2005年江苏省维持无脊髓灰质炎状态工作分析

目的:评价江苏省2005年急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例监测系统运行状况.方法:采用描述流行病学方法.结果:监测系统2005年共报告248例AFP病例,其中247例为非脊髓灰质炎AFP病例,1例为临床符合脊灰病例,未发现本土或输入性脊灰野病毒病例,儿童非脊灰AFP病例报告发病率为2.06/10万.省脊灰实验室收到247例本省AFP病例粪便标本,粪便标本合格率为94.0%.各项监测指标均达到世界卫生组织和卫生部要求.结论:要维持无脊灰状态,应继续保持高质量的AFP病例监测,保证高水平的口服脊灰疫苗接种率.     

西安市2008年急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测系统运行状况分析

目的分析脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)病毒(PV)的急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例流行病学特征,以增加AFP病例监测系统敏感性。方法对西安市2008年AFP病例进行流行病学分析。结果西安市2008年AFP病例监测系统共报告AFP23例,确诊非脊灰AFP病例22例,15岁以下儿童非脊灰报告发病率2.12/10万。采集标本21例,合格标本20例,合格标本采集率90.90%,标本分离出PVⅡ型株1株,型内特征鉴定为疫苗变异PV,经病毒蛋白1(VPl)基因核苷酸序列测定未达到疫苗衍生脊灰病毒(VDPV)的分类标准。非脊灰肠道病毒(NPEV)3株,NPEV分离率14.29%。其他各项监测指标均达到世界卫生组织(WHO)要求。结论要维持该市无脊灰状态,应继续保持高质量的AFP病例监测系统,保证高水平的脊灰减毒活疫苗(OPV)接种率。     

浙江省2003年维持无脊髓灰质炎工作进展

目的对浙江省2003年急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例监测系统的工作进行评价,以便继续保持无脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)状态。方法描述流行病学分析。结果浙江省2003年AFP病例监测系统共报告AFP病例131例,<15岁儿童非脊灰AFP病例报告发病率1.79/10万,合格粪便标本采集率98.5%。分离出脊灰病毒(PV)9例,非脊灰肠道病毒10例;所有PV均为疫苗株。全省2003年口服脊灰疫苗(OPV)基础免疫报告接种率99.2%,加强免疫报告接种率96.8%。杭州、嘉兴、湖州3市开展了对0~3岁儿童OPV强化免疫活动,第1、2轮常住适龄儿童接种率分别为96.5%、96.4%,流动适龄儿童接种率分别为98.4%、96.8%;其余8个市开展了OPV查漏补种活动。结论浙江省2003年继续保持无脊灰状态。     

Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in India during 1999: decreased risk despite massive use of oral polio vaccine

OBJECTIVE: Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) is a rare but serious consequence of the administration of oral polio vaccine (OPV). Intensified OPV administration has reduced wild poliovirus transmission in India but VAPP is becoming a matter of concern. METHODS: We analysed acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance data in order to estimate the VAPP risk in this country. VAPP was defined as occurring in AFP cases with onset of paralysis in 1999, residual weakness 60 days after onset, and isolation of vaccine-related poliovirus. Recipient VAPP cases were a subset with onset of paralysis between 4 and 40 days after receipt of OPV. FINDINGS: A total of 181 AFP cases met the case definition. The following estimates of VAPP risk were made: overall risk, 1 case per 4.1 to 4.6 million OPV doses administered; recipient risk,1 case per 12.2 million; first-dose recipient risk, 1 case per 2.8 million; and subsequent-dose recipient risk, 1 case per 13.9 million. CONCLUSION: On the basis of data from a highly sensitive surveillance system the estimated VAPP risk in India is evidently lower than that in other countries, notwithstanding the administration of multiple OPV doses to children in mass immunization campaigns.     

