聚赖氨酸的生物医学领域应用现状

聚赖氨酸是一种天然的阳离子聚酰胺聚合物,具有良好的生物相容性和生物可降解性,因而在生物医学应用中显示出巨大的潜力。聚赖氨酸侧链上众多的氨基基团为功能化提供了结合位点,可形成众多衍生物。聚赖氨酸的高分子材料具有阳离子特性、生物相容性、无毒性和刺激响应特性,在生物医学领域中得到实际应用。介绍了聚赖氨酸在递送系统、生物黏合剂和生物纤维等生物医学领域的应用,希望挖掘聚赖氨酸类材料在生物医学应用方面巨大的潜力。     

基于动态共价键的多糖水凝胶在药物递送及组织修复中的应用研究进展

水凝胶具有良好的生物相容性和生物降解性,广泛应用于药物递送、伤口敷料和组织工程等生物医学领域。按照材料来源可分为合成材料水凝胶和天然材料水凝胶,其中天然多糖水凝胶不仅可以作为材料应用,还具有独特的药理活性和较好的机械性能,逐渐成为首选材料。动态共价键水凝胶由于其结构灵活性、自愈合性能和环境响应性备受关注。本文对采用动态键方式的天然多糖水凝胶体系进行归类和总结,并对该类水凝胶在药物递送以及组织修复方面的研究现状进行概述,以期为新型多糖水凝胶的临床应用提供借鉴。     

丝素蛋白在组织修复领域的应用进展

丝素蛋白作为一种高分子纤维蛋白,具有良好的力学性能、生物相容性、可生物降解性。随着生物医用材料的不断发展,丝素蛋白的应用潜力也随之脱颖而出,成为了近几年逐渐发展的新型生物医用材料。丝素蛋白独特的可加工特性,使得丝素蛋白可根据用途加工成不同的形态材料,应用于组织修复领域。本文也将从丝素蛋白近几年来在组织修复领域的应用进展进行综述。     

天然来源丝素蛋白的体内外降解性与生物相容性研究进展

丝素蛋白是一种天然可降解高分子聚合物,具有稳定无毒、价廉易得及无炎症反应等特点,表现出良好的可降解性和生物相容性,在生物医药领域常作为生物组织工程与药物递送载体的材料广泛应用。本综述介绍了丝素蛋白的结构与组成,以及其体内外生物降解特性与生物相容性研究方法与结果的国内外最新进展,以期为丝素蛋白的进一步深入研究与应用提供参考。     

骨科生物医学材料的临床应用

目的探讨骨科生物医学材料在临床中的应用。方法进行电子搜索,对于2004年～2013年在Web of Science 数据库上收录的骨科生物医学材料进行分类分析。结果在Web of Science 数据库上找到足够数量的骨科生物医学材料文献,这些文献表明,中国在该领域具有一定的研究地位。结论生物医学工程和生物材料工程的快速发展,使得医学材料得到广泛的应用。在骨科这一领域,生物医学材料的种类繁多,骨科生物医学材料按材料的性质分为金属材料、非金属材料、高分子材料和生物复合材料等,各种材料在机械强度、抗疲劳性、耐腐蚀性和生物安全性方面都具有各自的特点。     

丝素蛋白在生物医学领域的应用研究新进展

丝素蛋白是一种天然高分子纤维蛋白,具有无毒、良好的生物相容性以及一定的可降解性等优点。随着生物化学和分子生物学向生命科学各领域的广泛渗透,丝素蛋白研究也逐渐向分子水平发展,由此产生了丝素蛋白及其合成物作为生物医学材料的新研究领域,而且已取得一系列的基础研究成果,显示了丝素蛋白作为生物医用材料的应用潜力。     

