遗忘型轻度认知障碍脑白质纤维束扩散张量成像研究

目的：使用3．0T 磁共振扩散张量成像（DTI）技术观察遗忘型轻度认知障碍（aMCI）患者脑白质纤维束的改变,探讨 DTI 对 aMCI 的临床诊断价值。方法：对16例 aMCI 患者和12例健康志愿者（对照组）行 DTI 扫描,测量两组受试者的胼胝体膝部、压部、双侧的内囊后肢、小脑中脚、上纵束、下纵束、下额枕束和扣带束的各向异性（FA）和表观扩散系数（ADC）值并进行统计学分析。结果：aMCI 组双侧下额枕束的 FA 值均较对照组低,右上纵束的 ADC 值较对照高,差异具有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;其它部位白质纤维束的 FA 和 ADC 值在两组间的差异无统计学意义（P ＜0．05）。结论：aM-CI 患者的下额枕束和上纵束发生了微观结构的变化,可能在一定程度上参与了遗忘型轻度认知障碍的发生,DTI 对于aMCI 的诊断具有重要的临床价值。     

扩散张量成像在遗忘型轻度认知障碍和Alzheimer病中的应用

目的：探讨磁共振扩散张量成像（DTI）在遗忘型轻度认知障碍（AMCI）、Alzheimer病（AD）诊断中的作用。方法：对20名aMCI患者、20名AD患者、20名正常对照者（NC）行DTI检查,分别在颞叶白质、顶叶白质、海马、胼胝体膝部及压部、上纵束Ⅱ、扣带束测ROI的FA值和ADC值。结果：NC组与aMCI组、aMCI组与AD组比较扣带束FA值均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;NC组与AD组比较颞叶、海马、胼胝体膝部、扣带束FA值,颞叶、海马ADC值有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论：aMCI患者扣带束FA值异常降低;AD患者颞叶、海马、胼胝体膝部、扣带束FA值降低和颞叶、海马ADC值增高,提示DTI检查有助于aMCI、AD患者的早期诊断。     

血管性轻度认知障碍患者胼胝体扩散张量成像改变与认知功能的相关性研究

目的 观察胼胝体纤维束随年龄增长的变化和血管性轻度认知障碍(vMCI)患者胼胝体异常与认知功能改变的关系.方法 通过对vMCI患者(32例)、正常年老组(25例,年龄≥60岁)和年轻组(30例,年龄20~39岁)胼胝体的扩散张量成像(DTI),获得胼胝体的平均扩散(ADC)图及部分各向异性(FA)图,分别测量压部和膝部的ADC值及FA值,并对结果进行统计分析.结果 vMCI组在胼胝体膝部、压部的ADC值较年老组高,而FA值较年老组低.年老组胼胝体膝部、压部FA值均低于年轻组相应部位的FA值(P<0.05),而胼胝体膝部、压部ADC值均大于年轻组(P<0.05).vMCI组胼胝体压部的FA值与MMSE评分呈正相关(r=0.796,P<0.05),而ADC值与MMSE评分呈负相关(r=-0.803,P<0.05).结论 vMCI病人胼胝体完整性受到破坏,故胼胝体DTI的各参数变化有助于其的早期诊断.     

基于纤维束空间统计分析多参数DTI在遗忘型轻度认知障碍的应用

目的:采用基于纤维束空间统计分析(TBSS)的方法分析遗忘型轻度认知障碍(aMCI)患者DTI多参数图,以研究其全脑白质纤维束损害的特点以及可能的病理机制。方法:选取29例aMCI患者和30名正常老年人(正常对照组),对全脑进行1.5T磁共振DTI序列扫描。采用FSL软件对被试的DTI扫描数据进行预处理后对aMCI组、正常对照组的部分各向异性、平均弥散、轴向弥散、径向弥散图进行基于体素的全脑非参数统计学比较。结果:与正常对照组比较,aMCI组的双侧皮质脊髓束、双侧扣带束中部、双侧胼胝体、左侧内囊前肢、左侧外囊、双侧下额枕束、左侧上纵束、左侧膝状体内视路、右侧钩束、右侧视放射出现FA值减低;胼胝体膝部及体部、左侧皮质脊髓束、左侧内囊前后肢、左侧外囊、左侧上纵束出现MD值增加;DR值增高的区域与FA值类似;DA图未发现异常;左侧白质改变多于右侧。aMCI组全脑白质各参数图与简易智能精神状态检查量表(MMSE)评分没有相关性。结论:相对于正常老年人,aMCI患者脑内多发纤维束出现损害,其DTI多参数图改变特点提示白质纤维束的损害可能主要是由退行性改变(retrogenesis)导致的。DTI各参数图的改变可能无法反映患者总体认知功能障碍的严重程度,但这还需要进一步的大样本研究。     

