vermont light, medium and heavy drinkers. METHOD: Subjects were 52 men and 28 women participating in daily self-reports of alcohol consumption for a total of 2 years, collected via interactive voice response technology (IVR). In addition, retrospective self-reports of alcohol consumption on September 11, 2001, were collected by telephone interview 4-5 days following the terrorist attacks. Retrospective error was calculated as the difference between the IVR self-report of drinking behavior on September 11 and the retrospective self-report collected by telephone interview. Retrospective error was analyzed as a function of gender and baseline drinking behavior during the 365 days preceding September 11, 2001 (termed "the baseline"). RESULTS: The intraclass correlation (ICC) between daily IVR and retrospective self-reports of alcohol consumption on September 11 was .80. Women provided, on average, more accurate self-reports (ICC = .96) than men (ICC = .72) but displayed more underreporting bias in retrospective responses. Amount and individual variability of alcohol consumption during the 1-year baseline explained, on average, 11% of the variance in overreporting (r = .33), 9% of the variance in underreporting (r = .30) and 25% of the variance in the overall magnitude of error (r = .50), with correlations up to .62 (r2 = .38). CONCLUSIONS: The size and direction of error were clearly predictable from the amount and variation in drinking behavior during the 1-year baseline period. The results demonstrate the utility and detail of information that can be derived from daily IVR self-reports in the analysis of retrospective error.     

Alcohol mixed with energy drinks: what about taurine?

Psychopharmacology - Since energy drinks (EDs) were marketed to the general public as recreational and soft drinks, mixing these with alcohol has become a popular practice, especially in the...     

Who drinks and why? A review of socio-demographic,personality, and contextual issues behind the drinking motives in young people

The aim was to review the empirical research carried out over the last 15 years on the characteristics of young people (10- to 25-year olds) who have specific motives for drinking. In a computer-assisted search of relevant literature, 82 studies were identified. Concerning demographic factors, a developmental trend was found - from general, undifferentiated drinking motives in late childhood and early adolescence to more gender-specific drinking motives in subsequent years. With regard to personality factors, two specific patterns can be distinguished: extraversion and sensation-seeking correlate with enhancement motives, while neuroticism and anxiety correlate most strongly with coping motives. For contextual factors, drinking motives were found to vary across countries but not among different ethnic groups in the same culture. Based on these results, preventive strategies should take into account general, undifferentiated drinking motivation in late childhood, and social and enhancement motives in adolescence, particularly among boys. Findings on personality indicate that it would be useful to focus on extraverted, sensation-seeking boys who drink for enhancement motives and neurotic, anxious girls who drink for coping motives.     

RTDs in Australia: Expensive designer drinks or cheap rocket fuel?

Introduction and Aims . The ready‐to‐drink (RTD) market is growing rapidly, and this product category has been shown to be particularly appealing to young drinkers. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the range and availability of RTDs available in New South Wales (NSW) (including metropolitan, regional and rural areas), with a particular focus on the variations in alcohol content and pricing. Design and Methods . A total of 52 alcohol outlet audits were conducted across nine locations, including metropolitan, regional and rural New South Wales. Trained auditors recorded the RTDs for sale in each outlet, including product characteristics and prices for each product, and overall fridge/store space allocated to RTDs. Results . Across the 52 bottle shops audited, 150 individual RTD alcohol products were identified, ranging from 4.8% to 7.5% alcohol by volume and from 1.0 to 2.7 standard drinks (SD) per unit. When purchased in multipacks (typically four or six units), the cost per SD ranged from $1.95 to $3.70, decreasing to as low as $1.22 per SD when on special. Discussion and Conclusions . The proliferation of high‐strength RTDs and the substantial discounting of multipack purchases means that RTDs can no longer be seen as expensive low‐strength sweet‐flavoured drinks targeted at female drinkers, but as a broader product category that includes high‐strength male‐targeted brands. There is a need for further research to examine young people's preferences for these different product types; and consideration of policies, alongside price‐based interventions, that address broader marketing strategies.[Jones SC, Barrie L. RTDs in Australia: Expensive designer drinks or cheap rocket fuel? Drug Alcohol Rev 2011;30;4–11]     