自组装多肽在生物医药领域的研究进展

自组装多肽通过分子间非共价键作用力自组装成各种高度有序的纳米结构，表现出有别于单个小分子或小分子聚集体的独特性能，具有优良的生物相容性和生物降解性，在生物医药领域具有广泛的应用前景。本综述介绍了自组装多肽的概念、设计原则、分析方法，重点对其在药物递送、生物医学检测、组织工程、疫苗工程等方面的研究进行总结及展望。     

藻酸盐水凝胶的研究进展

藻酸盐是一种无毒、无味的天然多糖高分子,具有一定的生物相容性、生物降解性及低致敏性,被广泛应用于生物医学工程领域。藻酸盐水凝胶是用途广泛且适应性强的生物材料,如用作组织工程的细胞传递载体和支撑基质、药物载体以及体外细胞实验的模型。本文综述藻酸盐的化学性质和结构修饰,及其生物反应。     

基于海洋多糖水凝胶的组织工程材料研究应用进展

海洋天然多糖以其优异的生物相容性、生物可降解性、安全性以及特定的生物活性,成为生物医用材料研究的热点领域之一.近年来,基于海洋来源的糖类生物大分子开发的新型水凝胶在组织工程领域得到了广泛应用.本文综述了基于海藻酸盐、壳聚糖、透明质酸、卡拉胶和岩藻聚糖硫酸酯研发的功能性水凝胶,评述了这些水凝胶的设计思路、制备方法、理化性...     

生物降解材料对成骨细胞影响的研究进展

生物降解材料是指植入人体以后,能够不断发生降解,降解产物能够被生物体所吸收或排出体外的一类材料.随着医学以及材料学的发展,尤其是新型材料的研究开发成功,如20世纪40年代高分子材料的大力发展,为生物材料的研究与应用提供了极大的发展机会.目前骨科常用的生物降解材料主要包括天然高分子材料、人工合成高分子材料和传统的生物活性材料如生物活性玻璃、羟基磷灰石(Hydroxyapatite,HA)和β-磷酸三钙等.生物降解材料在骨科领域的应用主要是作为骨填充替代物、固定材料,同时根据需要可复合细胞因子及抗生素,在治疗骨疾病中发挥最佳作用.其中,生物降解材料对成骨细胞的影响尤其重要.本文就骨科疾病治疗中常用的生物降解材料及对成骨细胞的影响作一综述.     

Biodegradable ‘intelligent’ materials in response to physical stimuli for biomedical applications

Background: Stimuli-responsive materials that undergo dramatic changes in physical–chemical properties in response to mild physical changes in environmental conditions are attracting increasing interest because of their potential application in biomedical fields. Biodegradable materials are highly desired for most biomedical applications in vivo, such as transient implants, drug-delivery carriers, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Biomedical systems that are both biodegradable and stimuli-responsive have therefore been studied intensively and significant progress in this field has been achieved. Objective/methods: This review summarizes the development of biodegradable ‘intelligent’ materials in response to physical stimuli and their potential biomedical applications. A detailed analysis of publications and patents on such materials in recent years is presented. Results/conclusion: Although biodegradable stimuli-responsive materials are highly attractive for biomedical applications, most such materials are currently at a developmental research stage. Additionally, single stimulus-responsive property limits the practical applications of these materials. To achieve more favorable applications for these materials, further efforts are still necessary, especially for developing multi-stimuli-responsive functions of materials and improving the stimuli-responsive properties of such materials in a biological environment. Bearing in mind the great prospect of these biodegradable stimuli-responsive materials, we hope that this review will help in the future development of stimuli-responsive polymers or systems that could be reliably employed in biomedical applications.     

