MRI在胎儿中枢神经系统畸形的应用价值

目的 评价MRI在胎儿中枢神经系统畸形中的应用价值.资料与方法 22例孕妇,年龄23～40岁,年龄平均28岁;孕龄23～40周,平均30周.产前超声(US)检查后48 h内行MRI检查,T2WI采用半傅里叶单激发快速自旋回波序列(HASTE)、真稳态进动快速成像序列(True FISP),T1WI采用超快速小角度激发序列(FLASH)(Turbo FLASH)扫描,将产前MRI、US表现与产后诊断或尸检结果对照.结果 产前MRI与US诊断一致并正确者9例,产前MRI正确并证实US可疑病变2例,产前MRI正确并完善产前US诊断1例,产前MRI正确并改变产前US诊断7例,产前US正确MRI不正确1例,产前US正确且完善MRI诊断2例.结论 MRI对胎儿神经系统畸形的诊断具有一定的优势,与US相比,MRI可提供更全面、更准确的信息,甚至更正US诊断,可作为胎儿中枢神经系统畸形的一种重要检查方法和补充手段.     

胎儿先天性膈疝MRI诊断的探讨

目的 探讨MRI在胎儿先天性膈疝诊断中的应用价值.方法 14名孕妇,孕龄16～39周.产前常规行超声(US)检查怀疑胎儿先天性膈疝后在24-48 h内行MR检查,采用二维快速平衡稳态采集(2D FIESTA)序列、单次激发快速自旋回波(SSFSE)序列以及快速反转恢复运动抑制(FIRM)序列,行胎儿颅脑、胸、腹部常规及胸腹部重点冠状面、矢状面及横断面扫描,将产前MRI、US表现与出生后影像表现或手术(13例胎儿)、引产后尸体解剖(1例胎儿)结果对照.结果 12例为单胎,2例为双胎之一.膈疝位于左侧12例,右侧2例.随访结果与产前MRI诊断完全一致,产前US误诊2例、漏诊2例.12例左侧疝中1例为左胸部被巨大结肠占据,1例仅整个胃泡疝入,5例仅部分肠管疝入,5例整个胃泡和部分肠管同时疝入;2例右侧疝中1例仅部分肠管疝入,1例为肝脏部分和部分肠管同时疝入.结论 MRI对胎儿先天性膈疝诊断具有较高的应用价值.     

真实稳态进动快速成像T2^＊加权序列在胎儿MRI中的应用

目的:探讨真实稳态进动快速成像T2*加权序列在胎儿MRI中的临床应用价值.材料和方法:6例中、晚期孕程的孕妇行真实稳态进动快速成像(true FISP)T2*加权序列扫描,评价图像质量、模糊程度、正常胎儿器官显示、胎儿和母体异常的显示以及胎儿信噪比(SNR)及胎儿-孕妇腰椎椎体对比噪声比(F-L CNR)等,并与TSE序列T2WI进行比较.结果:与TSE序列T2WI相比,true FISP序列T2*WI可清楚显示胎头、胎儿肢体、胎儿脊柱、胎儿的脏器解剖结构以及母体子宫、胎盘、脐带等附属结构,胎儿和母体异常显示也较清晰,并能清晰显示灰、白质分界、脑回、脑髓鞘等结构.true FISP序列获得的图像其SNR以及F-L CNR均优于TSE序列.结论:真实稳态进动快速成像T2*加权序列能够清晰显示胎儿及母体的解剖结构,获得的图像具有较高的T2对比,可作为胎儿MR成像的常用序列.     

