强直性肌营养不良临床、电生理和肌肉病理研究

目的探讨强直性肌营养不良(DM)的临床、电生理和肌肉病理表现,提高对该病的认识。方法 4例患者结合家族史、临床表现、电生理和肌肉病理检查确诊为DM。并分析DM的特点。结果 4例患者均有颞肌萎缩和四肢肌无力、肌萎缩、肌强直;同时4例患者均有脱发;2例患有白内障;3例有Ⅰ度房室传导阻滞。肌肉病理检查主要表现为:Ⅰ型纤维萎缩、大量肌核内移和核链形成,肌膜下肌浆块和环形纤维的形成。结论临床以肌无力、肌萎缩、肌强直为主要表现的多系统损害的遗传性疾病要及时考虑到强直性肌营养不良的可能,肌电图和肌肉病理是诊断该病的关键,必要时可行基因检测以明确诊断。     

强直性肌营养不良的肌肉病理特点

目的:总结强直性肌营养不良(DM)的肌肉病理特点。方法:分析8例强直性肌营养不良患者肌肉活检标本的光镜和电镜检查结果。结果:光镜下病理改变,8例标本示肌纤维萎缩,Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维均受累,以Ⅰ型肌纤维萎缩为主,且均有核内移,核链形成。电镜下病理改变:4例为肌节不清晰,4例肌丝排列紊乱,3例肌丝溶解、肌纤维坏死,3例肌膜下肌浆块。结论:DM的病理特征为核内移,核链形成,以Ⅰ型纤维为主的肌萎缩,伴有Z带破坏,肌纤维坏死,肌浆块和肌膜微小缺损等。     

强直性肌营养不良Ⅱ型患者的临床、病理与基因特点

目的总结强直性肌营养不良Ⅱ型(DM2)的临床表现、遗传及病理特点和治疗方法。方法分析2例DM2患者的临床资料以及辅助检查、病理及基因检测结果,并对其家系进行调查分析。结果该家系共发现6例患者,除骨骼肌受累外,眼、心脏、内分泌等多器官或系统亦受累及,临床表现差异大,有遗传早现现象,基因检测符合DM2诊断,病理学检查显示肌纤维核内移、萎缩、肥大等。卡马西平与丙戊酸钠等治疗有助于改善肌强直。结论 DM2临床表现多样,应注意神经系统以外的其他系统表现,病理学检查有助于诊断,结合基因检测可进行确诊并进一步分型,应重视个体化治疗。     

强直性肌营养不良症19例骨骼肌病理分析

目的探讨强直性肌营养不良症(DM)骨骼肌病变的病理学特点。方法选择19例经临床和肌电图确诊的强直性肌营养不良症患者为研究对象,骨骼肌标本采用恒冷冰冻切片和酶组织化学染色方法,在光镜下观察骨骼肌组织的病理学变化特点。结果在HE染色,19例患者的骨骼肌标本均可见不同程度的肌纤维萎缩,但变性坏死肌纤维较少见,有7例患者在肌纤维中可见到肌质块。在组织化学MGT染色中,6例患者肌纤维中可见数量不等的破碎红边纤维(RRF),肌质块在MGT染色上呈深绿色,在NADH染色中肌质块呈深蓝色,较HE染色更易识别。在ATP酶染色中,19例患者有11例存在Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维分布异常现象,其中9例以Ⅰ型纤维明显占优势,2例以Ⅱ型纤维稍占优势,8例患者肌纤维分布基本正常。结论强直性肌营养不良症的骨骼肌病理改变,除常见的肌核增多内移,肌核聚集成核袋及核链现象以外,肌质块的出现和Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维分布异常应视为强直性肌营养不良症重要的特征性病理改变,肌肉活检对本病的诊断与鉴别诊断有一定的临床意义。     

