Improving the Risk–Benefit Ratio of Endocrine Therapy in Prostate Cancer

ContextUntil very recently, it was known that endocrine therapy could improve progression-free survival but few studies could demonstrate a survival advantage in patients treated with early endocrine therapy.ObjectivesTo summarise indications and outcomes of endocrine therapy in prostate cancer and to review the different ways of reducing side-effects from this treatment modality.Evidence acquisitionSeveral randomised and nonrandomised clinical trials that deal with endocrine therapy for prostate cancer, its benefits, and its side-effects and that were published in the English literature were reviewed.Evidence synthesisAdjuvant endocrine therapy after local therapy for localised prostate cancer (T1-2 N0 M0) offers no survival advantage and has many side-effects. Treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer (T3-4 N0 M0, T1-4 N1 M0) with early androgen deprivation only has also been shown not to be superior to deferred androgen deprivation in either overall or prostate cancer-specific survival. In locally advanced prostate cancer, either radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy must be included to gain benefits from early androgen deprivation. Patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) relapse after local therapy for localised prostate cancer constitute a very specific group. PSA doubling time and tumour differentiation offer the opportunity to select different patient subgroups for endocrine therapy. In short-term analyses, intermittent androgen suppression seems to have fewer side-effects with equal effectiveness in cancer control; however, there are no data for either overall or prostate cancer–specific survival. Some side-effects of prolonged androgen suppression can be prevented with adjuvant medication. Biphosphonates have been demonstrated to prevent bone loss, while oestrogen receptor modulators, such as toremifene citrate, seem to alleviate side-effects such as bone metabolism, altered lipid profile, and hot flushes.ConclusionsEndocrine therapy is indicated in specific patient subgroups. Treatment strategies and adjuvant medication help to diminish treatment-associated toxicity.     

Clinical study of endocrine therapy in stage B and C prostate cancer

To evaluate the usefulness of endocrine therapy for stage B and C prostate cancer, we carried out a retrospective study on overall survival rate, cause-specific survival, PSA recurrence-free rate, and their predictive factors in 118 patients with stage B prostate cancer, 61 with stage C prostate cancer who underwent endocrine therapy at our department between 1985 and 2001. The cause-specific survival rate and PSA recurrence-free rate of stage B patients who underwent endocrine therapy were well, and they will take a good clinical course. Thus, in this stage of prostate cancer, aged patients and patients with complications may be good candidates for endocrine therapy. The cause-specific survival rate and PSA recurrence-free rate in the stage C patients who underwent endocrine therapy were significantly low. In stage C patients, endocrine therapy should be combined early with other methods such as radiotherapy. In the stage B patients who underwent endocrine therapy, PSA and Gleason score appeared to be associated with the cause-specific survival rate and PSA recurrence-free rate.     

Studies on relationship between histology, tumor markers (prostatic acid phosphatase.prostate specific antigen.gamma-seminoprotein.leu-7) and clinical course in prostate cancer]

We are interested in the therapeutic response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy of relapsed prostate cancer. In 9 cases of prostate cancer treated by endocrine therapy, tumor markers (PAP.PA.gamma-Sm.Leu-7) and cell types at the start of endocrine therapy and that taken at a hormone independent point were compared between prostatic tissue obtained. All cases had a period of response to endocrine therapy, but subsequently relapsed. The results were divided into the following 3 groups: Group I (changed cell type.decreased positive rate of markers) had the shortest response duration to endocrine therapy and there was no response to chemotherapy; Group II (unchanged cell type.decreased positive rate of markers) had a long response duration and slow progression under endocrine therapy; Group III (unchanged cell type.unchanged positive rate of markers) was chemo- or radiotherapy sensitive during post-endocrine therapy relapse. These results suggest that this is an effective method which dictated the choice of treatment method and allowed an approximate prognosis for relapsed prostate cancer previously treated by endocrine therapy.     

中医药治疗前列腺癌手术去势后1例报道

前列腺癌是全球第二大男性癌症,大部分患者在确诊时已经发展为中晚期,雄激素剥夺疗法(Androgen deprivation therapy,ADT)始终是转移性前列腺癌最基础的治疗,但不论间歇性还是连续性内分泌治疗均有不良反应以及均会发展为去势抵抗性前列腺癌.中医药不仅对内分泌治疗产生的不良反应有改善作用,而且还能提高...     

