辣椒碱脂质体的制备及体外透皮研究

目的：制备辣椒碱脂质体及通过体外透皮试验研究其可行性。方法：采用薄膜-超声法制备辣椒碱脂质体,以包封率为指标,在单因素试验基础上采用正交试验法,筛选最优处方。采用改良Franz扩散池进行透皮试验,比较辣椒碱混悬液、辣椒碱脂质体和辣椒碱软膏经大鼠离体皮肤的累积透过量。结果：辣椒碱脂质体的最佳处方：药脂比1∶5,100 mg吐温-80,50 mg维生素E,10 ml二氯甲烷,10 ml外水相PBS及pH 6.5,超声8 min。透皮试验12 h累积透过率：辣椒碱脂质体〉辣椒碱-PBS混悬液〉辣椒碱软膏;辣椒碱脂质体12 h累积透过量最多,且呈现明显的缓释效果。结论：所制备的辣椒碱脂质体包封率高,并具有良好透皮作用和缓释作用,该工艺简便易行。     

马钱子总碱脂质体凝胶的制备及其体外透皮作用

目的：制备马钱子总碱脂质体凝胶,研究马钱子总碱脂质体凝胶体外透皮特点。方法：采用硫酸铵梯度法制备马钱子总碱脂质体,以泊洛沙姆407为基质制备成脂质体凝胶,采用Franz扩散池比较马钱子总碱脂质体凝胶和普通凝胶的经皮渗透性和皮肤滞留量。结果：马钱子总碱脂质体的平均粒径为140 nm,其中马钱子碱的包封率为82.2%,士的宁的包封率为90.3%。体外透皮实验表明,脂质体凝胶能缓慢的透过小鼠皮肤,皮肤滞留量大于普通凝胶。结论：脂质体是马钱子总碱经皮吸收的理想载体。     

透皮淋巴靶向长春新碱传递体

长春新碱(vincristine,VCR)临床主要用于治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病、何杰金及非何杰金淋巴瘤，疗效确切，但由于具有较大的神经系统毒性和局部刺激性，限制了其在临床上的应用。为增加VCR的淋巴靶向性，以增强疗效，降低其毒副作用，采用薄膜-超声分散法制备长春新碱传递体(VCR-T)，并考察其制剂学性质、药代动力学特征及靶向性。所制备的VCR-T平均粒径为63 nm，包封率为59%；改良Franz扩散池研究发现其体外透皮过程符合多项式方程，12 h累积透皮百分率为67.4%；HPLC法测定VCR在大鼠体内的药代动力学及组织分布，以VCR注射液为对照，VCR-T使VCR在血液中滞留时间延长了12倍，大鼠淋巴中靶向指数增加了2.75倍。传递体可良好地载带VCR透过皮肤进入体循环，具有较好的淋巴靶向性，可作为新型的淋巴靶向给药系统。     

辣椒碱微乳动物体外、在体透皮实验

目的:研究辣椒碱微乳的体外及在体透皮性,并与辣椒碱软膏、水凝胶制剂比较。方法:取3种制剂为样品,以稳态渗透速率(Js)为考察指标,采用Franz扩散池研究3种样品经大鼠腹部皮肤的透皮性;采用封闭给药法研究辣椒碱微乳和软膏经活体新西兰大白兔腹部皮肤的透皮性。结果:辣椒碱微乳、软膏和水凝胶的体外Js值分别为(17.54±1.10)、(2.78±0.12)、(7.35±0.51)μg·cm-2·h-1;在体研究中辣椒碱微乳和软膏的Js值分别为(8.13±1.21)、(2.16±0.54)μg·cm-2·h-1。结论:辣椒碱微乳的体外、在体透皮性显著高于相应对照制剂。     

辣椒碱多囊脂质体的制备及在大鼠体内的药动学研究

目的 制备辣椒碱多囊脂质体,并考察其包封率和在大鼠体内的药动学.方法采用复乳法制备辣椒碱多囊脂质体、单因素筛选处方,并考察大鼠sc辣椒碱多囊脂质体后的体内药动学.结果制备的辣椒碱多囊脂质体的外观圆整,大小均匀,包封率为71.9%±3.8%,平均粒径为8.1 μm.大鼠sc辣椒碱多囊脂质体后,与辣椒碱溶液相比,Cmax分...     

