转基因食品还是结构更重要

简单介绍了转基因食品的发展现状,接着分析了两种不同的观点.一种观点认为:对于发展中国家来说,转基因食品比结构更重要.理由是:发展中国家急需转基因食品来解决贫困和饥饿问题;引入转基因作物、食品对于发展中国家的人民来说是道德至上命令;用转基因食品比结构更容易解决发展中国家的贫困和饥饿问题.另一种观点认为结构更重要.理由是:对于发展中国家来说,改革不合理和不公正的分配制度比发展转基因食品更紧迫;基因专利使发展中国家处于严重不利的地位;如果不解决结构问题,转基因食品在发展中国家将寸步难行.在分析了上述两种观点后,作者认为:发展中国家目前未必需要转基因食品;解决结构问题,建立公正合理的分配制度和国际政治经济新秩序对发展中国家来说已迫在眉睫.     

Surveillance methodology for planning, and evaluation of nutritional states

In developing countries in general, malnutrition has been widely reported as a major public health problem. Most of morbidity and mortality in these countries especially in the under fives are attributed to nutritional deficiencies at least in part. However, documentation of malnutritional problems in these countries is inadequate for monitoring, planning and coordination of control programmes. The data that is collected in few instances where this is accomplished is insufficient for a meaningful analysis. This paper suggests some simple epidemiological techniques which could be routinely employed using the existing health personnel to monitor and document temporal trends and types of data required for useful understanding of the problem.     

Treating defective neonates in Hungary

How to decide which very small or handicapped newborn babies to treat is as much a problem in the former communist countries as in the West. Hungarian attitudes to the problem are discussed here.     

International migration of doctors from developing countries: need to follow the Commonwealth Code

There is an ongoing debate on the migration of doctors, especially psychiatrists, from developing countries. It is argued that these countries, which are already running short of psychiatrists, will further be jeopardized and their health systems will collapse if this migration and subsequent recruitment continue. In this paper the author presents a personal view of the ethics and human rights of this matter. He emphasises the importance of migration of doctors in view of the current situation in developing countries and advises that the Commonwealth Code be followed to address the problem of the shortage of psychiatrists in developing countries and psychiatrists' basic right to avail themselves of the opportunities in the developed world.     

An expert consultation system for frontline health workers in primary eye care

In developing countries, blindness is a major health problem whose control depends on the application of simple measures by frontline workers because, in many of these countries, specialist medical care is not readily available. To assist primary health workers in the management of common and potentially blinding eye disorders, we have developed a prototype computer program for a hand-held computer that incorporates a set of guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. This eye treatment program will help evaluate the potential of such devices for improving health care delivery in developing countries. This approach is now feasible because of recent advances in expert system and portable computer technology.     

纤维素三苯甲酯手性固定相的制备及对映体的拆分

医疗保险在许多国家被证明能够有效提升医疗服务质量。然而,如何控制医疗保险系统费用的增长仍是有待解决的问题。一些发达国家如英国、加拿大、瑞典将卫生技术评估结果与政府决策和医疗保险管理结合起来,使医疗费用得到控制同时卫生服务的质量得以提高。中国正在进行医疗改革开展新的医疗保险计划,借鉴别国的经验对医疗保险体系的发展和管理意义重大。     

The importance of "throwing money at" the problem of global health

More funding from wealthy countries is required to improve health care and the infectious disease situation in developing countries. Although progress has been made, funds for fighting AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria remain inadequate. These treatable and preventable diseases together kill over 6 million people every year. Funds are needed to improve access to existing medicines as well as to increase research and development of drugs. The idea that "throwing money at the problem is not going to solve it" rightly holds that increased funding is not sufficient for solving the health care problems of developing countries. In order to work, funds must be spent wisely. This does not mean that increased funding is unnecessary.     

全球结核病的流行与控制

结核病是一个全球性的疾病,在被忽略近20年后又死灰复燃,成为当今世界一个主要的公共卫生问题.1993年,世界卫生组织因结核病的流行规模及控制全球结核病的迫切需要,宣布全球进入结核病紧急状态.中国是世界上人口最多的国家,位居全球结核病感染最严重的22个国家之首位.在20世纪80年代中晚期,美国也终止了其长期以来结核病的下降趋势,1992年美国结核病的发病率达到一个高峰.撒哈拉以南非洲地区是世界结核病例分布最多的三个区域之一,世界结核病发病率最高的15个国家有13个在这个地区内,并且HIV是这一区域结核病发病率最主要的单一预计因子.世界最严重的HIV相关结核病发病也是在这个区域.全球持续的严重结核感染状态,是由于贫困人口的增加和来自于结核高发病率国家的人口流动和HIV的影响,最主要的是没有维持必需的公共卫生组织及设施,以及错误的认为结核病已成为一个过去的问题.依靠现有的诊断和治疗方法,WHO推荐的DOT方案有效而经济,适用于全球在不同条件下的结核控制.     

