Ionophoric properties of polysorbate 80

Polysorbate 80, a surfactant often assumed to be inert, was found to bind a number of biochemically important ions (K+, Na+, NH4+, Ca2+) and transport them through a model membrane (CH2Cl2). The rates and fluxes of potassium ions were found to depend on the initial concentration of potassium ion, the polysorbate 80 concentration, the temperature, and the stirring rate. The thermodynamic constants for the process were determined and its mechanism is discussed.     

聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇单油酸酯对大鼠体内细胞色素P450酶活性的影响

目的采用Cocktail混合探针药物法,探究聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇单油酸酯(吐温80)对大鼠体内Cyp450同工酶活性的影响,为提高临床低生物利用度药物的疗效提供新的途径,也为药物研发领域研制新型制剂选择合适的辅料提供理论依据。方法选用非那西丁、奥美拉唑、安非他酮和咪达唑仑分别作为大鼠体内4种Cyp450酶(Cyp1a2、Cyp2c11、Cyp2b1、Cyp3a1)的探针药物。SD雄性大鼠连续尾静脉注射吐温80溶液14 d,第14日给药30 min后,尾静脉注射混合探针药物后于各时间点取血。采用LC-MS/MS法测定试验组和对照组混合探针药物的血药浓度,用DAS 2.0软件拟合药代动力学参数。结果吐温80连续尾静脉注射2周后,与空白对照组相比,非那西丁、奥美拉唑、安非他酮的代谢明显减慢,而咪达唑仑的代谢无明显差异。结论吐温80对大鼠体内Cyp2c11、Cyp2b1、Cyp1a2酶有明显抑制作用,而对大鼠体内Cyp3a1无明显影响。因此,在临床上吐温80与CYP1A2、CYP2B6、CYP2C19酶相关的底物合用时,应注意给药剂量,防止药物在体内的血药浓度过高从而导致不良反应。     

Evaluation of developmental neurotoxicity of organotins via drinking water in rats: dimethyl tin

Dimethyltin (DMT) is one of several organotins that are detected in domestic water supplies due to their use as plastic stabilizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and chlorinated PVC (CPVC) products. A limited number of in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that DMT may produce developmental neurotoxicity; therefore, we initiated studies to evaluate long-term neurobehavioral changes in offspring following perinatal exposure. In the first study, female Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed via drinking water to DMT (0, 3, 15, 74 ppm) before mating and throughout gestation and lactation. Male offspring were tested for changes in: 1) preweaning learning in an associative runway task, 2) motor activity ontogeny, 3) spatial learning and retention in the Morris water maze as adults, 4) brain weight, 5) biochemical evidence of apoptosis, and 6) neuropathology. DMT toxicity was expressed as depressed maternal weight gain (74 ppm), and in the offspring, decreased brain weight (3, 74 ppm), decreased apoptosis (all concentrations), mild vacuolation in adult offspring (all concentrations), and slower learning in the water maze (15 ppm) due to altered spatial search patterns. In a second study, DMT exposure (same concentrations) occurred from gestational day 6 to weaning. Male and female offspring were tested. The high concentration again depressed maternal weight gain, decreased offspring birth weight and preweaning growth, and decreased brain weight. Increased and decreased apoptotic markers were measured, depending on age. Learning deficits were observed in the runway at postnatal day 11 (15, 74 ppm) and again in the adult offspring in the water maze (15 ppm). The results of both studies demonstrate a reproducible effect of 15 ppm perinatal DMT exposure on spatial learning. Changes in expression of apoptosis, brain weight, and the occurrence of neuropathological lesions also indicate potential neurotoxicity of DMT. These results were in contrast to earlier findings with monomethyl tin, for which only similar neuropathological lesions were observed. Thus, developmental neurotoxicity may be produced in offspring following gestational exposure to DMT in drinking water.     

Cosolubilization of non-polar drugs in polysorbate 80 solutions

This study investigated the cosolubilization phenomenon of three non-polar drugs (hydrocortisone, beta-estradiol, and ethynylestradiol) in polysorbate 80 solutions. It was found that the solubility of any drug decreased in the presence of other steroidal compounds. In an attempt to understand the observation, the author proposed a model to describe and to predict the drug solubility in the presence of other non-polar drugs in a non-ionic surfactant. The model indicates that, in a non-ionic surfactant solution that contains both drugs D(a) and D(b), the total solubility [D(a)(tot)] is related not only to the physical chemical properties of D(a) (micellar equilibrium constant K(a), the intrinsic solubility [D(a)]), as well as the total surfactant concentration [S(tot)], it is also related to the physical chemical properties of the D(b). Mathematically, the [D(a)(tot)] decreases as the product of the micellar equilibrium constant K(b) and the intrinsic solubility [D(b)] increases. The model was also put to the test by comparing the cosolubilization data obtained experimentally with the data calculated from the proposed model. The fact that these two sets of data were in good agreement lent strong support to the newly proposed model.     