Annual report of the Australian National Poliovirus Reference Laboratory, 2009

The Australian National Poliovirus Reference Laboratory (NPRL) is accredited by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the testing of faecal specimens from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases and operates as a regional poliovirus reference laboratory for the Western Pacific Region. The NPRL, in collaboration with the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit, co-ordinates surveillance for cases of AFP in children in Australia, according to criteria recommended by the WHO. Specimens are referred from AFP cases in children and suspected cases of poliomyelitis in persons of any age. The WHO AFP surveillance performance indicator is 1 non-polio AFP case per 100,000 children less than 15 years of age. In 2009, the Polio Expert Committee classified 48 cases as non-polio AFP, a rate of 1.17 cases per 100,000 children less than 15 years of age. An additional WHO AFP surveillance performance indicator is that more than 80% of notified AFP cases have 2 faecal samples collected 24 hours apart and within 14 days of onset of paralysis. Adequate faecal samples were received from 16 (33.3%) of the 48 classified cases. A poliovirus was referred via the Enterovirus Reference Laboratory Network of Australia from a non-AFP case and was determined to be Sabin-like. This case most likely represents an importation event, the source of which was not identified, as Australia ceased using Sabin oral polio vaccine in 2005. The last report of a wild poliovirus importation in Australia was from Pakistan in 2007. In 2009, 1,604 wild poliovirus cases were reported in 23 countries with Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Pakistan remaining endemic for poliomyelitis.     

汕头市11年维持无脊髓灰质炎状态分析

目的评价汕头市1994~2004年维持无脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)工作效果。方法对急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例监测系统和口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗(OPV)免疫工作进行分析评价。结果1994~2004年共报告AFP 183例,<15岁儿童非脊髓灰质炎AFP病例报告发病率为1.39/10万,合格粪便采集率为93.99%。183例AFP病例中,共分离出脊髓灰质炎病毒(PV)14株,检出率为7.65%,检出的PV均为疫苗株。疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰1例。1996年之后,AFP病例监测系统评价指标均达到卫生部和世界卫生组织(WHO)要求的指标和标准。OPV每年常规免疫报告接种率≥95.37%,每轮OPV强化免疫接种率≥96.26%,抽查评估接种率为92.31%~98.23%。结论汕头市1994~2004年已连续11年无脊髓灰质炎野病毒引起的病例报告,保持无脊髓灰质炎状态,但AFP监测和OPV免疫存在薄弱地区和薄弱人群,应继续采取和落实有效措施。     

Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis: a retrospective cohort study of acute flaccid paralyses in Brazil

BACKGROUND: At the present time, in Brazil and other countries in the Americas, the only cases of paralytic poliomyelitis due to poliovirus are caused by vaccine strains. The recognition of possible determinants of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) by public health surveillance and immunization programmes is relevant to inform the debate on criteria for case definition and vaccination strategies. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study based on the cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) reported to the Ministry of Health (MoH) was designed, with the objective of studying cases of VAPP in Brazil between 1989 and 1995. Clinical, laboratory and epidemiological data from 3656 acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases, 30 of them diagnosed as VAPP, were analysed. RESULTS: An 8.88 risk ratio of VAPP (95% CI : 4.37-18.03) was found when comparing individuals who received oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) between 4 and 40 days before the onset of paralysis and individuals who did not receive the vaccine within this period. A risk of 1 case/2.39 million first doses and 1 case/13.03 million OPV doses administered was estimated for the general population. CONCLUSIONS: Cases of AFP who received OPV between 4 and 40 days before the onset of paralysis and had fever, a prodrome of gastrointestinal symptoms, history of first dose of OPV, isolation of vaccine poliovirus type 2, and young age deserve careful investigation, since they are at increased risk for the condition studied.     

四川省2003年急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测系统运行状况

目的全面评价四川省2003年消灭脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)工作,巩固无脊灰成果。方法对四川省2003年急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例监测系统的数据进行分析。结果四川省2003年AFP病例监测系统报告AFP病例338例,<15岁儿童非脊灰AFP病例报告发病率为1.84/10万,报告的AFP病例分布于135个县(市、区),占全省总县数的75.00%,AFP病例监测系统各项监测指标均达到要求,但个别地区仍有差距。结论为维持无脊灰状态,应加强AFP病例监测和免疫工作,进一步提高合格便采集率和口服脊灰疫苗(OPV)常规免疫接种率。     

Surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis in Italy: 1996–1997

The last case of poliomyelitis due to transmission of indigenous wild poliovirus occurred in Italy in 1982. To achieve the certification of the eradication of poliomyelitis in Italy, an active surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in the population aged less than 15 years was set up following the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The survey started in 1996 with a pilot study involving 4 out of 21 regions, and was gradually extended to a national level in 1997. The two-year survey identified five patients with diagnosis of vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). Polioviruses type 2 and 3 Sabin-like were isolated and characterized in three of them. In the remaining two cases, samples were collected late after the onset of symptoms, and poliovirus could not be isolated. No wild polioviruses were detected during the survey. The rate of non-polio AFP found in Italy in 1997 was 0.61 cases per 100,000, which is lower than the level of 1.0 case per 100,000 considered as acceptable by the WHO. This was mainly due to the delay in organizing the hospital network and starting the active search of AFP cases in the largest and most densely populated regions. Therefore, the overall rate of AFP found in Italy underestimates the global effectiveness of the program, which however will be better evaluated in the next few years. This study is the first systematic attempt to determine the rate of AFP in Italy.     