磁共振True FISP序列在肝脏疾病影像学评价中的应用

MR T2WI对肝脏局灶性病变的检出和定性诊断起着非常重要的作用[1-2],随着近年来MRI技术的进步,1次屏气即可完成全肝T2WI的图像采集[1-3].真实稳态进动快速成像(true fast imaging with steady precession,True FISP)序列在肝脏疾病的临床诊断及治疗中发挥着越来越重要的作用.True FISP序列成像速度极快,单层采集时间短,对呼吸运动不敏感,即使不能自主屏气的病人也能获得较清晰图像.SIEMENS公司称之为真实稳态进动快速成像True FISP(true fast imaging with steady precession)序列;GE公司称之为快速平衡稳态进动成像FIESTA(fast imaging employing steady state acquisition)序列;PHLIPS公司称之为B FFE(balance fast field echo)技术[4-5].现就MR True FISP的成像原理、成像方法及其在肝脏疾病的诊断和治疗中的研究现况及发展前景予以综述.     

联合应用多种MR成像技术对胰腺癌的诊断价值

目的:探讨MRI多种成像技术对胰腺癌的诊断价值,确定胰腺MRI的最佳扫描组合序列。方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的43例胰腺癌的MRI图像,扫描序列包括:平扫FS FLASH T1WI、TSE T2WI、True FISP T2WI、HASTE-MRCP和动态增强3D VIBE序列等。测量正常胰腺与病灶的信号强度,计算胰腺/肿瘤的CNR,对各序列图像质量进行评分。将各序列MRI诊断和评价结果与手术病理对照。结果:胰腺/肿瘤CNR:多时相动态增强3D VIBE序列,以胰腺实质期的胰腺/肿瘤的CNR最高(9.7),其同期所获得的图像质量最优(3.54±0.64),均优于平扫各序列(P<0.05)。对胰腺肿瘤的评价:动态增强3D VIBE序列在检出胰腺癌及评价癌肿胰周血管受累、邻近器官受侵及转移灶方面均为最优(P<0.05);MRCP对胰腺癌导致的胰胆管受侵最敏感,其次是True FISP序列;综合各序列诊断的敏感性和准确性均优于任何单一的平扫、水成像或动态增强扫描序列。结论:胰腺癌的MR检查,多种扫描序列各有优缺点,联合应用能发挥最大潜力。理想的检查组合应包括:平扫屏气FS FLASH T1WIT、SE T2WI、高分辨率的厚层及薄层MRCP、屏气的三维梯度回波序列多时相动态增强扫描。     

MRI在胎儿中枢神经系统中的临床应用

目的探讨MRI在胎儿中枢神经系统发育异常中的应用价值。方法24例孕妇，年龄25～34岁，平均28岁；孕龄20～39周，平均30周。产前例行超声检查后24h内行MR检查，T2WI采用半傅立叶单激励快速自旋回波(HASTE)快速扫描序列，T1WI采用二维快速小角度激励(FLASH)序列。将超声、MRI结果与出生后或引产后随访结果对照。结果24例孕妇共检出胎儿24个。MR T2WI可清楚、直观地显示出大脑实质、脑回、脑沟裂、胼胝体、丘脑、小脑、脑干及脊髓等解剖结构，T1WI质量差于T2WI。超声共显示病灶27个，MRI显示31个。MRI证实超声怀疑的诊断2例，进一步完善诊断10例，与超声诊断一致12例。结论MRI对胎儿中枢神经系统解剖结构的显示优于超声，而且不受孕妇体型、羊水量多少、胎儿颅骨及母体骨盆骨骼影响。在超声检查基础上进行胎儿MR检查，有助于弥补超声的不足，甚至更正超声诊断，可作为产前胎儿检查的辅助措施。     

高场MRI在超声疑诊胼胝体发育不全胎儿中的应用价值

目的 探讨MRI对超声疑诊胎儿胼胝体发育不全的诊断价值.方法 产前例行超声检查后疑诊有胎儿胼胝体发育不全的19例孕妇,年龄20～37岁(平均28岁),孕龄22～38周(平均29周),24 h内行MR检查, T2WI采用半傅立叶单激励快速自旋回波(HASTE) 快速扫描序列, T1WI采用二维快速小角度激励( FLASH)序列.将超声、MRI结果与尸体解剖或随访结果对照.结果 19例孕妇共检出胎儿19个,MRI证实超声疑诊的胎儿胼胝体发育不全14例,3例为单纯侧脑室轻度扩张,2例考虑脑白质发育不良,合并Dandy-Walker综合征1例,胼胝体脂肪瘤1例,检出超声漏诊合并Dandy-Walker综合征1例及脑小畸形1例.结论 MRI对胎儿胼胝体发育不全的显示明显优于超声,有助于明确胎儿胼胝体发育不全、分型及合并畸形的诊断.     