PSA doubling time in prostate cancer relapsed after endocrine therapy

PURPOSE: The PSA level of prostate cancer patients generally declines after endocrine therapy, but elevates when the cancer relapses in most cases. However, the rate of elevation differs with the case. We investigated the PSA doubling time (PSA-DT) of the prostate cancer patients whose PSA declined after endocrine therapy and later re-elevated, and investigated the relationship with other parameters. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We investigated 55 prostate cancer patients who underwent endocrine therapy between 1991 and 1998. Their PSA re-elevated continuously after their PSA fell below 10 ng/ml after the endocrine therapy as the first line treatment. First, the correlation coefficients with time and PSA were calculated in order to decide whether their PSA elevation was exponential or linear. PSA-DT was calculated thereafter, and compared with the clinical stage, pathological differentiation, clinical relapse style, time from the beginning of the therapy to PSA relapse, pre-treatment PSA value, and prognosis. The relationship between PSA-DT and each clinical parameter was tested using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Differences in survival rates and PSA-DT were calculated using the log-rank test. RESULTS: PSA elevated exponentially after cancer relapsed. PSA-DT in all cases ranged from 0.5 to 26.3 months, with an average of 4.4 +/- 4.8 (S.D.) months and the median was 2.5 months. PSA-DT was significantly (p < 0.01) short when the pre-treatment clinical stage was high, the time from the beginning of the therapy to PSA relapse was short, or the pre-treatment PSA value was high. PSA-DT tended to be short when the pre-treatment pathological differentiation was low, but not significantly. PSA-DT tended to be short when the cancer relapsed as distant metastasis rather than regional relapse, but not significantly. Prognosis from the initial treatment and PSA relapse was significantly poor when the PSA-DT was short. CONCLUSIONS: PSA elevated exponentially in the relapsed prostate cancer patients after the endocrine therapy. PSA-DT was distributed in a very wide range, and this value was considered to reflect the malignant potential and prognosis of the cancer. PSA-DT may be useful for determining the strategy after relapse.     

Chemo-endocrine therapy for newly diagnosed stage D2 prostate cancer

We evaluated 175 patients with newly diagnosed stage D2 prostate cancer who had been treated in our hospital between 1992 and 2003 to compare chemo-endocrine therapy with endocrine therapy alone. One hundred and thirty seven patients were treated with endocrine therapy alone. The other 38 patients received chemo-endocrine therapy, which included medical or surgical castration with/without antiandrogen plus VIP (Vincristine, Ifosfamide, Peplomycin) regimen or other cytotoxic agents. The patients treated with chemo-endocrine therapy had a significantly better prognosis than the patients treated with endocrine therapy alone (p<0.05), although treatment was not randomized. The cause-specific survival rates at 5 years for the chemo-endocrine therapy group and the endocrine therapy group were 61.6% and 34.8%, respectively. These data suggest that chemo-endocrine therapy is a potentially effective treatment for newly diagnosed stage D2 prostate cancer.     

Endocrine therapy for bladder outlet obstruction from carcinoma of the prostate

The optimum treatment of bladder outlet obstruction from prostatic cancer is controversial. Although transurethral resection of the prostate may provide immediate relief of the obstruction, there are attendant surgical and anesthetic risks, as well as accumulating clinical evidence to suggest that transurethral resection of the prostate may cause tumor dissemination and diminish patient survival. Orchiectomy, which can be performed safely with local anesthesia, provides definitive endocrine therapy and has been used at our institution in preference to transurethral resection to relieve bladder outlet obstruction from carcinoma of the prostate. There were 35 patients between 51 and 96 years old in urinary retention from carcinoma of the prostate. Patients were treated with orchiectomy and suprapubic or urethral catheter drainage, and subsequently were given voiding trials. If a patient failed to void satisfactorily within 60 days transurethral resection of the prostate was performed. Over-all, 24 of 35 patients (68.6 per cent) were relieved of bladder outlet obstruction by orchiectomy alone. Neither tumor stage nor grade correlated significantly with the response to orchiectomy. We conclude that transurethral resection of the prostate may be held in reserve for patients who do not respond to endocrine therapy or those who do not wish to risk sexual impotence.     