聚山梨酯80的分析方法研究进展

随着聚山梨酯80在药物制剂中广泛使用,其安全性与用量成为影响药品安全性的关键,其含量测定的方法也成为研究的热点。由于聚山梨酯80分子结构中具有3个支链,各支链长度具有不确定性,使其测定困难。本文综述了聚山梨酯80的各种测定方法。     

Peroxide formation in polysorbate 80 and protein stability

Nonionic surfactants are widely used in the development of protein pharmaceuticals. However, the low level of residual peroxides in surfactants can potentially affect the stability of oxidation-sensitive proteins. In this report, we examined the peroxide formation in polysorbate 80 under a variety of storage conditions and tested the potential of peroxides in polysorbate 80 to oxidize a model protein, IL-2 mutein. For the first time, we demonstrated that peroxides can be easily generated in neat polysorbate 80 in the presence of air during incubation at elevated temperatures. Polysorbate 80 in aqueous solution exhibited a faster rate of peroxide formation and a greater amount of peroxides during incubation, which is further promoted/catalyzed by light. Peroxide formation can be greatly inhibited by preventing any contact with air/oxygen during storage. IL-2 mutein can be easily oxidized both in liquid and solid states. A lower level of peroxides in polysorbate 80 did not change the rate of IL-2 mutein oxidation in liquid state but significantly accelerated its oxidation in solid state under air. A higher level of peroxides in polysorbate 80 caused a significant increase in IL-2 mutein oxidation both in liquid and solid states, and glutathione can significantly inhibit the peroxide-induced oxidation of IL-2 mutein in a lyophilized formulation. In addition, a higher level of peroxides in polysorbate 80 caused immediate IL-2 mutein oxidation during annealing in lyophilization, suggesting that implementation of an annealing step needs to be carefully evaluated in the development of a lyophilization process for oxidation-sensitive proteins in the presence of polysorbate.     

高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射法测定冠心宁注射液中聚山梨酯80的含量

目的:采用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射法,建立冠心宁注射液中聚山梨酯80的含量测定方法。方法:采用TSK GELG2000SWxl色谱柱(7.8 mm×300 mm,5μm),以乙腈-20 mmol·L-1醋酸铵溶液(10∶90)为流动相,流速0.6 mL·min-1,柱温30℃,蒸发光检测器检测,漂移管温度103℃,载气为氮气,流量为2.3 L·min-1。结果:聚山梨酯80进样量在5.13～51.30μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9977);方法回收率为98.03%(RSD=1.6%,n=6)。结论:该方法简单、快速,重复性好,可作为冠心宁注射液中聚山梨酯80的质量控制方法,为降低临床不良反应的发生提供技术保障。     

GC法测定复方苦参注射液中聚山梨酯80的含量

目的:建立测定复方苦参注射液中聚山梨酯80含量的气相色谱方法。方法:采用脂肪酸甲酯化法进行样品前处理。气相色谱条件:DB-WAX毛细管柱(PEG-20000,30 m×0.32 m×0.25 m);氢火焰离子化检测器(FID);进样口温度250℃,检测器温度为250℃;柱温初始温度为80℃,以10℃.min-1升温至220℃,保持20 min;载气为氮气,恒定流速1 mL.min-1,进样方式为分流进样,分流比10∶1;进样量为1μL。结果:聚山梨酯80的进样浓度在0.1～5.0 mg.mL-1(r=0.9998)范围内呈良好线性关系;平均回收率(n=3)为97.4%～100.7%。结论:该方法简便快速,可用于复方苦参注射液中聚山梨酯80的含量测定。     

