鸟-胞内分枝杆菌肺病伴空洞的CT特征分析

目的 探讨鸟-胞内分枝杆菌(MAC)肺病伴空洞的CT特征,以期为临床诊断提供帮助。方法 回顾性收集温州医科大学附属台州医院2014年6月至2018年12月期间菌种鉴定为MAC肺病且胸部CT扫描显示伴有空洞的21例患者入组(观察组);采用1∶1病例对照研究,选取同时期符合纳入标准的21例空洞型肺结核患者作为对照组,匹配原则为同性别、年龄±2岁。分析两组空洞类型、壁厚、直径,以及支气管扩张征、实变影、长径>1cm的结节或肿块、小叶中心性结节(包括树芽征)、胸腔积液、纵隔淋巴结钙化的差异。结果 观察组共检出空洞74个,空洞直径的中位数(四分位数)[M(Q₁,Q₃)]为27.9(17.3,39.8)mm,空洞壁厚的M(Q₁,Q₃)为2.7(1.7,4.1)mm;对照组共检出空洞55个,空洞直径的M(Q₁,Q₃)为20.6(13.4,32.0)mm,空洞壁厚的M(Q₁,Q₃)为3.6(2.5,4.7)mm;两组比较差异均有统计学意义(Z值分别为-2.241、-2.431,P值均<0.05);观察组薄壁空洞检出构成比以及支气管扩张、支气管扩张伴小叶中心性结节检出率分别为60.8%(45/74)、85.7%(18/21)、57.1%(12/21),均明显高于对照组[分别占36.4%(20/55)、38.1%(8/21)、23.8%(5/21)],差异均有统计学意义(χ ²值分别为7.543、10.096、4.842,P值均<0.05);观察组厚壁空洞、周围卫星灶、引流支气管征检出构成比以及长径>1cm肺结节检出率分别为39.2%(29/74)、58.1%(43/74)、28.4%(21/74)、23.8%(5/21),均明显低于对照组[分别占63.6%(35/55)、94.5%(52/55)、63.6%(35/55)、76.2%(16/21)],差异均有统计学意义(χ ²值分别为7.543、21.582、15.966、11.524,P值均<0.05)。 结论 MAC肺病患者胸部CT扫描更易看到薄壁空洞伴支气管扩张、肺小结节;肺结核患者CT扫描更易看到厚壁空洞伴引流支气管征、周围卫星灶、长径>1cm肺结节,两者CT表现有各自的特点,可为临床早期诊断与治疗提供一定的帮助。     

Radiology of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex

Although the radiographic appearance of pulmonary MAC infection in the immunocompetent host can be varied, there are several generalizations that can be made. The classic radiographic appearance is indistinguishable from that of pulmonary tuberculosis. The classic form is seen most commonly in males and is typically associated with other predisposing diseases, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Most patients have upper lobe disease with associated pleural thickening. Widespread disease is common, as is cavitation. Pleural effusions and adenopathy are uncommon. The Lady Windermere syndrome is a special form of pulmonary MAC seen primarily in middle-aged and elderly women. The radiographic findings are bronchiectasis and small nodules, predominately located within the middle lobe and lingula. The combination of bronchiectasis involving exclusively, or primarily, the right middle lobe and lingula is highly suggestive of pulmonary MAC, even in the face of negative sputum cultures. Pulmonary infection with MAC in the immunocompromised patient generally reflects a widespread systemic disease. As such, the radiographic appearance is highly variable. Diffuse pulmonary opacities and adenopathy are common features. Plain radiographs are frequently normal despite active pulmonary infection. Regardless of the clinical situation, pulmonary MAC infection is often omitted from the radiographic differential even when the appearance is characteristic. In general, when pulmonary abnormalities are identified that are consistent with a granulomatous infection, pulmonary MAC needs to be considered along with tuberculosis and fungal infection. Especially with pulmonary MAC, radiographic stability over several years does not exclude active disease. The radiographic appearance may be suggestive of the diagnosis of pulmonary MAC, but correlation with the clinical and microbiological data is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.     

Medical therapy of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare pulmonary disease

Fifty-four patients meeting strict criteria for invasive pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex have been treated and followed at San Antonio State Chest Hospital during the past 15 yr. Chemotherapy with standard antituberculosis drugs was successful in effecting sputum conversion in 32 (59%) of the 54 patients. Regimens containing 2 drugs were successful in only 1 of 10 patients. If 3 or more drugs were given, 91% of those with moderately advanced cavitary disease and 64% of those with far advanced disease responded. There was no correlation between sputum conversion and use of a drug to which the organism exhibited susceptibility in vitro. No particular drug or combination of drugs was uniquely effective.     