Current concepts in androgen deprivation therapy – is there a “best” endocrine treatment?

Androgen deprivation therapy has become the mainstay treatment for locally advanced and metastatic prostate cancer. Castrate testosterone levels can be achieved by a multitude of treatments. We performed a medline literature search to answer the question, is there a “best” endocrine treatment? In conclusion we found that the “best” endocrine therapy for advanced prostate cancer is complete androgen blockade (CAB) with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist and a nonsteroidal antiandrogen.     

Prognostic factors for PSA relapse of prostate cancer after endocrine therapy

PURPOSE: Advanced prostate cancer responds well to endocrine therapy initially, but soon becomes refractory and has a poor prognosis. We analyzed the prognostic factors of prostate cancer responding well initially to endocrine therapy with lowering of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level but later showing PSA relapse. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In prostate cancer patients newly diagnosed from January 1992 to December 2004 at our institution, there were 93 patients in that the PSA level of 10 ng/ml or more before therapy initially dropped below 10 ng/ml by endocrine therapy, but showed PSA relapse thereafter. We investigated the relationship between clinical stage, pathological differentiation, initial PSA, duration between initiation of therapy and PSA nadir, the value of PSA nadir, duration between initiation of therapy and PSA relapse, PSA doubling time (PSA-DT) at relapse, PSA response three months after initiation of second line therapy and prognosis after PSA relapse. RESULTS: In Kaplan-Meier method, between all or some categories investigated showed significant difference in prognosis after PSA relapse. In multivariate analysis, the factors that significantly affected prognosis after PSA relapse were clinical stage, pathological differentiation, PSA nadir value, duration between initiation of therapy and PSA relapse and PSA response three months after initiation of second line therapy. CONCLUSION: We investigated the prognostic factors refractory to endocrine therapy. These results are useful in planning the therapy, and in explaining the status or future prospective of the disease to patients and families.     

Early results of radical prostatectomy and adjuvant endocrine therapy for prostate cancer with or without preoperative androgen deprivation

Background : The effects of preoperative androgen deprivation were explored in the patients who received radical prostatectomy and subsequent adjuvant endocrine therapy for prostate cancer.
Methods: Stage A₂, B or C prostate cancers were randomized to one of two groups: (i) group I ( n = 90), who received androgen deprivation (leuploride and chlormadinone acetate) for 3 months preoperatively followed by radical prostatectomy and adjuvant endocrine therapy (leuploride only); and (ii) group II ( n = 86), who underwent the surgery followed by 3 month androgen deprivation and subsequent adjuvant endocrine therapy. The effects of preoperative androgen deprivation on clinical relapse (serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) > 1.98 ng/mL, local recurrence or distant metastasis) and PSA relapse (PSA > 0.2 ng/mL) were evaluated at 2 years after randomization.
Results: There was no significant difference in clinical or PSA relapse-free survival and quality of life measures between the two groups, although relapses occurred significantly more frequently in patients who had more advanced stages, higher pretreatment PSA values or lower histologic differentiation in either group. Subgroup analysis indicated that clinical relapse-free survival in stage C cancer tended to be better in patients with preoperative androgen deprivation than in those patients without it ( P < 0.1).
Conclusions : Preoperative androgen deprivation may be beneficial for stage C prostate cancer patients receiving radical prostatectomy and adjuvant endocrine therapy over the 2 year observation period. A longer follow up is needed to clarify the exact extent of benefit in terms of survival and quality of life.     