杭州市急性弛缓性麻痹病例检出疫苗相关株病毒的调查分析

目的为维持无脊髓灰质炎脊灰阶段提供依据。方法分析无脊髓灰质炎阶段杭州市连续5年检出脊灰疫苗相关株病毒的急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例的流行病学特征,以及疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰(VAPP)的发生情况。结果检出病毒相关株的AFP病例集中在2-3月龄的儿童占60%,全部为男性。零剂次免疫儿童占30%,VAPP的发生率为0.58/100万。结论提高VAPP诊断准确性,加强AFP病例监测,保证高水平免疫接种率。     

江苏省1995年急性弛缓性麻痹（AFP）病例的流行病学与监测分析

江苏省１９９５年共报告急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例２１３例，分布在７０个县（市、区，下同），占全省县数的６６．４％，其中脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）５例。１５岁以下儿童非脊灰ＡＦＰ报告发病率为１．６１／１０万，脊灰皇散发。ＡＦＰ病例１４天内合格粪便标本采集率为７０％，４８小时内调查率为９６％；全年共分离６株脊灰疫苗病毒，已有３年末发现脊灰野病毒所致病例。此结果显示：江苏省通过采取综合措施，包括做好口服脊灰疫苗（ＯＰＶ）常规免疫，开展强化免疫，建立ＡＦＰ病例监测系统，加强管理等，消灭脊灰工作取得了很大进展。但仍有不足之处，如双份合格粪便标本的采集率、及时随访率等都较低，尚须进一步努力。     

内蒙古自治区2003年维持无脊髓灰质炎进展

内蒙古自治区 2 0 0 3年急性弛缓性麻痹 (AFP)病例监测系统共报告AFP病例 73例 ,分布在 1 1个盟 (市 ,下同 )的 4 2个旗 (县、区、市 ,下同 ) ,占全自治区总旗数的 4 1 6 %。 <1 5岁儿童非脊髓灰质炎 (脊灰 )AFP病例报告发病率为 1 6 2 / 1 0万 ,合格粪便标本采集率为 93%,AFP病例麻痹后 75d内随访表送达率为 77%,其它监测指标均达到世界卫生组织和卫生部的要求。 2 0 0 3年全自治区口服脊灰疫苗 (OPV)常规免疫报告接种率达 99 4%。 2 0 0 3/2 0 0 4年在 85个旗开展两轮OPV强化免疫活动 ,每轮报告接种率均 >95 %。为维持无脊灰状态 ,仍需保持敏感的AFP病例监测系统 ,保持高水平、高质量OPV常规免疫接种和强化免疫活动。     

Annual report of the Australian National Poliovirus Reference Laboratory, 2006

The Australian National Poliovirus Reference Laboratory (NPRL), located within the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, is the national laboratory for Australia, the Pacific Islands and Brunei Darussalam, and is accredited by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the Regional Reference Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region. The NPRL, in collaboration with the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit, co-ordinates surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), the major clinical presentation of poliovirus infection. After classification of AFP cases by the Polio Expert Committee, the non-polio AFP rate for Australia in 2006 was 1.1, meeting the WHO surveillance requirement of detecting more than one AFP case per 100,000 children aged less than 15 years. During 2006, 80 specimens were referred to the NPRL, 59 from AFP cases and 21 from other sources. Poliovirus type 3 was isolated from two patients without AFP and the isolates were characterised as Sabin-like using WHO accredited methodologies. Echovirus 30 was isolated from two cases of AFP and coxsackievirus B5 and adenovirus were isolated from individual cases. During 2006, 1,998 cases of poliomyelitis due to wild poliovirus infection were reported world-wide, of which, only 6.8% (127) were due to importation of wild poliovirus.     