布洛芬乙醇脂质体的制备及体外透皮特性研究

目的:制备布洛芬乙醇脂质体并考察其透皮特性。方法:采用注入法制备布洛芬乙醇脂质体;以包封率为指标,考察磷脂浓度、乙醇浓度、药脂比等因素对脂质体包封率的影响;用Franz扩散池进行离体皮肤渗透实验,测定布洛芬在接收液内的累积渗透量及皮内滞留量。结果:磷脂、乙醇、布洛芬分别占处方量的3%,45%和1%时制得的乙醇脂质体包封率为(72.93±1.12)%;乙醇脂质体的累积渗透量分别为乙醇溶液及脂质体的1.91倍和3.46倍;24 h后皮肤中药物滞留量依次为:乙醇脂质体>45%乙醇水溶液>脂质体。结论:乙醇脂质体可显著增加布洛芬的皮肤渗透性及皮内滞留量。     

传递体作为双氯芬酸钠经皮渗透载体的研究

目的:研制双氯芬酸钠传递体,进行初步临床研究.方法:通过实验筛选该传递体的处方工艺,对其性状、包封率、稳定性、体外透皮及初步临床进行实验.结果:制得的传递体为乳白色混悬液,平均粒径81.50 nm ;平均包封率73.12% ;24 h时药物累积透皮吸收百分率58.62%,药物滞留在皮内的百分率22.61% ;临床应用中实验组与对照组双氯芬酸凝胶的疗效相当,不良反应发生率低.结论:双氯芬酸钠传递体有望成为适于临床给药的一种新剂型.     

口疳散穴位贴敷的制备工艺及体外透皮吸收研究

目的：考察不同制备工艺,包括药材粉碎方法、黏合剂以及透皮吸收剂对穴位贴敷有效成分透皮吸收的影响。方法：以裸鼠腹部皮肤为体外透皮实验材料,以吴茱萸碱为指标成分,用改良Franz扩散池法建立透皮吸收试验方法,收集穴位贴敷的透皮接受液,用高效液相色谱法测定其吴茱萸碱的含量,计算其累积透皮量、透皮速率和皮肤滞留量。结果：吴茱萸碱可以透过离体皮肤,药材粉末使用超微粉能显著提升吴茱萸碱的累积透皮量（P<0.01）。醋为黏合剂相较于水,其累积透皮量显著增加（P<0.001）;再加入3%氮酮能显著增加吴茱萸碱的累积透皮量（P<0.05）。结论：药材粉末为超微粉,用醋作为黏合剂并加入3%氮酮,所制得的口疳散穴位贴敷透皮吸收效果最佳。     

威灵仙柔性脂质体的制备及其透皮扩散研究

要目的：制备威灵仙柔性脂质体并研究其离体透皮扩散能力。方法：用乙醇回流后再用氯仿提取威灵仙有效成分，以原白头翁素为质控标准，包封率为评价指标，正交设计筛选药物处方。采用薄膜超声法制备威灵仙柔性脂质体，并用改进Franz扩散池研究其对离体大鼠皮肤的透皮效果。结果：制备出的威灵仙柔性脂质体包封率达到（60．10&#177;0．72）％，其体外透皮扩散能力是威灵仙醇提液的2．35倍。结论：柔性脂质体作为威灵仙透皮给药的载体可提高药物透皮效率。     

双氯芬酸钠柔性脂质体的制备及其对离体小鼠皮肤的透皮效果

利用同离子效应制备双氯芬酸钠柔性脂质体,并考察脂质浓度对包封率的影响.同时比较了双氯芬酸钠乳膏、传统脂质体与柔性脂质体对离体小鼠皮肤的透皮效果.结果表明,同离子效应可显著增大柔性脂质体的包封率,较理想的脂质浓度为卵磷脂-胆酸钠为6∶1.2(g,w/w),离体小鼠皮肤12h累积透过率依次为:柔性脂质体＞＞传统脂质体＞乳膏.     