以直肠癌症状为表现的前列腺癌诊疗体会及文献复习

目的 探讨以直肠癌症状为表现的前列腺癌诊治要点。方法 回顾性分析我院诊治的3例以直肠癌症状为表现的前列腺癌患者临床病理特征、随访情况,总结现有文献讨论诊治心得。结果 3例患者均是因胃肠道症状至本院胃肠外科就诊,患者2直肠指检未见异常,患者1和患者3直肠指检均可触及肿物;CT及MRI均可见肿物累及前列腺和直肠;肠镜见环周肿物,肠腔狭窄;组织学为高/低分化腺癌;所有患者初步诊断均为直肠癌。患者1血清PSA:2.532 ng/ml,行Miles术,术后Gleason评分：5+4=9,免疫组化：PSA/P504s（+）,最终确诊为前列腺癌,术后追加内分泌治疗。患者2和患者3在泌尿外科会诊后,血清PSA分别为>100 ng/ml和153.49 ng/ml,Gleason评分分别为5+3=8和4+3=7,免疫组化PSA/P504s均为（+）,确诊为前列腺癌,进行了内分泌治疗和全盆腔脏器切除。结论 前列腺癌诊断应结合病史、检查、组织学及免疫组织化学,警惕误诊。     

Phase I/II clinical trials of carbon ion therapy for prostate cancer

BACKGROUND: Heavy ion beams possess high linear energy transfer components and a prominent Bragg peak in the human body, resulting in higher relative biological effectiveness and improved dose distribution. To establish heavy ion therapy techniques for the treatment of prostate cancer, phase I/II clinical trials were initiated. METHODS: For 96 patients with T1b-T3 prostate cancer, three carbon ion beams were used to irradiate the prostate and seminal vesicles (20 times/5 weeks) with or without endocrine therapy. Radiation dose was expressed in GyE which was initially thought to be equivalent to photon dose. Total dose was gradually increased from 54 to 72 GyE. RESULTS: Carbon ion therapy was completed in 20 cases of T1b/T1c/T2aN0M0 as monotherapy, in 8 cases of T2b/T3pN0M0 with neoadjuvant endocrine therapy, and in 68 cases of T2b/T3N0/pN1M0 with neoadjuvant and adjuvant endocrine therapy. Median observation period was 47 months. Grade 3 late radiation morbidity of rectum and/or bladder/urethra developed in one and five cases who received 66 and 72 GyE of radiation, respectively. After these adverse effects were observed, total dose was decreased to 66 GyE and the radiation field was coned down during the treatment course. At 5 years, overall, cause-specific, clinical recurrence-free, and biochemical recurrence-free survival rates were 87.7, 94.9, 90.0, and 82.6%, respectively. Local control was achieved in all patients except one patient who received 54 GyE of radiation. CONCLUSIONS: The therapeutic techniques of carbon ion therapy have been established for patients with prostate cancer. Carbon ion therapy may exert excellent effect to the tissues of prostate cancer.     

Chemo-endocrine therapy in patients with stage D2 prostate cancer

There have only been a few studies of chemo-endocrine therapy compared with endocrine therapy alone in newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients. We assessed the effects of these two therapies by comparing long-term survival rates. One hundred and twenty-nine patients were entered in this study between November 1977 and March 1992. Seventy-seven patients were treated with endocrine therapy alone. Other 52 patients received chemo-endocrine therapy, which included orchiectomy and/or diethylstilbestrol diphosphate (DES-DP) plus Cisplatin, with or without other cytotoxic agents. All patients had bone metastasis at the beginning of the study. There was a significant difference in survival between patients who received endocrine therapy and chemo-endocrine therapy (P = 0.0078). That is, survival rate was superior for the chemoendocrine therapy patients throughout the entire follow-up period. These data suggest that early chemo-endocrine therapy containing Cisplatin, with or without maintenance chemotherapy, is a potentially effective treatment for newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer and is worth further investigation via a randomized trial.     

前列腺癌内分泌治疗后无进展生存期的影响因素分析

目的:前列腺癌内分泌治疗后发现进展速度存在较大差异,为了改善其预后,本文探讨前列腺癌内分泌治疗后无进展生存期的影响因素。方法:回顾性分析116例接受内分泌治疗的前列腺癌患者的临床病理资料,对各临床病理因素之间进行Spearman等级相关分析,对各临床病理因素分别进行单因素分析(log-rank检验),应用Cox比例风险模型进行多因素统计分析。结果:Cox比例风险模型发现有统计学意义的因素为Gleason评分(P<0.01)和临床分期(P<0.01)。Gleason评分每增加1个单位量,内分泌治疗后发生进展的风险将增加为原来的2.126倍,临床分期每增加1个单位量,内分泌治疗后发生进展的风险将增加为原来的6.625倍。治疗前的血清总PSA水平分别与临床分期(P<0.01)、Gleason评分(P<0.01)都存在等级相关。结论:临床分期和Gleason评分是影响前列腺癌内分泌治疗后无进展生存期的重要因素。     