强直性肌营养不良临床特点分析

目的分析强直性肌营养不良(DM)的临床特点,以提高对DM疾病的认识及诊断水平。方法对21例DM患者的临床资料进行回顾性总结与分析。结果 21例患者均为慢性起病,以双手无力,活动不灵活起病多见,其中5例有家族史,部分病例伴有心脏、眼部、内分泌及中枢神经系统等其他多系统损害。19例行肌电图检查提示肌源性损害,其中16例发现有肌强直电位。10例行肌活检,主要表现为部分肌纤维萎缩,变性、坏死肌纤维,核内移及肌浆块形成,部分萎缩纤维内可见无结构胞浆体。1例强直性肌营养不良蛋白激酶(DMPK)基因CTG重复序列分析发现拷贝数超过正常范围。结论 DM是一种主要累及肌肉系统,以肌强直、肌无力和肌萎缩为主要临床表现并伴有多系统损害的疾病。综合评估多系统损害并结合肌肉的电生理学及病理学检查,有助于提高对DM的认识;在有条件的医疗机构可以开展DM基因诊断,对DM确诊很有意义。     

84例强直性肌营养不良患者临床与病理分析

目的探讨强直性肌营养不良患者的临床及肌肉病理特点。方法选择2003~2015年经临床表现、肌电图检查明确诊断为强直性肌营养不良的84例患者为研究对象,行开放式肌肉活检术以获取骨骼肌标本,标本经冰冻切片后进行多种酶组织化学染色并于光镜下观察病理变化特点。结果在84例患者中,71例患者出现肌强直,57例肌无力,39例肌萎缩,11例白内障。光镜观察发现,5例患者肌肉组织形态学正常,79例患者有形态学异常,其中62例表现为肌纤维大小不等,78例出现肌纤维萎缩,59例可见大量核内移现象,29例可见肌浆块;17例可见肌纤维坏死和吞噬现象。出现肌强直症状与未出现肌强直症状的两组患者间年龄差异具有高度统计学意义(P=0.008)。结论强直性肌营养不良以肌无力,肌强直,肌萎缩,白内障为其主要临床表现,核内移及肌浆块为其肌肉组织最具特征性的病理改变。     

强直性肌营养不良症的临床特点

目的总结强直性肌营养不良症(DM)的临床特点。方法回顾性分析24例DM患者的临床资料。结果本组中20例(83.3%)患者在青年期起病,进展缓慢;19例(79.2%)有家族史。临床表现以面部、颈部及肢体远端肌肉为主的无力、萎缩及强直,伸肌重于屈肌;可伴全身多系统受累;血清肌酶正常或轻度升高。肌电图具有特征性的肌强直放电和肌源性损害;8例肌肉病理检查显示核内移、核链形成,以Ⅰ型肌纤维萎缩为主,7例出现肌纤维坏死,4例肌纤维结构紊乱,3例肌浆块,2例肌膜呈锯齿状。结论DM的临床特征是肌无力、萎缩及强直;肌电图和肌活检对诊断具有重要意义。     

6例强直性肌营养不良患者临床与病理分析

目的 探讨强直性肌营养不良(DM)的发病机制、临床和病理特点.方法 回顾分析并总结6例DM患者临床和病理资料.结果 6例患者,均为男性,年龄8～43岁.均有不同程度的肌紧张、肌强直,叩击有明显肌球.1例患者其爷爷奶奶为姑舅亲结婚,2例有脱发;1例伴有智力障碍、吞咽困难及讲话不清;2例有张口费力,EMG均示肌源性改变,可见肌强直电位发放;肌活检光镜下可见肌纤维大小不等,不同程度的肌纤维萎缩,未见明显再生肌纤维,部分小角纤维、变性及坏死肌纤维,典型核内移、核聚集、链状核;少数NADH、SDH、COX染色酶活性呈局限性增高或减低,ATP酶染色可见肌纤维群组化,其中1例以Ⅰ型肌纤维占优势;l例Ⅱ型肌纤维有群组化趋势.结论 (1)骨骼肌活检病理检查对该病诊断及鉴别有辅助诊断价值;(2)强直性肌营养不良临床表现多样,需注意除骨骼肌病变以外的其他表现:如内分泌异常等;(3)DM确诊需进一步进行基因检测.     