苍艾油传递体凝胶的制备及其体外释药研究

目的：制备苍艾油传递体凝胶,并对其进行质量评价及体外释放度考察。方法：以黏附性及稳定性为主要的评价指标,通过L₉（3⁴）正交试验设计优选苍艾油传递体凝胶的制备处方;在此基础上以丁香酚为指标成分,通过HPLC法对苍艾油传递体凝胶的体外释放规律进行探索。结果：苍艾油传递体凝胶制备的较优处方为卡波姆0.2 g、丙三醇0.9 g、pH 6.5、苍艾油传递体3.75 g、生理盐水1.5 g;影响因素考察结果显示对凝胶中丁香酚含量的影响温度>湿度>光照;家兔皮肤刺激性试验结果显示苍艾油传递体凝胶单次给药24 h后无皮肤刺激性;体外释放度考察结果显示苍艾油传递体凝胶组在72 h时药物的累积释放率达80.73%,显著高于苍艾油普通凝胶组,二者差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论：通过研磨法制备苍艾油传递体凝胶制备工艺简单,制得的苍艾油传递体凝胶具有良好的皮肤相容性,在一定程度上能增加苍艾油中成分的累积释放量,是一种具有潜力的苍艾油脂质载体经皮给药制剂。     

Tetanus toxoid-loaded transfersomes for topical immunization

Topical immunization is a novel immunization strategy by which antigens and adjuvants are applied topically to intact skin to induce potent antibody and cell-mediated responses. Among various approaches for topical immunization, the vesicular approach is gaining wide attention. Proteineous antigen alone or in combination with conventional bioactive carriers could not penetrate through the intact skin. Hence, specially designed, deformable lipid vesicles called transfersomes were used in this study for the non-invasive delivery of tetanus toxoid (TT). Transfersomes were prepared and characterized for shape, size, entrapment efficiency and deformability index. Fluorescence microscopy was used to investigate the mechanism of vesicle penetration through the skin. The immune stimulating activity of these vesicles was studied by measuring the serum anti-tetanus toxoid IgG titre following topical immunization. The immune response was compared with the same dose of alum adsorbed tetanus toxoid (AATT) given intramuscularly, topically administered plain tetanus toxoid solution, and a physical mixture of tetanus toxoid and transfersomes again given topically. The results indicated that the optimal transfersomal formulation had a soya phosphatidylcholine and sodium deoxycholate ratio of 85:15%, w/w. This formulation showed maximum entrapment efficiency (87.34 +/- 3.81%) and deformability index (121.5 +/- 4.21). An in-vivo study revealed that topically administered tetanus toxoid-loaded transfersomes, after secondary immunization, elicited an immune response (anti-TT-IgG) comparable with that produced by intramuscular AATT. Fluorescence microscopy revealed the penetration of transfersomes through the skin to deliver the antigen to the immunocompetent Langerhans cells.     

TRANSFERSOMES FOR VACCINE DELIVERY: A POTENTIAL APPROACH FOR TOPICAL IMMUNIZATION

Delivery of vaccine is a major impediment to ensuring vaccine efficacy and compliance. Existing vaccine delivery approaches have their limitations and these led to the development of novel approaches for vaccine delivery. Non-invasive vaccine delivery is in demand and for this skin appears to be a potential sites that elicit immune responses. Topical application of antigen and adjuvant directly on the skin is termed as topical vaccination. It has potential to reduce physical skin penetration by injection and provide potentially effective vaccines. In the present study novel carrier, transfersomes were used for topical delivery of tetanus toxoid (TT). Transfersomes were prepared by reverse phase evaporation method and they were evaluated for shape, size, entrapment efficiency and deformability index. Transfersomal formulation with optimal concentration of Soya phosphatidylcholine (SPC) and sodium deoxycholate (85:15 w/w) showed entrapment efficiency of 39.8±0.032 and deformability index of 16.4. In-vivo study revealed that topically given TT containing transfersomes after boosting produced immune responses (0.877±0.081) that is as good as that produced by subcutaneously given alum adsorbed TT (0.948±0.088). Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy has confirmed the bioactive delivery through the skin layers. A brief comparative study has been done with liposomes.     