Changes in chromogranin a serum levels during endocrine therapy in metastatic prostate cancer patients

INTRODUCTION: The concept of neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation in prostate cancer has become more widely recognized as its diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic usefulness. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 38 patients with stage D prostate cancer who underwent endocrine therapy by medical or surgical castration and oral antiandrogen. According to PSA response, serum levels of CGA as a marker of NE differentiation were measured at the multiple points of time; (1) pre-treatment, (2) complete response (CR), (3) a nadir level of PSA, (4) PSA failure or hormone independent progression. We compared these serum values in relation to efficacy of endocrine therapy. RESULTS: There was no correlation between serum PSA and CGA values. Patients consisted of 27 with CR and 11 without CR. Serum CGA increased as intervals of endocrine therapy became longer with positive correlation (p < 0.05). Its velocity was higher in patients with PSA failure than in those without it (6.98 vs. 2.09 ng/ml/month, p = 0.011). CONCLUSION: During endocrine therapy in metastatic prostate cancer patients, serum CGA values were not related to serum PSA levels, and increased as treatment periods became longer. It is suggested that CGA velocity has potential to predict androgen independent progression after endocrine therapy.     

CAG polymorphic repeat lengths in androgen receptor gene among Japanese prostate cancer patients: potential predictor of prognosis after endocrine therapy

BACKGROUND: Several investigators have examined the clinical significance of the length of the CAG repeat at the N-terminal region of the androgen receptor in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Because the clinical significance of CAG repeat length during the course of prostate cancer in Japanese patients is unknown, the present study analyzed CAG repeat length in relation to several potential clinical factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 88 Japanese patients with prostate cancer and a control group of 53 patients with benign prostatic disease were enrolled in this study. The length of the CAG repeat was determined by PCR sequencing and analyzed in relation to several clinical factors. RESULTS: The length of the CAG repeat did not significantly differ between prostate cancer and benign prostatic disease. Although not statistically different with regard to clinical stage and serum PSA level, the CAG repeat length was associated with histological grade and age at diagnosis. In addition, the CAG repeat length in CR and in non CR patients significantly differed at 22.1 +/- 2.4 and 24.4 +/- 3.0, respectively (P = 0.0264), suggesting that the CAG repeat length can act as a molecular marker with which to predict response to endocrine therapy in stage D prostate cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS: A shorter CAG repeat length appears to predict a response to endocrine therapy, showing a positive prognostic value and indicating good prognosis in the metastatic stage of prostate cancer patients.     

Current status of endocrine therapy in localized prostate cancer: cure has become a strong possibility

It is clear that all available means should be taken to diagnose prostate cancer early and to use efficient therapy immediately in order to prevent prostate cancer from migrating to the bones where treatment becomes extremely difficult and cure or even long-term control of the disease is an exception. The only means of preventing prostate cancer from migrating to the bones and becoming incurable is efficient treatment at the localized stage of the disease. In fact, since radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy and brachytherapy can achieve cure in about 50% of cases, these approaches are all equally valid choices as first treatment of localized prostate cancer. However, in view of the current knowledge and available data, nowadays, androgen blockade should also be considered as first line treatment. While showing the high efficacy of hormonal therapy in localized prostate cancer, present knowledge clearly indicate that long-term treatment with the best available hormonal drugs, somewhat similar to the 5 years of Tamoxifen in breast cancer, is required for optimal control of prostate cancer. It is also clear from the data analyzed that combined androgen blockage alone could well be an efficient therapy of localized prostate cancer while it has already been recognized as the best therapy for metastatic disease. This paper presents and discusses the current knowledge available on the use and results of endocrine therapy in localized prostate cancer.     