基于体素的遗忘型轻度认知障碍和轻度阿尔茨海默病全脑白质MR扩散张量成像分析

目的 采用基于体素的分析(VBA)方法研究遗忘型轻度认知障碍(aMCI)患者和轻度阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者全脑白质微观结构改变的特点及其与灰质萎缩模式的关系.方法 选取33例aMCI患者(aMCI组)、32例轻度AD患者(轻度AD组)和31名正常老年人(健康对照组),对全脑进行3.0 T DTI及三维快速扰相梯度反转回波(3DFSPGR)脉冲序列扫描.采用统计参数图(SPM)5软件对被试者的结构图像及各向异性(FA)图进行预处理,然后采用t检验对aMCI组、轻度AD组和正常对照组的全脑灰质体积及FA值进行基于体素的统计学比较,计算出有统计学意义的脑区.结果 与正常对照组比较,aMCI组的双侧额颞叶和左侧枕叶白质、左侧扣带前部、左侧顶下小叶、右侧脑室三角区外上方白质的FA值减低;轻度AD组的双侧额颞枕叶、海马旁白质、扣带前部、胼胝体、侧脑室三角区旁白质、顶下小叶、左侧颞于、左侧丘脑、右侧楔前叶FA值减低.基于体素的形态测量学(VBM),分析发现,aMCI患者组左侧海马、海马旁回、舌回、颞上回,双侧岛叶、颞中回出现了灰质萎缩;轻度AD患者组双侧海马、海马旁回、杏仁核、丘脑、额叶、颞叶、顶叶、枕叶皮质出现了灰质萎缩.aMCI与轻度AD患者组全脑白质FA值减低的模式与灰质萎缩模式不同.aMCI组与轻度AD组比较未发现具有统计学意义的FA值减低脑区.aMCI、轻度AD患者组全脑白质FA值与简易智能精神状态检查量表(MMSE)评分没有相关性.结论 基于体素的MR DTI全脑白质分析能够较全面、客观地揭示aMCI、轻度AD的脑白质损害的模式.aMCI、轻度AD患者白质损害的模式与灰质不同,提示脑白质病变是多种病理机制导致的.aMCI患者向轻度AD进展过程中,脑白质各向异性改变不显著,脑白质FA值的改变可能无法反映患者认知功能障碍的严重程度.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the microstructural integrity of white matter (WM) in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) using voxel-based analysis (VBA), and investigate the relationship between WM abnormalities and gray matter(GM) atrophy.Methods Thirty-three cases with aMCI, 32 cases with mild AD and 31 normal aging volunteers as control subjects were scanned on a 3.0 T MR system using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled(3DSPGR) sequences. Fractional anisotropy (FA) maps and morphological images were preprocessed by SPM5 and voxel-based comparisons between the 2 patient groups and the control group were performed by t test. Results Relative to the control group, patients with aMCI showed significantly reduced FA value in bilateral frontal, temporal and left occipital WM, left anterior part of cingulum, left inferior parietal lobule, and the W M adjacent to the triangular part of the right lateral ventricle(k≥20 voxels).In mild AD,significantly reduced FA value was found in bilateral hippocampal,inferior parietal lobular,frontal,temporal,and occipital WM,bilateral corpus callosum,anterior part of cingulums,the WM adjacent to the triaangular part of the bilateral lateral ventricles,left temporal stem,left thalamus,right precuneus(k≥20 voxels).Significantly reduced GM volume was found in left hippocampus,parahippocampal gyrus,lingual gyrus and superior temporal gyrus,bilateral insulae and middle temporal gyri in aMCl group whencompared with control group(k≥50 voxels).In mild AD,significantly reduced GM volume was found in bilateral hippoeampi,parahippocampal gyri,amygdalae,thalami,temporal,parietal,frontal,occipital cortex(k≥50 voxels).The pattern of areas with reduced FA differs;from that of the GM volumetric reduction.No areas with significantlv reduced FA was detected in aMCl compared with mild AD. There was no significant correlation between FA value of WM in patient groups and Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE)scores.Conclusions Voxel-based MRI DTI analysis of whole brain white matter can objectively reveal widespread white matter abnormalities in early-stage AD.The difierence between WM FA reduction pattern and GM volumetric reduction pattern indicates that the pathological WM changes in earlyslage AD were caused by multiple mechanisms. FA did not vary significantly in patients pr0gressing from aMCI to mild AD and can hardly reflect the severitv of cognitive function damage in these patients.     

