首发精神分裂症患者持续缓解的预测因素分析

目的:探讨首发精神分裂症患者1年持续缓解的临床与认知预测因素。方法:44例首发精神分裂症患者给予抗精神病药治疗1年,并在基线期采集患者人口学和临床资料,同时采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估疾病症状以及霍普金斯词语学习测验中文修订版(HVLT-R)、Stroop词色测验、彩色连线测验、词语流利测验中文版(VFT:VFL和VFC)评估认知功能;在治疗后4、8、12、24、36周和1年时随访,从第8周末至1年期间,历次访视PANSS量表8个核心条目评分均≤3分者被视为持续缓解(持续缓解组),其他患者视为病情波动(病情波动组)。结果:42例患者完成1年随访,其中24例(57.1%)患者持续缓解;与病情波动组(18例)比较,持续缓解组具有未治疗精神病期(DUP)较短、阴性症状较轻、阳性症状较重、HVLT-R和VFC得分较高的特点(P0.05或P0.001)。多元Logistic回归分析表明持续缓解的患者具有DUP短(OR:0.791,95%CI:0.629~0.995;P=0.003)、阴性症状分低(OR:0.775,95%CI:0.609~0.987;P=0.012)及阳性症状分高(OR:1.706,95%CI:1.040~2.800;P=0.004)是持续缓解的独立预测因素。结论:DUP短、阴性症状较轻、阳性症状较重是首发精神分裂症患者持续缓解的独立预测因素。     

门诊首发精神分裂症病人治疗情况的调查

初发精神分裂症病人来到精神科的专科门诊后,一部分病人可以在门诊继续治疗、不断随访,也可以取得较好的效果。在这个治疗过程中,起主导作用的是抗精神病药物的及时,准确使用。因此,本研究对1996、1997、1998年度的每年5月份期间首次到上海市精神卫生中心(总部)诊治并诊断为精神分裂症的患者,开展有关抗精神病药物的使用情况的调查,并予以比较,以便对目前精神分裂症病人的用药合理性、治疗依从性等获得较为感性的认识。为减少用药的盲目性,提高针对性和合理性提供参考依据。     

抑郁症病人就诊途径分析

目的 探讨抑郁症病人的就诊途径，为临床干预提供依据。方法 采用自制的《精神疾病有途径调查表》对９１例抑郁症病人的就诊行为及影响因素进行调查，并与１３８例精神分裂症进行同期比较。结果 ９０．１％的抑郁症病人首诊于非精神科，就诊过程中仅１９．８％的抑郁症被检出；８５．７％已接受各种非抑郁剂治疗；３６．３％用过气功、宵信治疗；８０．１％从未接受过心理咨询。结论 抑郁症病人有较严重的就诊行为偏差，专科就诊     

男性首发精神分裂症患者精神病未治疗时间与糖脂代谢异常及认知功能损害的关系

目的:探讨男性首发精神分裂症患者精神病未治疗时间(DUP)与糖脂代谢异常及认知知功能损害的关系。方法:86例首发未用药精神分裂症患者分为短DUP组39例和长DUP组47例;检测其腰围、血压、体质量指数(BMI)、空腹血糖(FPG)、三酰甘油(TG)及高密度脂蛋白(HDL)水平;进行事件相关电位(ERPs)P300检测及威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST);并与40名正常对照者(对照组)比较。结果:长DUP组代谢综合征(MS)发生率明显高于对照组(P 0.05);两组患者WCST中各项目成绩及P300潜伏期与波幅与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P均0.01);长DUP组P300波幅较短DUP组明显降低;除分类完成数外,长DUP组WCST中各项成绩明显差于短DUP组(P 0.05);患者DUP与腰围、血清TG水平呈正相关;BMI与WCST的正确数、分类完成数、P300波幅呈负相关,与持续错误数、随机错误数呈正相关;腰围与正确数、分类完成数呈负相关,与P300潜伏期呈正相关;TG与分类完成数呈负相关、与P300潜伏期呈正相关;DBP与正确数呈负相关(P均0.05)。结论:长DUP的男性首发精神分裂症患者认知功能明显下降,其伴有MS或糖脂代谢异常可能起协同作用。     