Complement activation associated with polysorbate 80 in beagle dogs

Polysorbate 80 (Tween® 80) is the most extensively used surfactant in parenteral drug formulation. Its application as an adjunct for intravenous drug administration is approved by the Food and Drug Administration. However, severe hypersensitive reactions, which are typical non-immune anaphylactic reactions (pseudoallergy) characterized by the release of histamine and unvaried IgE antibodies, have been associated with Tween® 80. In order to explore the non-immune anaphylactic mechanisms of Tween® 80, we performed in vivo experiments to assess the changes in physiological and hematologic indicators after intravenous injection of Tween® 80 into dogs. Tween® 80 induced the release of histamine, and a 2-fold increase in SC5b-9, 2.5-fold increase in C4d, 1.3-fold increase in Bb, while IgE remained unchanged. It also produced changes in pulmonary pressure, systemic pressure and ECG. In in vitro experiments, Tween® 80 was incubated with dog serum in the presence of an inhibitor of complement activation (EGTA/Mg²⁺). Under these conditions, Tween® 80 increased the contents of C4d and Bb. The results of this study reveal that Tween® 80 can cause cardiopulmonary distress in dogs and activate the complement system through classical and alternative pathways as indicated in both in vivo and in vitro preparations. Moreover, they demonstrate the utility of the beagle dog as an animal model for the study of complement activation-related pseudoallergy. These findings raise concerns with regard to the indiscriminate use of Tween® 80 in clinical applications.     

The versatility of polysorbate 80 (tween 80) as an ionophore

A number of experiments were performed to illustrate the unusual versatility of Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) as an ionophore. New ions shown to be transported by it from and to water layers through a model membrane (CH₂Cl₂) include H₃O⁺, Li⁺, Pb²⁺, Co²⁺, piperidinium ion, guanidinium ion, and Paraquat, while two complex ions resisted transport under the conditions used. “Reverse” transport of lipophilic guests (azobenzene, azulene, ferrocene) from and to organic solvents through water was also promoted by Tween 80, but C₆₀ was not carried. Three water molecules were transported per molecule of KSCN by the Tween.     

HPLC-ELSD法测定复方麝香注射液中聚山梨酯80的含量

目的 采用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射法建立复方麝香注射液中聚山梨酯80的含量测定方法.方法采用高效液相色谱法测定.色谱柱：TSK GEL G2000SWxl色谱柱（7.8 mm＆#215;300 mm,5 μm）,流动相：乙腈-0.01 mol·L-1乙酸铵溶液（8∶ 92）,流速：0.8 mL·min-1,柱温：30℃,蒸发光散射检测器漂移管温度103℃,载气为氮气,流量为2.5 L·min-1.结果聚山梨酯80进样量在2.515～100.6 μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 6;平均加样回收率为100.87%（n=6,RSD=0.65%）.结论 试验表明,该方法操作简单、快速,重复性好,可以作为复方麝香注射液中聚山梨酯80的质量控制方法.     

GC法同时测定聚山梨酯80中5种挥发性杂质

目的建立气相色谱法对聚山梨酯80中的环氧乙烷、二氧六环、氯乙醇、乙二醇和二甘醇5种挥发性杂质进行同时检测。方法采用气相色谱法,色谱柱固定相为PEG20000(GsBP-INOWAX,30m×0.53mm×1.0μm弹性石英毛细管柱)。采用程序升温,初温50℃,以5℃·min-1升温至200℃,保持10min,再以50℃·min-1升温至230℃,保持20min。进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为250℃。结果同时测定了聚山梨酯80中环氧乙烷、二氧六环、氯乙醇、乙二醇和二甘醇5种挥发性杂质,线性范围分别为2.7~176.8μg·mL-1(r=0.999 8),2.8~140.7μg·mL-1(r=0.999 8),3.4~167.5μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9),4.7~2 345μg·mL-1(r=0.999 8)和3.2~160.8μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9);平均加样回收率分别为104.3%,91.3%,105.2%,94.1%和105.7%,RSD分别为2.5%,2.8%,1.4%,3.0%和3.7%。结论该方法灵敏、准确,可用于聚山梨酯80中挥发性杂质的检测。     

Fertility and developmental neurotoxicity effects of inhaled hydrogen sulfide in Sprague-Dawley rats

In this study, we examined whether perinatal exposure by inhalation to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) had an adverse impact on pregnancy outcomes, offspring prenatal and postnatal development, or offspring behavior. Virgin male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (12 rats/sex/concentration) were exposed (0, 10, 30, or 80 ppm H2S; 6 h/day, 7 days/week) for 2 weeks prior to breeding. Exposures continued during a 2-week mating period (evidence of copulation = gestation day 0 = GD 0) and then from GD 0 through GD 19. Exposure of dams and their pups (eight rats/litter after culling) resumed between postnatal day (PND) 5 and 18. Adult male rats were exposed for 70 consecutive days. Offspring were evaluated using motor activity (PND 13, 17, 21, and 60+/-2), passive avoidance (PND 22+/-1 and 62+/-3), functional observation battery (PND 60+/-2), acoustic startle response (PND 21 and 62+/-3), and neuropathology (PND 23+/-2 and 61+/-2). There were no deaths and no adverse physical signs observed in F0 male or female rats during the study. A statistically significant decrease in feed consumption was observed in F0 male rats from the 80-ppm H2S exposure group during the first week of exposure. There were no statistically significant effects on the reproductive performance of the F0 rats as assessed by the number of females with live pups, litter size, average length of gestation, and the average number of implants per pregnant female. Exposure to H2S did not affect pup growth, development, or performance on any of the behavioral tests. The results of our study suggest that H2S is neither a reproductive toxicant nor a behavioral developmental neurotoxicant in the rat at occupationally relevant exposure concentrations (< or =10 ppm).     