Non-invasive vaccine delivery in transfersomes, niosomes and liposomes: a comparative study

Non-invasive vaccine delivery is a top priority for public health agencies because conventional immunization practices are unsafe and associated with numerous limitations. Recently, the skin has emerged as a potential alternative route for non-invasive delivery of vaccine. Topical immunization (TI), introduction of antigen through topical application onto the intact skin, has many practical merits compared to injectable routes of administration. One of the possibilities for increasing the penetration of bioactives through the skin is the use of vesicular systems. Specially designed lipid vesicles are attracting intense attention and can be used for non-invasive antigen delivery. In the present study, elastic vesicle transfersomes, non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) and liposomes were used to study their relative potential in non-invasive delivery of tetanus toxoid (TT). Transfersomes, niosomes and liposomes were prepared and characterized for shape, size and entrapment efficiency. These vesicles were extruded through polycarbonate filter (50-nm pore size) to assess the elasticity of the vesicles. The immune stimulating activity of transfersomes, niosomes and liposomes were studied by measuring the serum anti-TT IgG titre following topical immunization. The immune response elicited by topical immunization was compared with that elicited by same dose of alum-adsorbed tetanus toxoid (AATT) given intramuscularly. The results indicate that optimal formulations of transfersomes, niosomes and liposomes could entrap 72.7+/-3.4, 42.5+/-2.4 and 41.3+/-2.2% of antigen and their elasticity values were 124.4+/-4.2, 29.3+/-2.4 and 21.7+/-1.9, respectively. In vivo study revealed that topically given TT containing transfersomes, after secondary immunization, could elicit immune response (anti-TT-IgG) that was equivalent to one that produced following intramuscularly alum-adsorbed TT-based immunization. In comparison to transfersomes, niosomes and liposomes elicited weaker immune response. Thus transfersomes hold promise for effective non-invasive topical delivery of antigen(s).     

吡罗昔康普朗尼克磷脂有机凝胶的体外评价和局部组织分布

目的制备普朗尼克磷脂有机凝胶,以吡罗昔康为模型药物,评价其体外性能并考察其局部组织分布特征。方法应用椎-板模型流变仪测定普朗尼克磷脂有机凝胶的流变学参数,Franz扩散池法测试其体外释放和经皮通透性,考察大鼠局部给药的局部组织分布。结果普朗尼克磷脂有机凝胶具有典型的凝胶的流变学特征;48 h体外累积释放率和经皮通透率分别为(81.56±3.09)%和(3.80±1.59)%;皮肤和肌肉的药时曲线具有双峰特征,给药侧的组织药物浓度高于血药浓度和对侧相同组织的浓度,原因在于药物的直接通透和系统再分布。结论普朗尼克磷脂有机凝胶适用于皮肤局部给药的载体。     

Ethosomes,binary ethosomes and transfersomes of terbinafine hydrochloride: A comparative study

The aim of this study was to compare the skin permeation of ethosomes, binary ethosomes and transfersomes of Terbinafine Hydrochloride (TH) under non-occlusive conditions. These lipid vesicles were prepared and characterized for shape, size, zeta-potential and entrapment efficiency. Franz diffusion cells and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used for the percutaneous absorption studies. The quantity of drug in the skin from ethosomes, binary ethosomes (the weight ratio of ethanol to propylene glycol 7:3, ethanol-PG = 7:3, w/w), and transfersomes was 1.26, 1.51 (p <0.05), 1.56 (p <0.01) times higher than that of TH from traditional liposomes (control). The skin deposition of the applied dose (DD%) of TH from ethosomes, binary ethosomes, and transfersomes was 3.34 (p < 0.05), 9.88 (p < 0.01), 2.52 times higher than that of TH from control. The results of CLSM experiments showed that penetration depth and fluorescence intensity of Rhodamine B from binary ethosomes was much greater than that from ethosomes and transfersomes. These results indicated the binary ethosomes (ethanol-PG = 7:3, w/w) most effectively permitted drug penetration through skin; transfersomes made drug easiest to accumulate in the skin. Ethosomes improved drug delivery with greater improvement in skin permeation than improvement in skin deposition.     