Biodegradable ‘intelligent’ materials in response to chemical stimuli for biomedical applications

Background: Biodegradable stimuli-responsive materials, which exhibit large and sharp physical–chemical changes in response to small physical or chemical stimuli, are attracting increasing interests because of their potential applications in biomedical fields, such as transient implants, drug delivery carriers, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Our previous review (see page 493 of issue 4) summarized those biodegradable ‘intelligent’ materials that respond to physical stimuli, such as temperature, ultrasound, and magnetic field. Biodegradable ‘intelligent’ materials that could respond to chemical stimuli, such as pH and specific molecules, have also been studied intensively and significant progress in this field has been achieved. As a single stimulus-responsive property would limit practical application, multi-stimuli-responsive materials are receiving increasing interest and considerable attention. Objective/methods: This review summarizes the development of biodegradable ‘intelligent’ materials in response to chemical stimuli and to dual stimuli; their potential biomedical applications are also introduced. A detailed analysis of publications and patents on such materials in recent years is presented. Results/conclusion: Most of biodegradable stimuli-responsive materials are currently still at a developmental research stage. Further work is required to improve the responsive properties between the materials and the biological environments, so that the clinical applicability of such devices could be successful. We hope that our review will be helpful in the future development of new stimuli-responsive biodegradable polymers or polymeric systems that can be used reliably in real-life applications.     

Biomedical applications of chemically and microbiologically synthesized poly(glutamic acid) and poly(lysine)

This review article deals with the synthesis, physiochemical properties, and potential biomedical applications of two homo-poly amino acids. Poly-alpha-glutamic acid (alpha-PGA) and poly-alpha-lysine (alpha-PL) were synthesized by chemical synthesis. poly-gamma-glutamic acid (gamma-PGA) and poly-epsilon-lysine (epsilon-PL) were naturally occurring bio-materials that were produced by microbial fermentation. Poly(glutamic acid) (PGA) and poly(lysine) (PL) are water soluble, biodegradable, edible and nontoxic toward humans and the environment. As a result, they are suitable for various applications and have recently attracted considerable interest of the chemical industry. The distinguished features of PGA and PL also make them promising candidates for biomedical applications. The applications of PGA and PL in the areas of biomedical materials, drug delivery carriers and biological adhesives have been studied extensively and will be discussed in this review.     

Biomedical research tools from the seabed

This review covers the applications of small-molecule and peptidic compounds isolated from marine organisms for biomedical research. Enzymes and proteins from marine sources are already on the market for biomedical applications, but the use of small-molecule biomedical research tools of marine origin is less developed. For many studies involving these molecules the ultimate goal is the application of small-molecule therapeutics in the clinic, but those that do not succeed in the clinic still have clearly defined biological activities, which may be of use as biomedical research tools. In other cases, the investigation of marine-derived compounds has led directly to the discovery of therapeutics with clinical applications. Both as tools and therapeutics, these small-molecule compounds are effective for investigating biological processes, and in this review the authors have chosen to concentrate on the ability of marine natural products to affect membrane processes, ion channels and intracellular processes.     

海洋生物医用材料的临床应用和安全性评价

目的： 对海洋生物医用材料在医疗领域的应用情况和海洋生物材料来源医疗器械的安全性评价趋势进行分析，为推进该材料的临床转化提供参考。方法： 归纳海洋生物医用材料的分类和应用，介绍该材料的安全性评价的程序要点，探讨其安全性评价中面临的挑战。结果与结论： 常用的海洋生物医用材料主要为多糖和蛋白质，在创伤修复和组织工程领域应用广泛。海洋生物医用材料具有生物活性和良好的生物相容性，对此类材料的安全性评价应根据材料特性和预期用途，科学制定评价程序和选择检验方法。     

Hydrogels for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications

Hydrogels are crosslinked hydrophilic polymer structures that can imbibe large amounts of water or biological fluids. Hydrogels are one of the upcoming classes of polymer-based systems that embrace numerous biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. This review discusses various parameters of hydrogels such as surface properties, water content and swelling behavior, effect of nature of polymer, ionic content, and thermodynamics, all of which can influence the biomedical usage of hydrogels. Meanwhile, intelligent or environment-sensitive hydrogels and bioadhesive hydrogels continue to be important materials for medical applications; therefore, a part of this review is devoted to some of their important classes. Hydrogels are extensively used for various biomedical applications--tissue engineering, molecular imprinting, wound dressings materials, immunoisolation, drug delivery, etc. Thus, this review aims to throw light on the numerous applications that hydrogels have in the biomedical arena.     