Solitary pulmonary granuloma caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the clinical features and high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings of solitary pulmonary granulomas caused by the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) complex. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed a series of 73 consecutive patients with solitary pulmonary granuloma and negative sputum smear and culture results, in whom the diagnosis was established by histological examination of specimens obtained by partial pulmonary resection or lobectomy. We compared the clinical features and HRCT findings of the solitary pulmonary granulomas definitively diagnosed to be caused by the MAI complex with those of granulomas of other causes by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: In this study series of 24 patients with solitary pulmonary granuloma, the aetiological agent was established as being the MAI complex. According to the results of the multivariate analysis, 'female sex', 'pleural indentation' and 'lobulation' on the HRCT images were significantly associated with solitary pulmonary granuloma caused by the MAI complex. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated several characteristics of solitary pulmonary granulomas caused by the MAI complex, and suggested that it might be a subtype of pulmonary MAI complex infection without the typical radiographic features of the infection.     

鸟-胞内分枝杆菌复合群与龟-脓肿分枝杆菌肺病并发支气管扩张的CT征象比较

目的 探讨鸟-胞内分枝杆菌复合群(MAC)肺病与龟-脓肿分枝杆菌肺病并发支气管扩张患者CT征象的差异,提高对两种疾病并发支气管扩张的鉴别诊断水平。 方法 搜集2017年1—12月在广州市胸科医院门诊及住院治疗并经临床确诊的25例并发支气管扩张的鸟-胞内分枝杆菌复合群肺病患者(简称“A组”)和26例并发支气管扩张的龟-脓肿分枝杆菌肺病患者(简称“B组”),两组患者均为初诊或未经抗结核和抗非结核分枝杆菌(NTM)治疗。对两组患者的CT扫描资料进行回顾性分析,主要就两组患者支气管扩张(CT分型、分布)、肺内病灶的形态(微结节、树芽征、结节、实变等)、伴发空洞(类型、分布)的CT征象特点及并发症发生情况进行对比分析。 结果 B组左肺下叶支气管扩张、左肺下叶微结节、肺体积收缩的比率分别为57.69%(15/26)、84.62%(22/26)、61.54%(16/26),均明显高于A组[分别为28.00%(7/25)、56.00%(14/25)、32.00%(8/25)],差异均有统计学意义(χ ²值分别为4.58、5.03、4.46,P值分别为0.032、0.025、0.035)。A组柱状型支气管扩张占52.00%(13/25),高于B组(15.38%,4/26);B组囊状型支气管扩张占50.00%(13/26),高于A组(16.00%,4/25),差异均有统计学意义(χ ²值分别为7.69、6.63,P值分别为0.006、0.010)。结论 龟-脓肿分枝杆菌肺病患者的CT表现中,左肺下叶支气管扩张、左肺下叶微结节、肺体积收缩的发生率高于MAC肺病患者;龟-脓肿分枝杆菌肺病多并发囊状型支气管扩张,而MAC肺病多并发柱状型支气管扩张,以上特征性CT征象有助于两种疾病的鉴别。     

Clinical features and treatment history of clarithromycin resistance in M. avium-intracellulare complex pulmonary disease patients]

Effective antimicrobial treatment of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) has not been established. Clarithromycin (CAM) is an extremely important drug in treatment regimens of MAC diseases. Except for monotherapy, the clinical features of CAM resistance are not clear. We investigated the clinical background of CAM resistance of pulmonary MAC disease patients. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of CAM to 283 strains of M. avium and 58 strains of M. intracellulare were determined by drug susceptibility test using BrothMIC NTM. All 243 M. avium isolates from untreated patients except one isolate were susceptible to CAM. We also examined CAM susceptibility of 40 pulmonary disease patients who received chemotherapy including CAM during a period of over 6 months. Seventeen patients (43%) were resistant to CAM. All (17/17) resistant patients were treated with CAM monotherapy. However 8 of the 23 (35%) susceptible patients were also treated with monotherapy. Many resistant patients were treated with high dose CAM monotherapy and were classified as the non-nodular bronchiectasis type. However 7 of 8 susceptible patients despite long-term monotherapy were the nodular bronchiectasis type. High dose CAM monotherapy and non-nodular bronchiectasis subtype were considered to be risk factors for CAM resistance.     