基于体素的遗忘型轻度认知障碍和轻度阿尔茨海默病全脑白质MR扩散张量成像分析

Objective To evaluate the microstructural integrity of white matter (WM) in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) using voxel-based analysis (VBA), and investigate the relationship between WM abnormalities and gray matter(GM) atrophy.Methods Thirty-three cases with aMCI, 32 cases with mild AD and 31 normal aging volunteers as control subjects were scanned on a 3.0 T MR system using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled(3DSPGR) sequences. Fractional anisotropy (FA) maps and morphological images were preprocessed by SPM5 and voxel-based comparisons between the 2 patient groups and the control group were performed by t test. Results Relative to the control group, patients with aMCI showed significantly reduced FA value in bilateral frontal, temporal and left occipital WM, left anterior part of cingulum, left inferior parietal lobule, and the W M adjacent to the triangular part of the right lateral ventricle(k≥20 voxels).In mild AD,significantly reduced FA value was found in bilateral hippocampal,inferior parietal lobular,frontal,temporal,and occipital WM,bilateral corpus callosum,anterior part of cingulums,the WM adjacent to the triaangular part of the bilateral lateral ventricles,left temporal stem,left thalamus,right precuneus(k≥20 voxels).Significantly reduced GM volume was found in left hippocampus,parahippocampal gyrus,lingual gyrus and superior temporal gyrus,bilateral insulae and middle temporal gyri in aMCl group whencompared with control group(k≥50 voxels).In mild AD,significantly reduced GM volume was found in bilateral hippoeampi,parahippocampal gyri,amygdalae,thalami,temporal,parietal,frontal,occipital cortex(k≥50 voxels).The pattern of areas with reduced FA differs;from that of the GM volumetric reduction.No areas with significantlv reduced FA was detected in aMCl compared with mild AD. There was no significant correlation between FA value of WM in patient groups and Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE)scores.Conclusions Voxel-based MRI DTI analysis of whole brain white matter can objectively reveal widespread white matter abnormalities in early-stage AD.The difierence between WM FA reduction pattern and GM volumetric reduction pattern indicates that the pathological WM changes in earlyslage AD were caused by multiple mechanisms. FA did not vary significantly in patients pr0gressing from aMCI to mild AD and can hardly reflect the severitv of cognitive function damage in these patients.     