初发精神分裂症病人到精神科就诊途径的分析——中日两国比较研究

作者对中国上海市和日本东金市的初发精神分裂症到精神科就诊的途径,进行了跨文化研究。上海组在发现异常后至就诊的时间平均为1.02年;东金组为2.20年。上海组有43%是“被强制”或“被骗”就诊的,有38%的家属采取“保密”态度,与东金组不同。     

DUP和家庭功能对首发精神分裂症患者1年内复发的影响研究

目的 研究未治疗精神病期(duration of unmediacted psychsis,DUP)和家庭功能等因素对首发精神分裂症患者1年内复发的影响.方法 调查经临床治愈的首发精神分裂症患者的DUP及其家庭功能,同时随访患者在接受治疗1年间的复发时间及治疗前后的精神症状.使用家庭关怀度指数量表(APGAR)评定患者的家庭功能情况,应用简明精神病评定表(BPRS)和阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定精神症状.根据患者1年内的复发情况,分为复发组和未复发组进行比较.结果 (1)共入组95例患者,其中87例完成1年随访,有34例在1年中复发.复发组的DUP明显长于未复发组(4.59±3.79)月 vs (3.12±1.78)月,t=2.121,P=0.04;(2)复发组患者随访1年末PANSS阴性量表分与DUP有相关性(r=0.483,P=0.004);(3)复发组与未复发组患者比较,APGAR总分、适应度、亲密度分均有显著差异(APGAR总分:(5.91±1.62) vs (7.13±1.47),t=-3.631,P=0.000;适应度:(1.53± 0.51) vs (1.71±0.34),t=-2.752,P=0.008;亲密度:(1.09±0.29) vs (1.25±0.43),t=-2.028,P=0.046.结论 长DUP和低家庭功能水平,对首发精神分裂症患者1年内的复发可能有不良影响.     

首发精神分裂症患者未治疗期对治疗及预后影响

目的:探究首发住院精神分裂症患者未治疗期(duration of untreated psychosis,DUP)对患者预后的影响。方法:共入组193例首发精神分裂症患者,回顾性对其DUP进行评估,依据中位数约48周将其分为短DUP组103例和长DUP组90例;对两组出院阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评分、用药剂量以及住院时间等进行对比。结果:长DUP组患者首次住院时间[(71.74±34.54)d]较短DUP组[(35.93±17.57)d]明显延长(P0.001),差异有统计学意义。长DUP组平均用药剂量明显高于短DUP组(P0.01)。对入院量表评分进行对比发现,短DUP组阳性症状评分大于长DUP组(P0.01),阴性症状评分小于长DUP组(P0.001);对出院PANSS评分进行对比发现,短DUP组总分小于长DUP组(P0.001),阳性症状评分差异无统计学意义,阴性症状评分短DUP组显著小于长DUP组(P0.001)。结论:尽早治疗可明显缩短首发精神分裂症患者住院时间、减少用药剂量,预后更好。     

利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症患者的疗效分析

作者对利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症患者的疗效进行了观察 ,现将结果报道于后。1　对象与方法1.1　对象　为本院 1999年 3月～ 8月的门诊和住院患者。入组标准 :①符合ＣＣＭＤ - 2 -Ｒ中精神分裂症的诊断标准 ,且病程不超过 5年 ;②年龄 16～ 5 0岁 ;③ＢＰＲＳ总分≥ 4 0 ;④既往采用抗精神病药物的连续治疗时间不超过 8周 ;⑤无严重的躯体疾病者。1.2　给药方法　入组前未经抗精神病药物治疗者直接给药 ;曾服用过抗精神病药物需停原药 3天 ,再开始利培酮治疗。利培酮剂量为 1ｍｇ/ｄ开始 ,以后据病情逐渐加量 ,直到疗效满意 ,最大剂量不超过…     