鸟-胞内分枝杆菌复合菌组肺病与脓肿分枝杆菌肺病临床表现的对比观察

目的 比较鸟-胞内分枝杆菌复合菌组(MAC)肺病和脓肿分枝杆菌肺病临床表现的差异.方法 回顾性分析北京胸科医院2010-2011年新发并有完整资料的MAC肺病18例和脓肿分枝杆菌肺病9例的临床资料,旨在提高对NTM肺病的诊断水平.结果 MAC肺病和脓肿分枝杆菌肺病患者在性别、年龄、体重指数、基础疾病、症状和痰抗酸染色阳性等方面无显著差别.MAC肺病以上叶空洞型较常见(13/18),脓肿分枝杆菌肺病以结节支气管扩张型较常见(8/9);脓肿分枝杆菌肺病患者双肺微结节(8/9)、树芽征(7/9)和多发支气管扩张(8/9)较MAC肺病(7/18、6/18和5/18)常见,MAC肺病患者上叶空洞(13/18)较脓肿分枝杆菌肺病(2/9)常见.结论 MAC肺病和脓肿分枝杆菌肺病的许多特点相类似,但双肺微结节、树芽征和多发支气管扩张多见于脓肿分枝杆菌肺病,上叶空洞多见于MAC肺病.     

鸟-胞内分枝杆菌复合群肺病和脓肿分枝杆菌肺病的CT影像学比较

目的 探讨鸟胞内分枝杆菌复合群（MAC）肺病和脓肿分枝杆菌肺病的CT影像学特点.方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2013年10月间在首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院住院并经临床及实验室证实的16例MAC肺病患者和15例脓肿分枝杆菌肺病患者的CT及高分辨率CT（HRCT）的表现.统计学分析采用SPSS13.0软件进行,计数资料采用x2检验,计量资料采用t检验.两组的CT表现、常见病变的分布特点进行四格表x2检验.由于患者总例数＜40例,用确切概率法计算统计结果,以P＜0.05为差异有统计学意义.结果 两组患者中肺实变影（28/31）、支气管扩张（28/31）、小叶中心性结节影及树芽征（28/31）的影像学表现多见.MAC肺病患者上叶发病优势（10/16）高于脓肿分枝杆菌肺病患者（2/15）（确切概率法,P＜0.01）.MAC肺病患者以空洞型为主（11/16）,而脓肿分枝杆菌肺病患者以结节支气管扩张型为主（11/15）（确切概率法,P＜0.05）.MAC肺病患者肺实变、空洞病变、小叶中心性结节影及树芽征累及肺区范围（分别为55/96,33/96,68/96）多于脓肿分枝杆菌肺病患者（分别为26/90,18/90,48/90）（确切概率法,P值分别为＜0.01、＜0.01、＜0.05）.MAC肺病患者于右肺中叶（11/16）及左肺舌叶（12/16）出现肺实变者多于脓肿分枝杆菌肺病（右肺中叶及左肺舌叶均为4/15）（确切概率法,P＜0.05）.结论 鸟-胞内分枝杆菌复合群（MAC）和脓肿分枝杆菌肺病的CT表现有一定相似性,但亦有各自一定的特点,为临床早期诊断及早期治疗可提供一定的帮助.     

Pulmonary infection of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex with simultaneous organizing pneumonia

A 67-year-old woman presented high-grade fever and dyspnea. Sputum culture confirmed Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC). Transbronchial lung biopsies revealed organizing pneumonia (OP) that was rapidly improved with corticosteroid. Five months after onset, a nodule emerged in the right lung. Although MAC was confirmed, the lesion was deemed too small to merit anti-mycobacterial chemotherapy. Four months later, diffuse infiltrates developed on chest X-ray. Bronchoalveolar lavage study identified MAC and exhibited OP patterns. We commenced antimycobacterial chemotherapy. The infiltrates almost completely improved within a month without corticosteroid.     

Characteristics of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) infection in comparison with those of tuberculosis

To clarify the clinical features of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) infection, we retrospectively evaluated clinical manifestations, laboratory data, chest and maxillary sinus computed tomographic scans and induced sputum findings in 26 with MAC infection in comparison with 104 patients with tuberculosis (TB) infection. We found that carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the serum and percentage of neutrophils in the sputum were significantly higher, and sinusitis was significantly more frequent in patients with MAC compared with patients with TB. MAC infection might be more strongly associated with impaired upper and lower airway defense mechanism in comparison with TB.     