基于体素的遗忘型轻度认知障碍和轻度阿尔茨海默病全脑白质MR扩散张量成像分析

Objective To evaluate the microstructural integrity of white matter (WM) in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) using voxel-based analysis (VBA), and investigate the relationship between WM abnormalities and gray matter(GM) atrophy.Methods Thirty-three cases with aMCI, 32 cases with mild AD and 31 normal aging volunteers as control subjects were scanned on a 3.0 T MR system using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled(3DSPGR) sequences. Fractional anisotropy (FA) maps and morphological images were preprocessed by SPM5 and voxel-based comparisons between the 2 patient groups and the control group were performed by t test. Results Relative to the control group, patients with aMCI showed significantly reduced FA value in bilateral frontal, temporal and left occipital WM, left anterior part of cingulum, left inferior parietal lobule, and the W M adjacent to the triangular part of the right lateral ventricle(k≥20 voxels).In mild AD,significantly reduced FA value was found in bilateral hippocampal,inferior parietal lobular,frontal,temporal,and occipital WM,bilateral corpus callosum,anterior part of cingulums,the WM adjacent to the triaangular part of the bilateral lateral ventricles,left temporal stem,left thalamus,right precuneus(k≥20 voxels).Significantly reduced GM volume was found in left hippocampus,parahippocampal gyrus,lingual gyrus and superior temporal gyrus,bilateral insulae and middle temporal gyri in aMCl group whencompared with control group(k≥50 voxels).In mild AD,significantly reduced GM volume was found in bilateral hippoeampi,parahippocampal gyri,amygdalae,thalami,temporal,parietal,frontal,occipital cortex(k≥50 voxels).The pattern of areas with reduced FA differs;from that of the GM volumetric reduction.No areas with significantlv reduced FA was detected in aMCl compared with mild AD. There was no significant correlation between FA value of WM in patient groups and Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE)scores.Conclusions Voxel-based MRI DTI analysis of whole brain white matter can objectively reveal widespread white matter abnormalities in early-stage AD.The difierence between WM FA reduction pattern and GM volumetric reduction pattern indicates that the pathological WM changes in earlyslage AD were caused by multiple mechanisms. FA did not vary significantly in patients pr0gressing from aMCI to mild AD and can hardly reflect the severitv of cognitive function damage in these patients.     

轻度Alzheimer病人边缘系统纤维束各向异性的研究

目的利用扩散张量成像研究轻度Alzheimer患者边缘系统纤维束的异常。方法对17例正常志愿者和17例轻度Alzheimer患者进行了扩散张量成像扫描,测量双侧扣带水平部,双侧扣带后部和穹窿的FA值,并对结果进行统计学比较。结果对照组和AD组的双侧扣带水平部,双侧扣带后部和穹窿的FA值差异具有显著性意义。结论扩散张量成像能发现轻度Alzheimer患者边缘系统纤维束各向异性下降,提示其内部结构异常。     

白质纤维束示踪成像的原理及应用

磁共振扩散张量成像最近已用于中枢神经系统疾病的研究中,目前利用扩散张量成像进行的白质纤维束示踪成像可以显示脑内主要白质纤维束的走行、方向及病理改变等信息。综述白质纤维束示踪成像的原理及应用。     

颅脑外伤后晚发型癫痫患者认知损害和磁共振弥散张量研究

目的分析颅脑外伤后晚发型癫痫患者的临床特点、认知功能及弥散张量成像技术在显示脑损害中的作用。方法对1999年6月-2007年8月在解放军总医院癫痫门诊就诊的175例颅脑外伤后晚发型癫痫患者,将其分为有明确病灶组和无明确病灶组,并对其临床资料进行分析;再取其中37例癫痫患者作为癫痫组,39例健康人作为正常对照组,对癫痫组和正常对照组进行认知功能检查,并对癫痫组患者中的13例进行磁共振弥散张量(DTI)检查。结果颅脑外伤后晚发型癫痫患者中有明确病灶组和无明确病灶组患者单纯部分发作或复杂部分发作的发作频率均显著高于部分继发全面性发作,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),而比较两组间各发作类型的发作频率,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。颅脑外伤后晚发型癫痫组患者VIQ、PIQ、FIQ得分均明显低于对照组(P<0.01),差异具有统计学意义。癫痫组1min之内说出的蔬菜、动物、水果及总均数均明显低于正常对照组;数字广度、数字符号得分明显低于正常对照组;癫痫组较对照组Stroop试验反应时明显延长(P<0.01)。DTI研究可见在T2加权像病灶中心部位呈长T2信号,MD值明显增高、FA值明显减低。病灶周边T2加权像看似正常的白质(NAWM),其MD值高于、FA值低于对侧相应白质区域(P<0.05)。结论颅脑外伤后晚发型癫痫患者存在广泛的认知功能损害,DTI成像能发现脑白质早期病变,尤其是能够显示T2加权像看似正常白质的细微病理改变。     