Solubilization of indomethacin by polysorbate 80 in mixed water-sorbitol solvents

The effect of indomethacin on the micellar properties of the non-ionic surfactant, polysorbate 80, in water-sorbitol mixtures containing up to 25% w/v sorbitol has been investigated by light scattering, photon correlation spectroscopy and viscometric techniques. The molecular weight of polysorbate 80 micelles containing solubilized indomethacin increased linearly with increase of sorbitol concentration. Solubilization of indomethacin resulted in an increase of micellar weight due not only to the incorporation of solubilizate but also to an increase in the number of polysorbate molecules per micelle. The micelles in all systems were most satisfactorily represented as oblate ellipsoids, the asymmetry and hydration of which increased with increase of sorbitol concentration. Indomethacin solubilization caused a restructuring of the micelle to produce a more symmetrical micelle of increased hydration.     

动力学分光光度法测定增溶性辅料Tween 80的溶血过程

Tween 80又名聚山梨酯80,化学名为聚氧乙烯20山梨醇酐单油酸酯,为淡黄色至橙黄色的黏稠液体,是由山梨醇、脂肪酸和环氧乙烷等聚合形成的高分子混合物,在药学领域中常作为液体制剂的增溶性     

中药注射剂中添加聚山梨酯80的快速检测

目的建立中药注射剂中添加聚山梨酯80的快速检测方法 ,并做了方法学验证。方法采用化学反应,快速、简便地检测出处方中未标示而添加的聚山梨酯80。结果测定了血塞通注射液247批次和灯盏花素注射液141批次,其中6批标示添加了聚山梨酯80和4批未标示添加了聚山梨酯80的灯盏花素注射液样品检测结果为阳性,经HPLC验证确实存在并测出其含量。结论该研究为中药注射剂中添加聚山梨酯80的快速检测提供了思路与方法 。     

Flow-cytometric analysis on adverse effects of polysorbate 80 in rat thymocytes

The effects of polysorbate 80, a non-ionic surfactant widely used in pharmaceutical products, on rat thymocytes were examined to reveal its toxic property at the cellular level. Polysorbate 80 at concentrations of 1-100 microg/ml did not significantly affect the cell viability. This surfactant at 30 microg/ml or more augmented the intensity of fluo-3 fluorescence, indicating the increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. Such an augmentation of fluo-3 fluorescence by polysorbate 80 was not seen under the Ca(2+)-free condition, suggesting that polysorbate 80 increased membrane Ca(2+) permeability. The concentration-dependent polysorbate 80 at 10 microg/ml or more attenuated the intensity of 5-chloromethylfluorescein, indicating a decrease in cellular content of glutathione by polysorbate 80. Furthermore, the agent at 1 microg/ml or more attenuated the intensity of bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol fluorescence, being independent from the changes in membrane potential. This phenomenon indicates that polysorbate 80 at 1 microg/ml or more may attenuate the incorporation of anionic compounds into the membranes. It can be suggested that polysorbate 80 modifies some of membranes and intracellular physiological parameters without affecting the cell viability.     

SEC—ELSD法测定中药注射液中聚山梨酯80的含量

目的:建立测定中药注射液中聚山梨酯80含量的分子排阻-蒸发光散射(SEC—ELSD)方法。方法:采用 TSKgel G2000SW_(XL)色谱柱(7.8 mm×30 cm,5μm),以20 mmoL·L~(-1)醋酸铵-乙腈(90∶10)为流动相,流速:0.6 mL·min~(-1);柱温:30℃;蒸发光散射器的漂移管温度:110℃,氮气流速:2.3 L·min~(-1)。结果:聚山梨酯80浓度在1～20mg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的对数线性关系,r=0.9968;鱼腥草注射液、新鱼腥草素钠注射液及柴胡注射液的平均加样回收率(n=9)分别为101.1%,100.5%,99.6%。结论:该方法专属、准确,适用于测定鱼腥草注射液、新鱼腥草素钠注射液、柴胡注射液中聚山梨酯80的含量。