Markers indicating deterioration of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection

To predict the natural history of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) infection with nodular bronchiectasis, we retrospectively evaluated clinical manifestations, laboratory data, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) findings in 57 patients. The patients received follow-up chest computed tomographic scans and testing for sputum bacteriology between intervals of at least 12 mo. They were divided into two groups after observation for 28 +/- 13 mo: deteriorated (n = 34) and not-deteriorated (n = 23). There were no patients with spontaneous improvement. At the start of observation, the mean age was greater in the deteriorated group (69 +/- 9 yr) than in the not-deteriorated group (57 +/- 9 yr). The mean body-mass index was lower in the deteriorated group (19.2 +/- 3.1 kg/m(2)) than in the not-deteriorated group (21.5 +/- 1.5 kg/m(2)). C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 were significantly elevated in the deteriorated group. The BALF findings of the deteriorated group showed that the neutrophil cell counts were significantly increased. Thirty-four of 57 patients with pulmonary MAI infection with nodular bronchiectasis had progressive clinical and/or radiographic disease. The older and thinner patients tended to become worse. Neutrophil-related inflammation associated with a decrease in CD4+ lymphocyte might reflect the progression of pulmonary MAI infection with nodular bronchiectasis.     

Treatment of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex lung disease with a macrolide, ethambutol, and clofazimine

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAC) causes progressive lung disease. Recommended treatment regimens include a macrolide and a rifamycin, but drug intolerance and relapse after treatment is completed often limit successful therapy. METHODS: Consecutive individuals referred for treatment of MAC lung disease were treated with a regimen that included either clarithromycin, 500 mg bid, or azithromycin, 250 mg/d, on weekdays; ethambutol, 15 mg/kg/d; and clofazimine, 100 mg/d. The intention was to treat patients for a minimum of 12 months. The diagnosis of MAC lung disease was confirmed by multiple positive sputum culture findings in patients with typical symptoms and radiologic findings. RESULTS: Thirty patients (27 women and 3 men; mean age, 70 +/- 9.4 years [SD]) were treated. A total of 22 of the patients reported adverse effects from clarithromycin or azithromycin. Intolerance of clarithromycin resulted in the withdrawal of four patients before sputum conversion. The remaining patients continued treatment for an average of 10 months, and sputum findings converted to negative in all 26 patients (87%). One patient died of unrelated causes while still receiving therapy, and five patients (19%) relapsed an average of 17 months after treatment was completed. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with a macrolide, ethambutol, and clofazimine was successful in 20 of 30 patients (67%) with MAC lung disease and is a reasonable alternative to rifamycin-containing regimens.     

Familial pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease

We report two Japanese families affected by pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease, involving an older brother and younger sister in one family and two brothers in the second family. We investigated whether defects in the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein gene (NRAMP1) underlay susceptibility to MAC in these cases. All of the patients had computed tomographic findings of peripheral nodules and bronchiectasis. Pulse-field gel electrophoresis patterns of mycobacterial genomic DNA restriction fragments revealed that none of the MAC strains isolated from the patients was epidemiologically related to any of the others. Direct sequencing of the complementary DNA of the patients' NRAMP1 revealed a nonconservative missense mutation at codon 419 in one patient, which was heterozygous and was not seen in his affected sibling. No variations similar to those found in mice that show susceptibility to MAC were found. The results suggest an underlying genetic defect in host defense rather than exposure to an unusually virulent strain of MAC as the pathogenetic factor in MAC disease; however, alterations in the coding region of NRAMP1 do not appear to explain the susceptibility to MAC.     

Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease in patients with pre-existing lung disease

Patients with MAC-PD and pre-existing lung disease are a distinct group from the more common and recently recognized group of predominantly middle- to older-aged women without pre-existing lung disease. Those with pre-existing disease are expected to have more sputum positivity and slower conversion of sputum with treatment, and they may require combined medical treatment with surgical resection for optimal results. Attention to bronchial hygiene, avoidance of unnecessary use of macrolides, and treatment of underlying esophageal and lung disease can result in marked symptomatic improvement in many cases. Appropriate consideration must be given to mycobacterial antibiotic treatment, and awareness must be maintained for other processes such as bronchogenic cancer in select groups of high-risk patients.     

恙虫病肺部合并症50例临床分析

目的：分析50例恙虫病肺部合并症的临床表现，以提高其早期诊断率。方法：对232例恙虫病患者，通过X线胸片、胸部B超、肺功能检测等方法进行回顾性分析，并对其肺合并症与支原体肺炎、肺炎链球菌肺炎、浸润性肺结核的鉴别诊断进行了讨论。结果：肺合并症占同期恙虫病患者的21．6％（50例／232例）。临床误诊为其他肺疾患占42％。胸片基本为渗出性病变，表现为双侧肺浸润36例（72％），单侧肺浸润14例（28％），其中16例伴有胸膜病变。所有病例经氯霉素治疗痊愈。结论：肺部合并症为恙虫病的常见并发症，如能早期诊断，及时治疗，预后较好。