轻度认知功能障碍及阿尔茨海默病脑白质的MR扩散张量成像研究

目的 应用MR DTI方法评价轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)及阿尔茨海默病(AD)脑白质微观结构完格性,进一步探讨脑白质异常与认知功能损害之间的关系.方法 选取9例遗忘型MCI(MCI组)、15例可能AD(AD组)和11名年龄匹配的正常老年人(NC组),对常规腩部MRI脑白质表现正常的部位进行DTI扫描,测量不同脑区的各向异性指数(FA)及平均扩散率(MD),应用单因素方差分析对3组相应区域进行组间比较,并对所有被试DTI指数与临床认知评价量表积分进行相关性检验.结果 MCI患者顶叶、半卵圆中心、后扣带回、海马旁回、颞叶、额叶FA值分别为0.31±0.03、0.39±0.03、0.62±0.05、0.59±0.05、0.47±0.08、0.32±0.04,MD值分别为(899±30)×10-6、(782±53)×10-6、(732±45)×10-6、(806±38)×10-6、(772±55)×10-6、(792±35)×10-6mm2/s.AD患者相应部位FA值分别为0.28±0.04、0.37±0.03、0.55±0.06、0.52±0.05、0.40±0.05、0.27±0.04,MD值分别为(912±37)×10-6、(800±67)×10-6、(762±46)×10-6、(874±57)×10-6、(822±55)×10-6、(822±39)×10-6mm2/s.NC组FA值分别为0.36±0.03、0.43±0.05、0.64±0.05、0.60±0.05、0.52±0.05、0.33±0.03,MD值分别为(866±37)×10-6、(754±54)×10-6、(718±32)×10-6、(810±39)×10-6、(755±48)×10-6、(785±23)×10-6mm2/s.与NC组对比,MCI组的顶叶FA值明显下降(P<0.01),AD组顶叶、半卵圆中心FA值亦明显减低(P<0.01),且后扣带回、海马旁回及颞叶、额叶脑白质FA值及相应MD值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),同时这些区域DTI指数与临床认知评价量表积分具有相关性(P<0.05).结论 MR DTI能够探测AD及MCI患者脑白质微观结构异常,顶叶脑白质FA值的异常在认知功能损害的早期即已发生,该脑区白质异常改变及区域性失联络在痴呆进程中可能起到重要作用.     

Visualization and analysis of white matter structural asymmetry in diffusion tensor MRI data.

This work presents a method that permits the characterization, quantification, and 3D visualization of white matter structural information contained within diffusion tensor MR imaging (DT-MRI) data. In this method, regions within the brain are defined as possessing linear, planar, or spherical diffusion. Visualization of this diffusion metric data is realized by generating streamtube and streamsurface models to represent regions of linear and planar diffusion. Quantification of differences in diffusion anisotropy between different regions of interest (ROIs) is then achieved by analyzing 2D barycentric histograms created from the complete distribution of diffusion metric values measured in each region. In four healthy volunteers, there was only a small degree of asymmetry (epsilon) in the number of linear, planar, or spherical diffusion voxels between the right and left hemispheres (epsilon approximately equal to +/- 2%). However, in a patient with a metastatic brain lesion there was marked asymmetry in both linear (epsilon approximately -10%) and planar (epsilon approximately equal to 5%) diffusion between comparable ipsilateral and contralateral regions, with a significant reduction in the number of linear diffusion voxels and an increase in the number of planar diffusion voxels in the tumor-bearing hemisphere. These results demonstrate the potential of this approach to characterize brain structure in both healthy and diseased subjects.     

Whole-brain voxel-based morphometry of white matter in mild cognitive impairment

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to analyze whole-brain white matter changes in mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Materials and methods

We studied 14 patients with MCI and 14 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) on T1-weighted 3D datasets. The data were collected on a 3T MR system and analyzed by SPM2 to generate white matter volume maps.