Modified chitosan hydrogels as drug delivery and tissue engineering systems: present status and applications

Chitosan, a natural cationic polysaccharide, is prepared industrially by the hydrolysis of the aminoacetyl groups of chitin, a naturally available marine polymer. Chitosan is a non-toxic, biocompatible and biodegradable polymer and has attracted considerable interest in a wide range of biomedical and pharmaceutical applications including drug delivery, cosmetics, and tissue engineering. The primary hydroxyl and amine groups located on the backbone of chitosan are responsible for the reactivity of the polymer and also act as sites for chemical modification. However, chitosan has certain limitations for use in controlled drug delivery and tissue engineering. These limitations can be overcome by chemical modification. Thus, modified chitosan hydrogels have gained importance in current research on drug delivery and tissue engineering systems. This paper reviews the general properties of chitosan, various methods of modification, and applications of modified chitosan hydrogels.     

Protein- and peptide-based electrospun nanofibers in medical biomaterials

Electrospun fibers are being studied and developed because they hold considerable promise for realizing some advantages of nanostructured materials. The fibers can be made of biocompatible and biodegradable polymers. Electrospinning has therefore attracted interest in biotechnology and medicine, and there has been rapid growth in this area in recent years. This review presents an introduction to polymer nanofiber electrospinning, focusing on the use of natural proteins and synthetic peptides. We summarize key physical properties of protein-based and peptide-based nanofiber mats, survey biomedical applications of these materials, identify key challenges, and outline future prospects for development of the technology for tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound healing, and biosensors.From the Clinical EditorThis review focuses on polymer nanofiber electrospinning using natural proteins and synthetic peptides. The authors describe key properties and applications of these materials, and outline future prospects for tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound healing, and biosensors based on these nanomats and nanofibers.     

Oxide and hybrid nanostructures for therapeutic applications

The research on biomedical applications of nanoparticles has seen an upsurge in recent years due to their unique capabilities in treatment of ailments. Though there are ample reviews on the advances of nanoparticles right from their fabrication to applications, comparatively fewer reviews are available for the nanostructured materials particularly on oxides and hybrids. These materials possess unique physicochemical properties with an ability to get functionalized at molecular and cellular level for biochemical interactions. Keeping the enormosity of the nanostructures in mind, we intend to cover only the recent and most noteworthy developments in this area. We, particularly emphasize on iron oxide and its derivatives, zinc oxides, layered double hydroxides, silica and binary/ternary metal oxides and their applications in the area of therapeutics. This review also focuses on the designing of biodegradable and biocompatible nanocarriers and critical issues related to their therapeutic applications. Several representative examples discuss targeting strategies and stimuli responsive nanocarriers and their therapeutics.     

Marine polysaccharides: therapeutic efficacy and biomedical applications

The ocean contains numerous marine organisms, including algae, animals, and plants, from which diverse marine polysaccharides with useful physicochemical and biological properties can be extracted. In particular, fucoidan, carrageenan, alginate, and chitosan have been extensively investigated in pharmaceutical and biomedical fields owing to their desirable characteristics, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioactivity. Various therapeutic efficacies of marine polysaccharides have been elucidated, including the inhibition of cancer, inflammation, and viral infection. The therapeutic activities of these polysaccharides have been demonstrated in various settings, from in vitro laboratory-scale experiments to clinical trials. In addition, marine polysaccharides have been exploited for tissue engineering, the immobilization of biomolecules, and stent coating. Their ability to detect and respond to external stimuli, such as pH, temperature, and electric fields, has enabled their use in the design of novel drug delivery systems. Thus, along with the promising characteristics of marine polysaccharides, this review will comprehensively detail their various therapeutic, biomedical, and miscellaneous applications.