强直性肌营养不良1型前臂肌肉MRI特点

目的 分析强直性肌营养不良1型（myotonic dystrophy type1,DM1）前臂肌肉MRI改变规律及其与临床表现的关系。方法 收集基因检查确诊DM1患者的临床表现、电生理和病理资料,进行前臂肌肉MRI检查,分析T1WI序列上前臂肌肉脂肪化和短反转时间恢复序列水肿规律,对前臂各肌肉的脂肪化及水肿程度进行评分,并计算与年龄、病程、上肢远端无力之间的关系。结果 23例患者发病年龄17～60岁,平均（34.3±12.2）岁,病程5(3,9)年,临床主要表现双手远端的发僵及无力,伴随脱发和多睡。肌肉MRI显示指深屈肌脂肪化评分为4.0(3.0,4.0)分、拇长屈肌4.0(3.0,4.0)分、拇短伸肌2.0(1.0,2.5)分、拇长展肌2.0(0.5,2.5)分、拇长伸肌2.0(1.0,2.0)分、指浅屈肌2.0(0.5,2.5)分、旋后肌2.0(1.0,2.0)分,其他肌肉1.0分,其中旋前圆肌为1.0(0.0,1.0)。9例出现指深屈肌萎缩,6例出现拇长屈肌萎缩,11例出现旋前圆肌肥大。肌肉水肿以指深屈肌、拇长屈肌、指浅屈肌最为明显,而肱桡肌、旋前圆肌未见水肿。骨骼肌MRI平均脂...     

Duchenne型肌营养不良的临床和病理及抗肌萎缩蛋白表达

目的：归纳总结Duchenne型肌营养不良（DMD）的临床表现,组织病理特点及抗肌萎缩蛋白表达情况。方法：通过临床、病理及免疫组化染色方法,对16例DMD患者的临床表现,肌肉病理改变和肌肉抗肌萎缩蛋白表达情况进行观察分析。结果：年龄〉4岁的14例患儿均有比较典型的DMD临床表现;而年龄〈4岁的2例患儿症状较轻。肌肉病理显示2例为早期改变、11例为中期改变、3例为晚期改变,病理改变严重程度与年龄相关。免疫组化染色显示16例患者的肌肉标本抗肌萎缩蛋白均完全缺失。结论：DMD患者的临床和病理表现的严重程度与年龄有关,检查抗肌萎缩蛋白在肌纤维膜上表达是诊断DMD的金标准。     

Magnetic resonance imaging of muscle and brain in myotonic dystrophy

Myotonic dystrophy (MD) is characterized by myotonia, weakness and extramuscular symptoms, including intellectual impairment. We performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain and muscle in 25 MD patients: 81% had cerebral atrophy (severe in 36%); 68% had focal white matter lesions, which were large and multiple in 27%. Brain MRI findings correlated with mental impairment; the severity of both correlated with disease duration. Changes in brain and muscle MRI were progressive with time, but independent of each other. Muscle MRI findings were fatty degeneration and loss of bulk. In the calves, the medial gastrocnemius muscles were involved earliest and the posteriortibial muscles relatively spared. In the thighs the vastus muscles were damaged most often and the rectus femoris least. Focal muscle damage was efficiently visualized, sometimes preceding clinical detection. Muscle MRI was less sensitive than conventional methods for early diagnosis, but ideal for follow-up, owing to its non-invasiveness and examiner-independence.     