Results

Voxel-based morphometry revealed diffusively reduced white matter in MCI prominently including the bilateral temporal gyrus, the right anterior cingulate, the bilateral superior and medial frontal gyrus and right parietal angular gyrus. White matter reduction was more prominent in anterior regions than that in posterior regions.

Conclusion

Whole-brain white matter reduction in MCI patients detected with VBM has special distribution which is in line with the white matter pathology of MCI.     

轻型创伤性脑损伤脑白质纤维束扩散张量成像研究

目的：使用3.0T 磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)技术观察轻型创伤性脑损伤(mTBI)患者脑白质纤维束的改变,探讨 DTI对 mTBI 的临床诊断价值。方法选取30例 mTBI 患者及30例健康对照者分别进行常规 CT、MRI 及 DTI 检查,分别测量 mTBI患者(急性期、亚急性期、伤后5周~3个月)和对照者的胼胝体膝部、压部、双侧内囊前后肢、扣带束、上纵束、下纵束的各向异性(FA)值、表观扩散系数(ADC)值,观察各测量值的变化规律。结果mTBI 患者部分脑白质纤维束区的 FA 值在急性期、亚急性期减低(P 均<0.05),伤后5周~3个月时仍低于对照者(P 均<0.05),但胼胝体膝部及压部的 FA 值在急性期不减低反而升高(P 均>0.05),此后呈逐渐减低趋势,并在外伤5周~3个月时略低于正常对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P 均>0.05)。急性期、亚急性期 mTBI 患者的 ADC 值低于正常对照组,并在外伤5周~3个月时接近或略高于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P 均>0.05)。结论DTI 对 mTBI 敏感性较高,能够准确显示白质纤维束的损伤情况并使其可视化,DTI 对 mTBI 的诊断具有重要的临床价值。     

Altered white matter diffusion anisotropy in normal and preterm infants at term‐equivalent age

To investigate white matter (WM) development, voxelwise analyses of diffusion tensor MRI (DTMRI) data, acquired from 12 very preterm and 11 preterm infants with gestational ages (GA) ranging from 25 to 29 and 29 to 32 weeks, respectively, and 10 newborn normal term infants were performed. T₂ relaxation measures were also generated to assess brain water content. Compared with newborn term infants, very preterm infants were found to possess reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) within the frontal lobe, and a number of anterior and posterior commissural pathways. Preterm infants possessed reduced FA mainly within the posterior regions of the corpus callosum. Unexpectedly, we observed significantly reduced FA and increased T₂ within a number of corticospinal projections in the newborn term infants compared to the preterm groups. This finding may reflect increased water concentration and/or a lowering of FA due to the presence of crossing interhemispheric WM projections. These findings indicate that care should be taken when interpreting FA indices without knowledge of the possible effects of water concentration in the newborn infant brain. Magn Reson Med 60:761–767, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Diffusion anisotropy in subcortical white matter and cortical gray matter: changes with aging and the role of CSF-suppression

PURPOSE: To determine the relevance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-suppression for the measurement of diffusion anisotropy in well-localized areas of the brain, particularly the subcortical white matter (WM) within the gyri and cortical gray matter (GM), in young and elderly subjects, and to assess the changes of water diffusivity in the brain with normal aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Quantitative measures of anisotropy in 26 regions, including subcortical WM (i.e., in the gyri), cortical GM, major deep WM, and deep GM regions of young (21-25 years, N = 8) and elderly (61-74 years, N = 10) normal volunteers, were assessed with CSF-suppressed diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) relative to standard DTI. RESULTS: CSF-suppressed DTI demonstrated significant increases in fractional anisotropy (FA) of 3-12% in the young and 2-14% in the elderly groups with the largest changes being in the subcortical WM of the gyri. Furthermore, FA decreased by 10-19% in the subcortical WM of the gyri of the elderly subjects relative to the young, primarily due to increases in the perpendicular diffusivity, lambda(3), with age. CONCLUSION: CSF-suppressed DTI yields more accurate measures of quantitative anisotropy in cortical and subcortical brain regions. Reductions of anisotropy with aging were predominantly observed in subcortical WM of the gyri.