公立医院改革的国际经验——公立医院发展改革的国际经验与启示

梳理了以英国、美国、德国和新加坡为代表的市场经济发达国家,俄罗斯和波兰为代表的中东欧经济转型国家,印度和南非为代表的发展中国家以及我国香港地区公立医院发展的演变,分析了国家政权和执政理念、政府预算危机、医疗服务需求和服务模式转变、私立医院发展给公立医院带来的挑战,以及公立医院面临的补偿、监管、治理方面的问题。提出针对我国公立医院发展改革的启示：公立医院必须坚持促进公平性和维护公益性;应加强公立医院改革的顶层设计,推进综合改革;建立分工合理的公立医疗服务提供体系;结合我国实际,建立适宜的治理、补偿和监管机制;为私立民营医疗机构创造良好发展条件。     

Shifting visions: "delegation" policies and the building of a "rights-based" approach to maternal mortality

"Rights-based" approaches fold human rights principles into the ongoing work of health policy making and programming. The example of delegation of anesthesia provision for emergency obstetric care is used to demonstrate how a rights-based approach, applied to this problem in the context of high-mortality countries, requires decision makers to shift from an individual, ethics-based, clinical perspective to a structural, rights-based, public health perspective. This fluid and context-sensitive approach to human rights also applies at the international level, where the direction of overall maternal mortality reduction strategy is set. By contrasting family planning programs and maternal mortality programs, this commentary argues for choosing the human rights approach that speaks most effectively to the power dynamics underlying the particular health problem being addressed. In the case of maternal death in high-mortality countries, this means a strategic focus on the health care system itself.     

My biggest mistake：A lesson from a death

Neurocysticercosis is a major public health problem in manydeveloping countries in Asia and has a profound impact onproductivity,health,economy,and quality of life.It is endemicin Nepal and is the commonest parasitic infestation of the centralnervous system,caused by larvae of the tapewormTaeniasolium.Neurological manifestations vary from a simple chronicheadache to life threatening meningoencephalitis depending onthe location and number of the parasites in the brain.In August2000,I came fro…     

分子心血管病学的研究进展

分子心血管病学在整个医学研究中具有十分重要的地位,已经受到各个国家的重视,我国在这方面的研究与国外相比还有很大的差距,加强分子心血管病学的研究对提高我国医疗水平具有十分积极的意义。在研究过程中最主要的核心问题是对基因进行调控,这门学科的主要研究理论是利用分子生物学相关的理论和方法对心血管的结构和功能进行研究分析,从中发现各种心血管疾病的发病原理,在对病情进行有效的系统分析的基础上,探索新的诊断和治疗方法。     

Community violence in Jamaica: A public health issue for the health profession

Societal violence is a public health concern that confronts different countries. In this paper, the author examines the situation of community violence in Jamaica and discusses steps which could be taken by the health community to curb the pervasive and growing problem of community violence.     

全球慢性胰腺炎流行病学研究进展

慢性胰腺炎通常表现为胰腺局部或弥漫性的进展性炎症改变,常引起持续性腹痛症状,并继发胰腺内分泌和外分泌功能不全等,已成为全球大多数国家的重点公共卫生问题。20世纪40年代至20世纪末慢性胰腺炎的发病率和患病率在全球范围内总体呈现上升趋势,2000年以后,少数发达国家慢性胰腺炎的发病率和患病率趋于平稳或呈下降趋势。本文就全球慢性胰腺炎流行病学研究现状及差异化原因加以综述。     

校本评价之意蕴

校本评价是我国教育界至今悬而未决的问题,故而阐述校本评价现有诸多定义,分析校本评价在国外缘起与发展情况,论述校本评价在我国应具有的独特内涵。     

Isolated optic neuritis secondary to presumed tuberculosis in an immunocompetent child

Isolated optic neuritis as a presenting sign of tuberculosis in children is uncommon. We report a case of an immunocompetent child who displayed features of bilateral optic neuritis secondary to presumed tuberculosis. It is essential to highlight this alarming presentation in a child, as the presence of tuberculosis has re-emerged as a serious public health problem especially in developing countries.     

论社区预防艾滋病健康教育的作用与策略

艾滋病的流行已成为全球的重大公共卫生与社会问题。在全世界，艾滋病的流行形势日趋严峻，目前还没有行之有效的治疗办法，社区是健康教育的基础，广泛深入地进行社区健康教育乃是遏制艾滋病流行的有效措施之一。     

Maternal mortality in developing countries. An ongoing but neglected 'epidemic'

Maternal mortality is one of the great neglected problems of health care in developing countries. The World Health Organization estimates that approximately 500,000 women die each year from pregnancy-related causes, more than 98% of these deaths occurring in the developing world. Maternal mortality rates in developing countries are as much as 100 times higher than those seen in industrialized countries. The most common causes include obstructed labor and ruptured uterus, postpartum hemorrhage, eclampsia, postpartum infection, and complications of illegal abortion. It is suggested that no new or costly technologies are needed; rather that appropriate priority-setting and allocation of needed resources are essential to the solution of the problem. There are few interventions that hold much hope of success at the village level, although antibiotics, ergonovine maleate, and sedatives might be usefully utilized, after appropriate training. Overall, however, networks of maternity care facilities, trained personnel, and means of transport are necessary to provide needed emergency maternity care services.     

“一带一路”沿线南亚、东南亚国家寄生虫病流行状况的分析

“一带一路”沿线国家的八个南亚国家和十一个东南亚国家是寄生虫病的高发区。由于受地理位置、经济状况、文化背景、饮食习惯等诸多原因的影响,疟疾、利士曼原虫、刚地弓形虫、蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫、人芽囊原虫、溶组织内阿米巴、阴道毛滴虫、日本血吸虫、蛔虫、鞭虫、钩虫、粪类圆线虫、蛲虫、带绦虫和丝虫等多种人体寄生虫在该地区流行严重,是一个严峻的公共卫生问题。分析和认识“一带一路”沿线国家南亚和东南亚国家寄生虫病的流行状况,有的放矢地制定防控措施,对预防跨境传染病的发生、促进各国之间的密切合作及彻底消除寄生虫病有重要的意义。     

Bridging the gap--health care for the homeless

In Australia and other countries concern exists about the extent of homelessness. Because we live in a period in which access to adequate shelter is an increasing problem for many persons, we report on the health needs of long-term homeless persons. Little attention was given to their health needs during the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless in 1987.