Isotretinoin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles with skin targeting for topical delivery

The purpose of this study was to construct isotretinoin-loaded SLN (IT-SLN) formulation with skin targeting for topical delivery of isotretinoin. PRECIROL ATO 5 was selected as the lipid of SLN. Tween 80 and soybean lecithin were used as the surfactants to stabilize SLN. The hot homogenization method was performed to prepare the drug-loaded SLN. The various formulations were characterized by photon correlation spectroscopy and all the SLN formulations had low average size between 30 and 50 nm. Transmission electron microscopy studies showed that the IT-SLN formulation had a spherical shape. All the formulations had high entrapment efficiency ranging from 80% to 100%. The penetration of isotretinoin from the IT-SLN formulations through skins and into skins were evaluated in vitro using Franz diffusion cells fitted with rat skins. The in vitro permeation data showed that all the IT-SLN formulations can avoid the systemic uptake of isotretinoin in skins, however the control tincture had a permeation rate of 0.76+/-0.30 microg cm(-2)h(-1) through skins. The IT-SLN consisting of 3.0% PRECIROL ATO 5, 4.0% soybean lecithin and 4.5% Tween 80 could significantly increased the accumulative uptake of isotretinoin in skin and showed a significantly enhanced skin targeting effect. The studied IT-SLN showed a good stability. These results indicate that the studied IT-SLN formulation with skin targeting may be a promising carrier for topical delivery of isotretinoin.     

难溶性多西紫杉醇的溶解微针制备及体外评价

目的:制备一种用于透皮给药的负载多西紫杉醇(DTX)的溶解微针,并进行体外评价。方法:考察不同材料及配方制备DTX溶解微针(DTX-MN),通过外观和力学性能指标对微针进行表征,测定微针针头载药量。使用猪皮肤考察微针溶解性能。剥离小鼠腹部皮肤,进行体外透皮吸收研究,初步考察DTX-MN给药后的皮肤药代动力学。结果:成功制备了针头完整、力学性能良好的DTX-MN,最佳工艺得到的微针针头载药量为(14.81±4.20)μg (n=5),微针能完整插入皮肤穿透角质层屏障,且在10 min内完全溶解。体外透皮实验显示,DTX-MN的初始透皮速率和累积透皮通量都高于药物溶液组,相比溶液组,DTX-MN在24 h后累积渗透量提高了3.27倍,其释放机制符合Fickian扩散。结论:制备的DTX-MN有良好的穿刺皮肤的性能,能够显著促进DTX的透皮递送,该类微针有望促进DTX的浅表皮肤递送,具有潜在的临床应用价值。     

Comparative study of liposomes,transfersomes and ethosomes as carriers for improving topical delivery of celecoxib

Topical administration of celecoxib proved to be an effective mean of preventing skin cancer development and improving anticancer drugs effectiveness in skin tumors treatment. The aim of this study was the development of an effective topical formulation of celecoxib, able to promote drug skin delivery, providing its in depth penetration through the skin layers. Three kinds of vesicular formulations have been investigated as drug carriers: liposomes containing a surfactant, or transfersomes and ethosomes, containing suitable edge activators. Firstly, the effect of membrane composition variations on the system performance has been evaluated for each vesicle type. Selected formulations were characterized for particle size, polydispersity index and encapsulation efficiency. The best formulations were subjected to ex vivo permeation studies through excised human skin. All vesicular formulations markedly (p < 0.001) improved the drug amount penetrated into the skin with respect to an aqueous suspension, from 2.0 to 6.5, up to 9.0 folds for liposomes, transfersomes and ethosomes, respectively. In particular, ethosomes containing Tween 20 as edge activator not only showed the best vesicle dimensions and homogeneity, and the highest encapsulation efficacy (54.4%), but also enabled the highest increase in drug penetration through the skin, probably due to the simultaneous presence in their composition of ethanol and Tween 20, both acting as permeation enhancers. Therefore, among the various vesicular formulations examined in the study, Tween 20-ethosomes can be considered the most promising one as carrier for topical celecoxib applications aimed to prevent skin cancer development and increase the anticancer drugs effectiveness against skin tumors.