单次激发快速自旋回波序列MR检查在胎儿先天性肠道闭锁中的应用

目的探讨单次激发快速自旋回波序列(SSFSE)在胎儿MR检查先天性肠道闭锁的应用价值。资料与方法对8例孕20周以上超声提示存在先天性肠道闭锁的胎儿行MR检查。采用SSFSE,选择胎儿头颅、躯干的常规体位,并重点行胎儿躯干横断位、冠状位、矢状位扫描,将产前MRI表现与引产后尸体解剖结果相对照。结果8例先天性肠闭锁,引产后尸检证实闭锁部位分别为空肠近段5例和回肠中段3例,后者同时合并胎儿腹腔积液,SSFSE上见扩张肠管以高信号为主;其中2例肠闭锁并发先天性肛门闭锁,SSFSE上扩张肠管内可见低信号胎粪;1例肠闭锁并发先天性食管闭锁,SSFSE上可见食管中段闭锁处高信号;1例肠闭锁并发膈疝,SSFSE冠状位上疝入物为部分肠管,可见左侧胸腔内少许散在高信号。结论 SSFSE MR检查能清楚显示胎儿先天性肠道闭锁,具有一定的临床诊断价值。     

MRI在胎儿消化系统发育异常中的应用

目的探讨MRI在胎儿消化系统发育异常方面的应用价值。资料与方法对10例孕20周以上超声提示存在消化系统发育异常的胎儿行MR检查。采用单次激发快速自旋回波序列(SSFSE),选择胎儿头颅、躯干的常规体位,并重点行胎儿躯干横断位、冠状位、矢状位扫描,将产前MR表现与引产后尸体解剖结果相对照。结果 10例消化系统发育异常胎儿中,先天性小肠闭锁2例;引产后尸检证实闭锁部位分别为空肠近段和回肠中段,后者同时合并胎儿腹腔积液,SSFSE上见扩张肠管以高信号为主;先天性肛门闭锁5例,SSFSE上扩张肠管内可见低信号胎粪;膈疝2例,均位于左侧,疝入物1例为胃腔、1例为部分肠管,MR图像上表现为高信号胃腔、肠管上升至心脏水平;腹部包块1例,引产后证实为先天性肠系膜囊肿,表现为腹腔内高信号囊性包块。结论 MRI在胎儿消化系统发育异常方面具有一定的诊断价值。     

MRI联合超声诊断胎儿结节性硬化症

【摘要】目的：探讨胎儿结节性硬化症（TSC）的产前MRI诊断方法及影像特征。方法：回顾性分析产前MRI联合超声诊断为TSC的14例胎儿资料,并总结其影像特征。MRI主要采用快速成像即HASTE序列及DWI序列,部分胎儿结合T1WI (FL2D)扫描。结果:产前超声筛查发现心脏横纹肌瘤胎儿共22例,MRI检查发现14例胎儿脑部见室管膜下结节,5例同时合并脑皮质结节。14例胎儿均诊断为TSC。胎儿脑部结节表现为T1WI稍高信号,HASTE序列低信号结节,以HASTE序列显示最佳。本组14例TSC胎儿9例终止妊娠引产,其中2例引产后标本解剖病检,证实为心脏横纹肌瘤伴颅内结节;5例出生后随访证实为TSC。结论：产前超声检查可准确诊断胎儿心脏横纹肌瘤。超声提示心脏横纹肌瘤后,MRI对诊断胎儿TSC颅脑病变敏感性高。MRI联合超声可以确诊胎儿TSC。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）