Advancements in magnetic resonance imaging-based biomarkers for muscular dystrophy

Recent years have seen steady progress in the identification of genetic muscle diseases as well as efforts to develop treatment for these diseases. Consequently, sensitive and objective new methods are required to identify and monitor muscle pathology. Magnetic resonance imaging offers multiple potential biomarkers of disease severity in the muscular dystrophies. This Review uses a pathology-based approach to examine the ways in which MRI and spectroscopy have been used to study muscular dystrophies. Methods that have been used to quantitate intramuscular fat, edema, fiber orientation, metabolism, fibrosis, and vascular perfusion are examined, and this Review describes how MRI can help diagnose these conditions and improve upon existing muscle biomarkers by detecting small increments of disease-related change. Important challenges in the implementation of imaging biomarkers, such as standardization of protocols and validating imaging measurements with respect to clinical outcomes, are also described.     

Most expression and splicing changes in myotonic dystrophy type 1 and type 2 skeletal muscle are shared with other muscular dystrophies

The prevailing pathomechanistic paradigm for myotonic dystrophy (DM) is that aberrant expression of embryonic/fetal mRNA/protein isoforms accounts for most aspects of the pleiotropic phenotype. To identify aberrant isoforms in skeletal muscle of DM1 and DM2 patients, we performed exon-array profiling and RT-PCR validation on the largest DM sample set to date, including Duchenne, Becker and tibial muscular dystrophy (NMD) patients as disease controls, and non-disease controls. Strikingly, most expression and splicing changes in DM patients were shared with NMD controls. Comparison between DM and NMD identified almost no significant differences. We conclude that DM1 and DM2 are essentially identical for dysregulation of gene expression, and DM expression changes represent a subset of broader spectrum dystrophic changes. We found no evidence for qualitative splicing differences between DM1 and DM2. While some DM-specific splicing differences exist, most of the DM splicing differences were also seen in NMD controls. SSBP3 exon 6 missplicing was observed in all diseased muscle and led to reduced protein. We conclude there is no widespread DM-specific spliceopathy in skeletal muscle and suggest that missplicing in DM (and NMD) may not be the driving mechanism for the muscle pathology, since the same pathways show expression changes unrelated to splicing.     

Correlation between distribution of muscle weakness,electrophysiological findings and CTG expansion in myotonic dystrophy

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM-1) is a multi-system disorder affecting the muscles, brain, cardiovascular system, endocrine system, eyes and skin. Diagnosis is made by clinical, electrodiagnostic and genetic studies. This study aimed to determine the correlation between CTG expansion and distribution of muscle weakness and clinical and electrophysiological findings. Genetically confirmed DM-1 patients presenting to Shariati Hospital between 2005 and 2011 were included in this study. Clinical, electrodiagnostic and genetic testing was performed and the correlation between CTG expansion and distribution of muscle weakness and clinical and electromyographic findings was studied. Thirty-three genetically confirmed DM-1 patients were enrolled. Myotonia, bifacial weakness and distal upper limb weakness were seen in all patients. Diabetes mellitus was found in one patient (3%), cardiac disturbance in eight (24.2%), cataracts in eight (24.2%), hypogonadism in five (15.2%), frontal baldness in 13 (39.4%), temporalis wasting in 14 (42.4%), temporomandibular joint disorder in seven (21.2%) and mental retardation in eight (24.2%). The mean number of CTG repeats, measured by Southern blot, was 8780 (range 500–15,833). A negative correlation was found between CTG expansion and age of onset. Temporalis wasting and mental retardation were positively correlated with CTG expansion. No relationship was found between weakness distribution, electromyographic findings, other systemic features and CTG expansion. In this study of DM-1 in Iran, we found a correlation between CTG expansion and age of onset, temporalis wasting and mental disability. No correlation between CTG expansion and electrodiagnostic and other clinical findings were detected.     

Cranial magnetic resonance imaging in genetically proven myotonic dystrophy type 1 and 2

Abstract. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 19 German patients with genetically proven myotonic dystrophy Type 1 (DM1, n = 10) or Type 2 (DM2, n = 9) showed pathological findings consisting of white matter lesions (WML) and/or brain atrophy in 9/10 DM1 and 8/9 DM2 patients. Anterior temporal WML (ATWML) were exclusively seen in DM1 patients. Our findings indicate a high frequency of central nervous system (CNS) involvement in both disorders. However, temporopolar pathology, previously associated with intellectual dysfunction, seems to be restricted to DM1.     