2004年上海市持续无脊髓灰质炎的证实

[目的]评价2004年上海市保持无脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)情况,巩固无脊灰成果。[方法]应用EPI info软件对监测数据进行处理分析。[结果]2004年上海市共报告本市急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例21例,小于15岁以下儿童非脊灰报告发病率1.04/10万,合格粪便采集率90.48%,其他监测指标达到WHO或卫生部要求。两轮强化免疫服苗率均>83%,全市AFP病例漏报率为1.19%,病原学监测未分离到脊灰野病毒。[结论]为了维持无脊灰,仍需保持敏感的AFP病例监测系统和高质量的脊髓灰质炎疫苗常规免疫和强化免疫活动。     

河北省2003年维持无脊髓灰质炎状态进展

河北省 2 0 0 3年急性弛缓性麻痹 (AFP)病例监测系统报告AFP病例 375例 ,<1 5岁儿童非脊髓灰质炎 (脊灰 )AFP病例报告发病率 2 34/1 0万 ,全部排除脊灰。病例分布于 1 4 6个县 (市、区 )。合格粪便标本采集率为95 47%,各项监测指标均达到世界卫生组织和卫生部的要求。 2 0 0 3/2 0 0 4年度全省开展 2轮口服脊灰疫苗强化免疫 ,第 1轮强化免疫报告应种儿童 2 4 71 90 8人 ,实种儿童 2 4 3871 7人 ,接种率 98 6 6 %;第 2轮报告应种儿童2 5 1 36 97人 ,实种儿童 2 4 86 0 97人 ,接种率 98 90 %。     

南京市2005年维持无脊髓灰质炎工作评价

目的 评价南京市2005年维持无脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）工作情况,巩固无脊灰成果.方法 应用EPI info和中国免疫规划监测信息管理系统软件进行分析.结果 南京市2005年急性弛缓性麻痹（AFP）病例监测系统报告19例本市AFP病例,＜15岁儿童非脊灰AFP病例报告发病率为2.7/10万.其他各项监测指标均达到世界卫生组织和卫生部要求.口服脊灰疫苗（OPV）基础免疫报告接种率为99.92%,加强免疫报告接种率为99.75%.2005-2006年度OPV强化免疫活动中,第1轮常住儿童接种率97.27%,流动儿童接种率98.29%;第2轮常住儿童接种率98.07%,流动儿童为97.76%.结论 南京市2005年继续保持无脊灰状态.今后仍须保持敏感的AFP病例监测系统,开展高水平、高质量的OPV常规免疫和强化免疫活动.     

广东省52例急性弛缓性麻痹病例检出脊髓灰质炎疫苗株病毒分析

广东省１９９４～１９９６年１５岁以下儿童非脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例报告发病率，分别为０９２／１０万、１７４／１０万和１３６／１０万。对７４３例粪便标本进行病毒分离，５２例检出脊灰疫苗株病毒，分布在３０个县（市、区），其中Ⅱ型占４６２％（２４／５２）；２８例有残留麻痹，最小年龄３个月，最大６岁。７６９％（４０／５２）病例有免疫史，首次服苗并于服苗后６～４０天出现肢体麻痹者１０例，占１９２％（１０／５２），占服苗总人次数１６７／１００万（５２／３１１３１７３７）。本文分析有５例可诊断为脊灰疫苗相关病例。对检出疫苗株病毒的ＡＦＰ病例进行了流行病学分析。     

湖北省2009—2010年急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测

目的掌握湖北省急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例的流行病学特征,及时发现监测系统存在的问题,为提高监测质量提供依据。方法对2009—2010年全省报告的AFP病例的个案调查表、随访表进行统计分析。结果 2009—2010年湖北省共报告AFP病例433例,15岁儿童非脊灰AFP病例报告发病率分别是1.98/10万和2.23/10万。报告后48 h内调查率为97.0%,麻痹14 d内双份便采集率为91.2%,合格便采集率为89.8%;麻痹75 d内随访及时率84.3%。结论要继续提高监测质量,特别是提高病例发现、报告的及时性和提高合格粪便标本的采集率。要继续加强脊灰疫苗免疫接种工作。     

Risk of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in Latin America, 1989-91.

A major factor influencing the success of poliomyelitis eradication in the Americas was the reliance on mass immunization campaigns with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). As global poliomyelitis eradication activities accelerate and campaign vaccine delivery strategies are applied elsewhere, it is critical to determine whether the risk of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) is altered when routine delivery strategies are supplemented with mass immunization campaigns. We analysed all 6043 cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) reported in Latin America over the period 1989-91 in order to estimate the risk of VAPP. The overall risk was estimated to be one case per 1.5-2.2 million doses of OPV administered, compared with one case per 1.4 million doses administered in England and Wales (1985-91) and with one case per 2.5 million net doses distributed in the USA (1980-89). These data suggest that to eradicate poliomyelitis globally, strategies that rely on mass immunization campaigns to supplement routine delivery services, as recommended by WHO, do not appear to alter significantly the risk of VAPP.