Who drinks most of the alcohol in the US? The policy implications

OBJECTIVE: The concentration of alcohol consumption in the U.S. among the heaviest drinkers is analyzed with data from two recent probability samples of the adult population. METHOD: Pooled data from four national telephone surveys (N = 7,049; 4,784 drinkers) with uniform methodology are used for the primary analysis, and data from an in-person national household survey (N = 2,058; 1,308 drinkers) are used for confirmatory analysis. Each survey systematically measured self-reported alcohol consumption during the prior year using a "graduated frequencies" approach designed to capture drinking at a series of amount-per-day levels. RESULTS: The two studies produced very similar estimates: the top 2.5% of drinkers by volume account for 27% and 25% of the nation's total self-reported alcohol consumption in the telephone and in-person surveys, respectively; the top 5% account for 42% and 39%; and the top 20% of drinkers account for 89% and 87% in each survey, respectively. Men were overrepresented at the highest volumes, contributing about 76% of the country's total reported consumption. Similarly, young adults aged 18 to 29 are disproportionately represented in the heaviest drinking levels; constituting 27% of the population, they account for about 45% of overall adult drinking. CONCLUSIONS: The bulk of the alcohol reported drunk in the U.S. is consumed by a relatively small population of very heavy drinkers. Prevention policies implied by this concentration include strengthening of social norms discouraging heavy consumption, restricting marketing practices that target heavy drinkers, and implementing measures to reduce consumption by the heaviest drinkers.     

Testing different thresholds for risky episodic drinking—What's so special about five drinks?

Background

Studies of episodic drinking typically use a measure based on the frequency of drinking five or more standard drinks (a definition which itself varies based on the standard units being used). While this threshold clearly defines drinking behaviour with a range of risks and negative consequences, there has been limited research outside of US college-based studies to determine the appropriateness of this definition. This study examines fifteen different risky-drinking thresholds to assess which definitions of risky drinking best predict negative outcomes.

Methods

This paper presents an analysis of a national survey sample of 19,757 drinkers. The appropriateness of each threshold is assessed using basic risk-curves, specificity and sensitivity analyses and the performance of each threshold definition in multivariate logistic regression models. Risky drinking was defined in fifteen ways (based on frequency and volume) and tested against a series of self-reported negative outcomes and risky behaviours.

Results

The study finds that the most appropriate risky drinking threshold for these data varies based on the mode of analysis and on the type of outcome being considered. Across all approaches used, risky drinking thresholds of seven or fewer drinks performed better than higher thresholds.

Conclusions

While individual level risks peak at higher levels of consumption, these findings support the continuing use of relatively low thresholds for defining risky-drinking, as risk across the total population is highest at these levels.     

Alcohol mixed with energy drinks: Are there associated negative consequences beyond hazardous drinking in college students?

Objective

The consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) is prevalent among college students as is hazardous drinking, a drinking pattern that places one at risk for alcohol-related harm. The present study, therefore, examined associations between AmED use, hazardous drinking, and alcohol-related consequences in college students.

Methods

Based on a probability sample conducted in 2010, participants were 606 undergraduate students aged 18–25. AmED consumption included lifetime and past year use. Hazardous drinking and alcohol-related consequences were measured during the past year. Point prevalence was used to estimate rates of AmED use, and chi-square, ANOVA, and logistic regression were used to examine associations between AmED use, hazardous drinking, and alcohol-related consequences.

Results

Lifetime and past year AmED use prevalence rates were 75.2% and 64.7%, respectively. Hazardous drinkers who engaged in AmED use were significantly more likely than past year hazardous drinkers who did not engage in AmED use to have had unprotected sex (OR = 2.35, CI 1.27–4.32).

Conclusions

AmED use appears to be highly prevalent among college students, and AmED use may confer additional risk for unprotected sex beyond hazardous drinking. Unprotected sex has implications for public health, and students who drink hazardously and consume AmED may be at greater risk.     

毛磊,王静凤,陈鹏,张昕,王一名,常耀光,薛长湖*

目的 研究梅花参岩藻聚糖硫酸酯(Fucoidan from Thelenota ananas,Ta-FUC)对高脂高果糖诱导的胰岛素抵抗模型小鼠慢性炎症的改善作用及相关信号通路。 方法 采用高脂高果糖饲喂C57BL/6小鼠,建立胰岛素抵抗模型。雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为6组：正常对照组、模型对照组、阳性对照组(RSG,1 mg/(kg.d))、Ta-FUC低剂量组(20 mg/(kg.d))和Ta-FUC高剂量组(80 mg/(kg.d))。连续饲喂13 wk后,检测各组小鼠血糖、胰岛素和炎症因子水平以及炎症信号通路NF-κB中关键基因mRNA的表达。 结果 Ta-FUC能显著降低小鼠体脂比,显著降低空腹血糖和空腹血清胰岛素水平,提高葡萄糖和胰岛素耐受水平。显著降低血清促炎因子FFA、TNF-α、IL-6、抵抗素、瘦素和CRP含量,显著提高血清抗炎因子IL-10和脂联素含量。显著下调NF-κB信号通路关键基因Ikkβ和NF-κB mRNA的表达量,上调NF-κB抑制物I-κBα mRNA的表达量。结论 梅花参岩藻聚糖硫酸酯通过抑制炎症信号通路NF-κB,显著改善胰岛素抵抗模型小鼠的慢性炎症。     