Effectiveness and adverse effects of hormonal therapy for prostate cancer: Japanese experience and perspective

Recently, novel anti-androgens and inhibitors of androgen biosynthesis have been developed through the elucidation of mechanisms of castration resistance of prostate cancer. We believe that these new developments will improve hormonal therapy. On the other hand, there has been an increase in criticism of hormonal therapy, because hormonal therapy is supposed to induce adverse effects such as cardiovascular disease. In this review, we have introduced the Japanese experience of hormonal therapy, because we believe that there may be ethnic differences between Caucasians and Asian people in the efficacy and adverse effects of hormonal therapy. First, we showed that primary hormonal therapy can achieve long-term control of localized prostate cancer in some cases and that quality of life of patients receiving hormonal therapy is rather better than previously thought. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant hormonal therapy in cases undergoing radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy are very useful for high-risk or locally advanced prostate cancer. Further clinical trials are required to confirm the efficacy of neoadjuvant or adjuvant hormonal therapy. We showed that the death from cardiovascular diseases in Japanese patients receiving hormonal therapy was not higher than that in the general population. However, efforts should be made to decrease the adverse effects of hormonal therapy, because life-style change may increase the susceptibility to adverse effects by hormonal therapy even in Japan. Managements of endocrine and metabolic dysfunction, such as diabetes mellitus, are essential. New hormonal compounds such as selective androgen receptor modulators capable of specifically targeting prostate cancer are expected to be developed.     

Hormonal sensitivity following endocrine withdrawal in hormone-refractory prostate cancer

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is proposed to be classified according to hormonal sensitivity. The purpose of this study is to examine hormonal sensitivity of the patient with refractory prostate cancer subsequent to primary hormonal therapy. METHODS: Sixteen patients with refractory prostate cancer subsequent to primary combination hormonal therapy were enrolled in this study. All 16 patients with progressive disease after elimination of oral hormonal agents or after response following hormonal withdrawal received dexamethasone (DXM) (initially 1.5 or 1.0 mg, then tapered to 0.5 mg) orally not only for the purpose of second-line hormonal therapy but also as an indicator of hormonal sensitivity. RESULTS: Overall, 4 patients showed a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decrease of >50% from baseline on discontinuation of hormonal agents, while another 7 patients showed a PSA decrease of <50%. Five patients showed PSA level was progressed after the withdrawal. In all patients with PSA values that decline not only >50% but also <50% following oral endocrine withdrawal, the fall in PSA values had been >50% following DXM administration. However, the PSA value in the patients with PSA progression following the oral endocrine withdrawal kept rising after DXM administration. CONCLUSIONS: The findings in this study would just suggest a possible relationship between DXM sensitivity and the response to endocrine withdrawal. The patients whose PSA values decline following oral endocrine withdrawal may maintain hormonal sensitivity.     

经尿道前列腺电切术治疗晚期前列腺癌伴膀胱出口梗阻的疗效观察

目的：探讨经尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）联合内分泌治疗晚期前列腺癌伴膀胱出口梗阻的疗效及安全性。方法：回顾性分析2007年5月～2012年5月采用TURP联合内分泌治疗拟或单纯内分泌治疗晚期前列腺癌伴膀胱出口梗阻患者32例,其中13例行单纯行内分泌治疗,19例行TURP联合内分泌治疗。观察两组患者治疗前后血清前列腺特异抗原（PsA）、剩余尿量、最大尿流率、国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）及5年生存率。结果：术后3个月,TURP＋内分泌治疗组血PSA、剩余尿量及IPSS分别由术前的（35．7±12．1）ng／ml、（145．0±65．8）ml、（21．4±5．1）分降至（4．9±1．9）ng／ml、（27．0±15．2）ml、（8．7±2．6）分（P〈0．05）,最大尿流率由（4．3±1．6）ml／S增至（11．7±3．7）ml／s（P〈0．05）;治疗12个月后差异仍有显著性（P〈0．05）。单纯内分泌组术后3个月血PSA由（31．4±10．7）ng／ml降至（5．6±2．2）ng／ml,两组比较,血PSA差异无统计学意义;剩余尿量、最大尿流率及IPSS差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。内分泌组5年生存率为50％,TURP＋内分泌组为51．5％,总体生存率差异两组无统计学意义（P=0．919）。结论：TURP＋内分泌治疗能够显著缓解晚期前列腺癌患者膀胱出口梗阻症状,提高患者生活质量,且不影响生存率,是一种安全有效的治疗方式。