首发精神分裂症外周血氧化应激状态改变

目的探讨首发精神分裂症患者外周血氧化应激变化及抗精神病药治疗对其影响。方法纳入47例首发未用药精神分裂症患者和43名正常对照,测定其外周血总超氧化物歧化酶(total superoxide dismutase,T-SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)及总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity of the body,T-AOC)活性。患者中18例完成单一利培酮6周治疗(利培酮组),25例完成单一奥氮平6周治疗(奥氮平组),治疗后再次测定外周血T-SOD、GSH-Px、CAT及T-AOC。结果与对照组相比,患者组治疗前T-SOD、GSH-Px降低(P0.05),CAT升高(P0.05),T-AOC差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。利培酮组T-SOD活性在治疗后升高(P0.05),奥氮平组T-AOC在治疗后升高(P0.05),两组各氧化应激指标的变化值组间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论首发精神分裂症患者抗氧化酶活性改变,这可能与精神分裂症病理机制有关。非典型抗精神病药利培酮和奥氮平可改善首发精神分裂症患者的氧化应激状态。     

Duration of untreated psychosis and pathways to psychiatric services in first-episode schizophrenia

The aim of the present study was to examine the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) in first-episode schizophrenia patients in Japan and to investigate the available pathways to psychiatric services. Eighty-three patients who visited Keio University Hospital (n = 54) or Oizumi Mental Hospital (n = 29) were evaluated retrospectively with regard to their DUP, living situation, social participation level, referral pathway, reason for seeking treatment, and their global assessment of functioning (GAF) score. The mean DUP was 13.7 months (median, 5.0 months) overall. No significant difference in DUP was found between subjects living alone and those living with others; however, employed patients had a significantly shorter DUP (8.1 months) than unemployed patients (18.7 months). Pathways to psychiatric services were totally different between the two institutions. Fifty-two subjects (62.7%) came to the services directly: 40 patients (74.1%) came to the university hospital and 12 patients (41.4%) came to the mental hospital. At the mental hospital, nine patients (31.0%) had been admitted because of a legal obligation, and six (20.7%) had been referred through public health centers. None of the patients had been referred to either of the services by general practitioners. The main reason for seeking treatment was psychiatric symptom aggravation (59.3%) at the university hospital and acting out (64.3%) at the mental hospital. Some universal psychosocial factors appear to influence the DUP but the characteristics of specific psychiatric services may also affect treatment delays.     

Influence of duration of untreated psychosis on auditory P300 in drug-naive and first-episode schizophrenia

P300 amplitude reduction in schizophrenia is, according to previous studies, partially recovered by treatment with neuroleptics. However, whether this medication-induced P300 recovery is associated with duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) remains unreported; the present study is a preliminary examination of this question. Auditory P300 was recorded from 18 drug-naive and first-episode schizophrenia patients, among whom 10 were identified as short DUP, and eight as long DUP. Follow-up event-related potential tests were carried out after treatment with haloperidol or bromperidol for approximately 2 months. Recovery of P300 amplitude was replicated after neuroleptic medication was administered. A significant interaction was found between DUP and the medication effect in P300 amplitude over the left temporo-parietal area; a significant P300 recovery was seen in short DUP but not in long DUP. These results suggest that first-episode schizophrenia patients with long DUP might have severe impairments in the left temporal structures, supporting DUP as a key variable in future neurobiological studies of first-episode schizophrenia.     

Stigma and treatment delay in first-episode psychosis: a grounded theory study

Aim: A longer duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is associated with greater morbidity in the early course of schizophrenia. This formative, hypothesis-generating study explored the effects of stigma, as perceived by family members, on DUP. Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 African American family members directly involved in treatment initiation for a relative with first-episode psychosis. Data analysis relied on a grounded theory approach. A testable model informed by constructs of Link's modified labelling theory was developed. Results: Four main themes were identified, including: (i) society's beliefs about mental illnesses; (ii) families' beliefs about mental illnesses; (iii) fear of the label of a mental illness; and (iv) a raised threshold for the initiation of treatment. A grounded theory model was developed as a schematic representation of the themes and subthemes uncovered in the family members' narratives. Conclusions: The findings suggest that due to fear of the official label of a mental illness, certain coping mechanisms may be adopted by families, which may result in a raised threshold for treatment initiation, and ultimately treatment delay. If the relationships within the grounded theory model are confirmed by further qualitative and quantitative research, public educational programs could be developed with the aim of reducing this threshold, ultimately decreasing DUP.     