腹泻,血便,干咳,浮肿,昏迷

病历摘要患儿，男，7岁。因腹泻、腹痛、血便6周，干咳、下肢浮肿2周，于1990年5月15日入院。1990年4月3日，患儿开始腹泻，大便由3～4次／日增加到10次／日以上，粘液糊状便，量较多，混有少量鲜血，伴脐周阵发性隐痛、腹胀及恶心呕吐，低热，体温37．3℃～38℃，无里急后重。     

Interspecies scaling of excretory amounts using allometry – retrospective analysis with rifapentine,aztreonam, carumonam,pefloxacin, miloxacin,trovafloxacin, doripenem,imipenem, cefozopran,ceftazidime, linezolid for urinary excretion and rifapentine,cabotegravir, and dolutegravir for fecal excretion

1.?Interspecies allometry scaling for prediction of human excretory amounts in urine or feces was performed for numerous antibacterials. Antibacterials used for urinary scaling were: rifapentine, pefloxacin, trovafloxacin (Gr1/low;?<10%); miloxacin, linezolid, PNU-142300 (Gr2/medium; 10–40%); aztreonam, carumonam, cefozopran, doripenem, imipenem, and ceftazidime (Gr3/high; >50%). Rifapentine, cabotegravir, and dolutegravir was used for fecal scaling (high; >50%).

2.?The employment of allometry equation: Y?=?aW^b enabled scaling of urine/fecal amounts from animal species. Corresponding predicted amounts were converted into % recovery by considering the respective human dose. Comparison of predicted/observed values enabled fold difference and error calculations (mean absolute error [MAE] and root mean square error [RMSE]). Comparisons were made for urinary/fecal data; and qualitative assessment was made amongst Gr1/Gr2/Gr3 for urine.

3.?Average correlation coefficient for the allometry scaling was >0.995. Excretory amount predictions were largely within 0.75- to 1.5-fold differences. Average MAE and RMSE were within ±22% and 23%, respectively. Although robust predictions were achieved for higher urinary/fecal excretion (>50%), interspecies scaling was applicable for low/medium excretory drugs.

4.?Based on the data, interspecies scaling of urine or fecal excretory amounts may be potentially used as a tool to understand the significance of either urinary or fecal routes of elimination in humans in early development.     

发热,头痛,昏迷

病史摘要患者男性，47岁，工人，苏州市人，住院号19297。1994年12月23日发热起病，最高达39．7C，伴有头痛、恶心，无咳嗽、咳痰。院外抗炎治疗无效，病后第11天出现意识障碍，未见抽搐和肢体活动障碍，第14天入我院时神志陵陇，瞳孔等大（Zmm），光反应好，眼底正常，可见四肢活动，左侧Chadock（土），颈有抵抗，克氏征（士）。其它系统检查未见明显异常，体温36．SC。既往有“胃溃疡”和“阑尾炎”病史，余无特殊。辅助检查中，腰穿CSF压力290mmH。O，无色透明，WBC60个／mm‘，以淋巴细胞为主，蛋白1．84召儿，糖2．3mmol／L，氯…     

甲,乙,丙,丁,戊型肝炎诊断进展

本文综述了甲、乙、丙、丁、戊型肝炎的诊断进展，分析了各种常规检测方法的优缺点，介绍了分子生物学技术在肝炎诊断中的应用。作者指出，聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术及其与液相杂交或ＤＮＡ印迹试验的结合使用，为丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）感染的诊断提供了非常有效的方法。     

腹痛,发热,昏迷

病例报告 患者 女,22岁,已婚。主因间歇性腹痛4个月加重5天,于1985年1月22日入院。入院前4个月无诱因出现不规律腹痛,以左下腹为主,大便正常,食欲尚可,能操劳一般家务。2个月前腹痛发作较前频繁,偶有恶心呕吐,呕吐物系胃内容,伴有低热。曾去本市几家医院就诊,均未明确诊断,院外用药不洋,治疗效果不明显。于入院前5天腹痛加剧,不能进食,进食即吐,少尿,能排气。我院急症室诊断:(1)