强直性肌营养不良症患者肌肉病理学特点研究

目的 探讨强直性肌营养不良症患者肌肉病变的病理学特点。方法 选择1986—2003年经临床和肌电图检查明确诊断的14例强直性肌营养不良症患者，采用开放性活检手术方法获得肱二头肌肌肉标本，分别进行苏木素-伊红（HE）、改良Gomofi三色（MGT）、高碘酸Schiff反应（PAS）、油红“O”（ORO）、还原型辅酶Ⅰ-四氮唑还原酶（NADH-TR）、非特异性酯酶（NSE）及ATP酶等多种组织化学染色，并于光学显微镜下观察肌肉组织的病理学变化特点。结果 HE染色显示，14例患者肌纤维直径大小不一，但肌纤维萎缩的数量及形态不同，其中7例萎缩的肌纤维呈角状或长条形；5例呈小圆形；2例小角状与小圆形萎缩的肌纤维混合存在，数量相近。但变性及坏死性改变均不明显。有5例患者可见典型的类圆形、弧形、三角形或梭形肌质块，位于肌纤维中央、外周、一角或一侧，其形态与在肌纤维中所处的位置有关。肌质块具有如下特点：HE染色呈紫红色团块状结构；改良Gomofi三色染色呈深蓝色，且可伴有红染，呈不典型性破碎红纤维，并可见线粒体数量增加；高碘酸Schiff反应、非特异性酯酶、还原型辅酶Ⅰ-四氮唑还原酶等酶反应活性明显增强；ATP酶染色显示14例患者中11例肌纤维有其优势性，呈明显的肌源性群组化现象，6例为Ⅰ型肌纤维优势，5例呈Ⅱ型肌纤维优势；3例肌纤维分型正常。结论 肌质块及肌源性群组化为强直性肌营养不良症肌肉病变的病理学特点。     

Distal muscular dystrophy of Miyoshi type

Miyoshi myopathy (MM) is a rare distal myopathy that mainly occurs in Japan. And that is characterized by prominent involvement of the gastrocnemius muscles. Here we report two patients, brother and sister, from a German family. Onset of the disease was at the age of 20 and 22 years, respectively. In both siblings, there was an early and predominant involvement of the gastrocnemius muscles. Creatine kinase activity was elevated 37- to 95-fold above normal. Electromyography revealed fibrillations, positive sharp waves and a myopathic pattern, particularly in the distal muscles of the lower limbs. Histology of the gastrocnemius muscles showed myopathic changes consistent with muscular dystrophy. Occurrence in these two siblings but in no other family members was indicative of an autosomal-recessive inheritance. Our report indicates that MM may also be found in Germany, and that it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of distal myopathies. Received: 25 April 1996 Received in revised form: 26 July 1996 Accepted: 26 August 1996     

The magnetic resonance imaging spectrum of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

Introduction: Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is associated with a repeat contraction in the D4Z4 gene locus on chromosome 4q35. We used a one‐step quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method to evaluate muscle, edema, and fat in patients spanning the range of severity. Methods: Fifteen patients with FSHD were compared with 10 healthy subjects using non‐negative linear least‐squares fitting of 32‐echo relaxation data (T2). The results were compared with a biexponential approach for characterizing muscle/fat ratio and T2 relaxation measurements from fat‐suppressed inversion recovery. Results: Increased T2 signal consistent with edema was common in FSHD subjects, a pattern not present in healthy controls. A varied pattern of edema and fatty replacement in muscles was shown. Conclusions: As a discrete biomarker, edema may be useful for following the clinical course of FSHD. Future work toward optimizing measurement is discussed. Muscle Nerve, 2012