A descriptive study of pathways to care among hospitalized urban African American first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum patients

BACKGROUND: Studying pathways to care, or contacts made during the period of time from the onset of illness until the first initiation of treatment, is critical for understanding how to improve the early recognition and treatment of mental disorders. However, little is known about pathways to care among patients with first-episode psychosis in the United States. The objectives of this study were to examine the pathways to care and number of help contacts prior to hospitalization in first-episode patients, and to ascertain the frequency of contact with primary care providers and police. METHOD: Pathways to care, including all contacts for help from the onset of prodromal symptoms until first hospital admission, were assessed in 25 urban African American patients. Other measures were obtained as part of an ongoing study of predictors of the duration of untreated psychosis. RESULTS: The median durations from the onset of illness to hospital admission and from the emergence of positive psychotic symptoms to hospital admission were 128.0 weeks (range 0.6-476.9) and 32.9 weeks (range 0.4-337.7), respectively. Of the 83 total contacts, 17 were with police, whereas only four were with primary care providers. While the number of contacts per patient ranged from one to eight, 16 of the 25 patients were admitted within 1 week of their first contact for help. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that pathways to care in this population are highly variable, and there is a need for additional research to better understand the nature and determinants of these pathways. Such investigations may provide insights into service enhancements that can promote early detection and intervention, thus improving illness outcomes.     

Patients with a first episode of schizophrenia spectrum psychosis and their pathways to psychiatric hospital care in South Germany

Abstract.Background: Several first-episode studies of schizophrenia suggest that many patients experience psychotic symptoms for a long time before receiving appropriate treatment. To reduce the time of untreated psychosis, it is necessary to know the patients pathways to psychiatric care. This study was designed to examine patients help-seeking contacts and the delays on their pathways to psychiatric care in Germany.Method: Sixty-six patients with first episode of schizophrenia spectrum psychosis were assessed by the Interview for the Retrospective Assessment of the Onset of Schizophrenia (IRAOS) and were interviewed about their helpseeking contacts before psychiatric admission.Results: In contrast to other findings of long duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), 53% of our patients were admitted after 8 weeks (median) of untreated positive symptoms, although the mean value of 71 weeks corresponds well with the results of other studies. There were important differences in DUP depending on which kind of statistical parameter (median or mean) was used. In contrast to studies from other countries, only 18% of our patients had their first contact with a general practitioner. However, this was the fastest way to psychiatric admission. No differences were found between patients with short (< 1 year) and long (> 1 year) DUP in the duration of time from the first help-seeking contact up to admission.Conclusion: In Germany, a large number of mental health professionals in private practice or different services of psychosocial contact facilities exist in every region and general practitioners are not so important as a link to psychiatric care, although they seem to be functioning well if it is necessary. Therefore, programs designed to reduce the delay of treatment should focus less on general practitioners than on other health services.     

Pathways to care and treatment delays in first and multi episode psychosis

BACKGROUND: In contrast to findings from the developed world where general practitioners and mental health professionals are central in first episode psychosis pathways, studies from Africa have found GPs to play a less prominent role with other help providers such as traditional healers being more important. METHODS: We compared pathways to care, treatment delays and gender differences in patients with first versus multi episode psychosis. RESULTS: Private sector GPs were first contacts in first episode patients in as many as 38% of patients and were significantly more likely to be the first contact (odds ratio = 4.5, 95% CI = 1.38-14.67) and final referring agent (odds ratio = 6.8, 95% CI = 1.56-25.12) in first episode patients. Female multi episode patients were significantly more likely to make first contact with primary care practitioners whereas male multi episode patients were more likely to first come into contact with the police (P = 0.003) and be admitted compulsorily (P = 0.009). Only 5.6% (n = 4) of patients contacted traditional healers at some point in their pathway to care. Treatment delays and DUP in first episode patients were longer and reached a median of 4.5 versus 2.5 months in multi episode patients. Treatment discontinuation of antipsychotics occurred in 82% of multi episode patients. Despite significantly longer overall treatment delays in first episode patients the distribution of treatment delays in multi episode patients followed a similar pattern to DUP in first episode patients with a subgroup having very long delays. CONCLUSIONS: Pathways to care in this treatment setting correspond more to findings from first world and newly industrialized countries. A subgroup of multi episode patients had very long periods of untreated illness. Limitations include small sample size and the retrospective nature of data collection.